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Lecture 3

The document covers the introduction to complex numbers, focusing on their polar form and Euler's theorem. It includes examples of converting between rectangular and polar forms, as well as De Moivre's theorem for computing powers and roots of complex numbers. Exercises are provided for practice on transforming complex numbers and finding their roots.

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4 views6 pages

Lecture 3

The document covers the introduction to complex numbers, focusing on their polar form and Euler's theorem. It includes examples of converting between rectangular and polar forms, as well as De Moivre's theorem for computing powers and roots of complex numbers. Exercises are provided for practice on transforming complex numbers and finding their roots.

Uploaded by

23108003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Course Code: MTH (EEE) 301

Course Title: Probability & Statistics;


Complex variable & Harmonics
Lecture-3
Introduction to Complex Number
Polar Form of Complex Number:
The polar form of complex number is
𝑎 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑏 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
∴ 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
From Euler’s Theorem we know that,
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
So, the standard polar form of complex number is (also known as
Euler’s Polar Form)
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
( 𝑖)
Example: 𝑧 = is a complex number. Find
𝑖
i. m*𝑧+
ii. Convert the complex number from rectangular form to polar form.
Solution:
i. Here,
( 𝑖)
𝑧=
+𝑖
( 𝑖) ( 𝑖)
=
( + 𝑖) ( 𝑖)
( 𝑖 𝑖 )( 𝑖)
=
𝑖
( 𝑖 )( 𝑖)
=
𝑖

𝑖+ 𝑖
=
+
𝑖
= = 𝑖
∴ m* 𝑧 + =
ii. Modulus, r = √( ) + ( ) = √ + = √
The complex number lies in the third quadrant, so the principal
argument is
𝜃 = 𝜋 + tan . / = 𝜋 + tan ( ) = 𝜋 + tan .tan / = 𝜋 +
5𝜋
=
4
𝑖
Therefore, the polar form is 𝑧 = √ 𝑒

Example: Find the rectangular form of 𝑧 = √ 𝑒 𝑖 .

Solution: Given, 𝑧 = √ 𝑒 𝑖
Here 𝑟 = √ and 𝜃 =
We know that, 𝑎 = 𝑟 os = √ os =
And 𝑏 = 𝑟 s n = √ s n =

So, the rectangular form is 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = + 𝑖.


Exercise
1. Transform each of the following complex numbers in polar form
+ √ 𝑖, 5 + 5𝑖, √6 √ 𝑖, 𝑖

2. Express each of the following complex numbers in rectangular form


6𝑒 𝑖 , 5𝑒 𝑖
De`Moivre's Theorem:

De`Moivre's Theorem is a generalized formula to compute powers of a


complex number in it's polar form.
Looking at 𝑧 = 𝑟( os𝜃 + 𝑖s n𝜃) we can find (𝑧) (𝑧) easily:
𝑧 = (𝑧) (𝑧) = 𝑟 ( os + s n )
𝑧 = (𝑧 ) (𝑧) = 𝑟 ( os + s n )
Which brings us to De`Moivre's Theorem:
If 𝑧 = 𝑟( os + 𝑖s n ) and n are positive integers then
𝑧 = 𝑟 ( os𝑛 + 𝑖s nn ) = (𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃
For finding n-th roots of a complex number:
Let, is the 𝑛 th root of the complex number 𝑧.
If, =𝑧

= (𝑧) = *𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖s n𝜃 )+
= 𝑟 , os(𝜃 + 𝜋) + 𝑖s n(𝜃 + 𝜋)-
𝜃 𝜃
∴ = 𝑟 0 os . / + 𝑖s n . /1; where, = , , , ,𝑛

Example: Find the root of the complex number ( + 𝑖) and locate


them in the complex plane.
Solution: Here, the numbers of root of the complex number are three.
Here, we have, Modulus, r = √( ) + ( ) = √
The complex number lies in the second quadrant, so the principal
argument is 𝜃 = 𝜋 tan . / = 𝜋 tan . /
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜋 tan .tan / = 𝜋 =
4 4 4
Now, by De`Moivre's Theorem,
𝜋 𝜋
( + 𝑖) = (√ ) [ os ( + 𝜋) + 𝑖s n ( + 𝜋)]
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
+ 𝜋 + 𝜋
= * os ( 4 ) + 𝑖s n ( 4 )+

When, = , 𝑧 = * os ( ) + 𝑖s n ( )+
𝜋 𝜋
= 0 os . / + 𝑖s n . /1
4 4

When = , 𝑧 = * os ( ) + 𝑖s n ( )+

𝜋 𝜋
= [ os ( ) + 𝑖s n ( )]

When = , 𝑧 = * os ( ) + 𝑖s n ( )+

9𝜋 9𝜋
= [ os ( ) + 𝑖s n ( )]

Exercise:
1. Find the root of the complex number ( √ 𝑖) and locate
them in the complex plane.
2. Find the root of the complex number ( + 𝑖)
THANK YOU
STAY SAFE

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