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Meterology Assignment Ssi - Copy

The document provides an overview of the 555 Timer, an integrated circuit used for generating various output waveforms and timing functionalities. It explains the basic working principle, including its pin terminals and operational modes: astable (oscillator) and monostable (one-shot). The 555 Timer is user-friendly, cost-effective, and widely applicable in electronic devices, making it a popular choice for hobbyists and professionals alike.

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4 views

Meterology Assignment Ssi - Copy

The document provides an overview of the 555 Timer, an integrated circuit used for generating various output waveforms and timing functionalities. It explains the basic working principle, including its pin terminals and operational modes: astable (oscillator) and monostable (one-shot). The 555 Timer is user-friendly, cost-effective, and widely applicable in electronic devices, making it a popular choice for hobbyists and professionals alike.

Uploaded by

collins makokha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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METEROLOGY ASSIGNMENT

SSI2 Assignment
COLLINS MASIMBA
Introduction.
The 555 Timer is an integrated circuit that is designed to produce a variety of output waveforms
with the addition of the RC network. The 555 time is connected to the 5 ohm resistor. It can be
used to generate accurate time delays, create oscillations, and even act as a flip-flop. Here are
some key features of the 555 timer: Easy to use: The 555 timer requires only a few external
components to function, making it very user-friendly for hobbyists and beginners in electronics.
Multiple modes: It has three operational modes: astable, monostable, and bistable. This allows
for a wide range of timing functionalities. Adjustable timing: The timing characteristics of the
555 timer can be easily adjusted using external resistors and capacitors. Low cost: The 555
timer is an inexpensive IC, making it a great choice for cost-sensitive projects. Due to these
features, the 555 timer is widely used in various electronic devices, from simple circuits like
blinking LEDs to complex applications in toys, appliances, and even industrial equipment.

Basic Working Principle of a 555 timer


The 555 timer works like a conductor for time intervals, using two main components:
comparators and a flip-flop. Here's a simplified breakdown: Voltage division: Internally, the 555
timer utilizes resistors to split the supply voltage (VCC) into thirds. These reference voltages are
used for timing control. Comparators: The circuit has two comparators that constantly check
voltages at specific pins: Trigger (Pin 2): If the voltage here falls below 1/3 of VCC, it triggers the
flip-flop. Threshold (Pin 6): If the voltage here goes above 2/3 of VCC, it resets the flip-flop. Flip-
flop: This internal switch controls the output pin (Pin 3). Depending on the comparator states,
the flip-flop switches the output between high and low voltage. Capacitor and resistor
(external): These external components influence the charging and discharging of a capacitor,
which ultimately determines the timing intervals. By adjusting the external components and
using the different operational modes (astable, monostable, bistable), you can achieve various
timing functionalities like generating timed pulses, controlling LED blinking rates, or creating
precise delays in circuits.

The Various Pin terminals of a 555 timer


Pin 1: Ground (GND)
Connects the circuit to the 0v power supply.
Important for proper functioning - avoid using a resistor for connection, as it can lead to
internal heating.
Pin 2: Trigger (TR)
Initiates the timing cycle of the IC. A voltage lower than one-third of the supply voltage triggers
the timer. Requires a very low current (around 0.5 microamps) for triggering. Prone to noise if
left unconnected - consider a pull-up resistor for stability.
Pin 3: Output (OUT)
Provides the timing signal from the IC. Can be high (around 2 volts less than supply voltage) or
low (around 0.5 volts less than ground). Can source or sink current up to 200mA depending on
the timer variant (bipolar or CMOS).
Pin 4: Reset (RESET)
Forces the output (Pin 3) to a low state when triggered. Internally connected to a high voltage
(around 100kΩ) by default. Driving this pin low resets the timing cycle.
Pin 5: Control Voltage (CTRL)
Allows affecting the timing cycle through an external voltage. Connects to the voltage divider
formed by internal resistors, typically at two-thirds of the supply voltage. Applying voltage here
can change the charge/discharge time of the capacitor used in timing circuits.
Pin 6: Threshold (THR)
Compares voltage with the internal voltage divider (around two-thirds of supply voltage). When
the voltage at Pin 6 is higher than this threshold and trigger (Pin 2) is high, the output (Pin 3)
goes low. Works in conjunction with Pin 2 for timing control.
Pin 7: Discharge (DIS)
An open-collector output used for discharging the timing capacitor. Usually connected to the
capacitor used in timing circuits. Provides a low impedance path for discharging the capacitor.
Pin 8: Power (VCC)
Connects the IC to the positive power supply voltage. Voltage range depends on the specific
timer variant.
555 timer IC in Astable Mode (Oscillator)
The 555 timer can indeed operate in an astable mode, also known as a free-running mode,
where it functions as an oscillator. In this mode, the output continuously switches between high
and low states, generating a continuous square wave.
Here's how the 555 timer works as an oscillator:
Trigger and Threshold Connected: Unlike other operating modes, Pin 2 (Trigger) and Pin 6
(Threshold) are typically connected together in astable mode. This creates a feedback loop that
eliminates the need for external triggering.
Timing Resistors and Capacitor: A resistor-capacitor (RC) network is connected between Pin 1
(Ground), Pin 7 (Discharge), and Pin 8 (Power). The capacitor charges and discharges based on
the values of these resistors.
Charging and Discharging Cycle:
Initially, the capacitor starts empty (0V). As it charges through the resistor network, the voltage
at Pin 6 (connected to the capacitor) rises.
When the voltage at Pin 6 reaches two-thirds of the supply voltage (VCC), it triggers the internal
flip-flop, causing the output (Pin 3) to go low.
Simultaneously, the discharge pin (Pin 7) is activated, providing a path for the capacitor to
discharge rapidly.
As the capacitor discharges, the voltage at Pin 6 falls below two-thirds of VCC. This resets the
flip-flop, driving the output (Pin 3) high again.
The capacitor then begins charging once more, repeating the cycle and generating a continuous
square wave at the output.
Frequency Control: The frequency of the output waveform can be controlled by the values of
the timing resistors and capacitor:

Higher resistance or lower capacitance: Increases the charging and discharging time, resulting in
a lower frequency.
Lower resistance or higher capacitance: Decreases the charging and discharging time, leading to
a higher frequency.
The 555 Timer in a Monostable Mode
The 555 timer can be configured to operate in monostable mode, also known as one-shot
mode. In this mode, the timer generates a single, pre-determined pulse output when triggered.
Here's a breakdown of how it works:

Functionality:

Trigger Pulse: An external trigger signal applied to Pin 2 (Trigger) initiates the timing cycle. This
trigger pulse needs to be a negative-going pulse (voltage lower than one-third of the supply
voltage) and shorter than the desired output pulse duration.

Timing Circuit: A resistor-capacitor (RC) network is connected between Pin 1 (Ground), Pin 7
(Discharge), and Pin 8 (Power). The values of these components determine the output pulse
duration.

Output Pulse: When triggered, the output (Pin 3) goes high and remains high for a specific time
period (T) calculated using the formula:

T = 1.1 * R * C

where:
* T is the output pulse duration in seconds
* R is the resistance of the timing resistor in ohms (Ω)
* C is the capacitance of the timing capacitor in farads (F)

Timing Cycle:

Upon receiving a trigger pulse, the capacitor starts charging through the resistor.
As the capacitor voltage rises, the voltage at Pin 6 (Threshold) increases as well (since it's
usually connected to the same node as the capacitor).
Once the voltage at Pin 6 reaches two-thirds of the supply voltage (VCC), it triggers the internal
flip-flop, causing the output (Pin 3) to stay high.
Simultaneously, the discharge pin (Pin 7) is deactivated, isolating the capacitor from the ground.
The capacitor continues charging towards the supply voltage, but it no longer affects the output
state.
After the calculated time (T), the capacitor is fully charged. However, the circuit relies on the
discharge mechanism to reset.

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