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datascience unit-4

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a crucial process for data scientists to understand data sets through visualization and statistical methods. The EDA process includes steps such as data understanding, collection, cleaning, transformation, exploration, visualization, and hypothesis testing. Techniques and tools used in EDA help identify patterns, relationships, and outliers, ultimately refining hypotheses and informing model development.

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12 views

datascience unit-4

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a crucial process for data scientists to understand data sets through visualization and statistical methods. The EDA process includes steps such as data understanding, collection, cleaning, transformation, exploration, visualization, and hypothesis testing. Techniques and tools used in EDA help identify patterns, relationships, and outliers, ultimately refining hypotheses and informing model development.

Uploaded by

soumyamehersunumeher
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is used by data scientists to analyze and

investigate data sets and summarize their main characteristics, often employing
data visualization methods.

EDA is primarily used to see what data can reveal beyond the formal modeling
or hypothesis testing task and provides a provides a better understanding of data
set variables and the relationships between them.

Steps Involved in Exploratory Data Analysis

1. Understand the Data

Familiarize yourself with the data set, understand the domain, and identify the
objectives of the analysis.

2. Data Collection

Collect the required data from various sources such as databases, web scraping,
or APIs.

3. Data Cleaning

 Handle missing values: Impute or remove missing data.


 Remove duplicates: Ensure there are no duplicate records.
 Correct data types: Convert data types to appropriate formats.
 Fix errors: Address any inconsistencies or errors in the data.

4. Data Transformation

 Normalize or standardize the data if necessary.


 Create new features through feature engineering.
 Aggregate or disaggregate data based on analysis needs.
5. Data Integration

Integrate data from various sources to create a complete data set.

6. Data Exploration

 Univariate Analysis: Analyze individual variables using


summary statistics and visualizations (e.g., histograms, box plots).
 Bivariate Analysis: Analyze the relationship between two variables with
scatter plots, correlation coefficients, and cross-tabulations.
 Multivariate Analysis: Investigate interactions between multiple variables
using pair plots and correlation matrices.

7. Data Visualization

Visualize data distributions and relationships using visual tools such as bar
charts, line charts, scatter plots, heat maps, and box plots.

8. Descriptive Statistics

Calculate central tendency measures (mean, median, mode) and dispersion


measures (range, variance, standard deviation).

9. Identify Patterns and Outliers

Detect patterns, trends, and outliers in the data using visualizations and
statistical methods.

10. Hypothesis Testing

Formulate and test hypotheses using statistical tests (e.g., t-tests, chi-square
tests) to validate assumptions or relationships in the data.
11. Data Summarization

Summarize findings with descriptive statistics, visualizations, and key insights.

12. Documentation and Reporting

 Document the EDA process, findings, and insights clearly and structured.
 Create reports and presentations to convey results to stakeholders.

13. Iterate and Refine

Continuously refine the analysis based on feedback and additional questions


during the process.

Common multivariate statistical techniques used to visualize high-


dimensional data.

Visualization Techniques:
 Scatter Plots:
Scatter plots are a fundamental visualization technique that displays data
points on a 2D plane, allowing for the exploration of relationships between
two variables.
 Scatterplot Matrices:
Scatterplot matrices display all possible pairwise scatter plots for a set of
variables, providing a comprehensive overview of relationships between
multiple variables.
 Parallel Coordinate Plots:
Parallel coordinate plots represent data points as lines connecting different
variables, which can be useful for visualizing relationships between multiple
variables and identifying patterns.
 Heatmaps:
Heatmaps use color to represent data values, which can be particularly useful
for visualizing relationships between variables in a matrix format.
 Spider Plots/Radar Charts:
These plots are useful for comparing multiple variables across different
categories or individuals, allowing for a clear visualization of the relative
values of each variable.
 Table Lens:
This technique combines the strengths of tables and charts, allowing for the
visualization of large datasets with multiple variables.
 Small Multiples:
Small multiples involve displaying a series of similar plots, each representing
a different subset of the data, which can be useful for identifying patterns
across different groups or conditions.
 Data Context Maps:
These maps are useful for visualizing complex data by combining multiple
data layers and visual elements, allowing for a more comprehensive
understanding of the data.
Eliminating or sharpening potential hypotheses about the world that can be
addressed by the data,

Eliminating or sharpening potential hypotheses

A hypothesis is a tentative statement that expresses a relationship between


variables or phenomena that can be tested empirically.

Generating hypotheses for a data analytics project has some general steps to
make it easier and more effective.

Firstly, define the research question or goal and review the background
knowledge and literature.

Secondly, identify the data sources and methods, then brainstorm possible
hypotheses.

Finally, prioritize and select the most relevant, feasible, and impactful
hypotheses using certain criteria.

EDA facilitates hypothesis refinement:


 Identifying Patterns and Relationships:
EDA techniques like visualization and summary statistics reveal patterns and
relationships within the data that might not be immediately apparent.
 Uncovering Outliers and Anomalies:
Identifying outliers or unusual data points can lead to the refinement of
hypotheses by suggesting that certain assumptions or models might not hold
true for all cases.
 Informative for Model Development:
The insights gained from EDA can inform the development of more complex
statistical models by suggesting relevant variables, transformations, or even
alternative modeling approaches.
 Refining Hypotheses:
By understanding the data's characteristics, researchers can refine their initial
hypotheses, making them more focused and testable.
 Examples of EDA Techniques:
 Univariate Analysis: Analyzing individual variables (e.g., histograms, box
plots).
 Bivariate Analysis: Examining the relationships between two variables (e.g.,
scatter plots, correlation matrices).
 Multivariate Analysis: Exploring relationships among multiple variables (e.g.,
clustering, dimensionality reduction).
 Tools for EDA:
 Statistical Software: R, Python (with libraries like Pandas, NumPy, Scikit-learn),
SAS, SPSS.
 Spreadsheet Software: Excel, Google Sheets.
 Data Visualization Tools: Tableau, Power BI.

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