Chapter 4

Monday, December 20, 2021 10:49 AM

Line coding Block Coding Scrambling

Line coding is the Block coding refers to the Scrambling is a
process of converting technique of adding extra technique that does
bits to digital signal. bits to a digital word in not increase the
order to improve the number of bits and
reliability of transmission. does provide
synchronization.
It is normally referred to as
mB/nB coding as it
replaces each m-bit data
group with an n-bit data
group (where n>m)
Line Coding 4B/5B (four binary/five There are two
Techniques Include: binary ) common scrambling
Polar - With NRZ-I techniques:
- NRZ-L(0 +ve)
- NRZ-I(1-change) 8B/10B (eight binary/ten B8ZS(Bipolar with 8-
- RZ-(1+ve) binary) zero substitution)
Biphase - Combination of 5B/6B - With 000VB0VB
- Manchester(NRZ And 3B/4B
-L and RZ) HDB3(High-density
- Diff Man(NRZ-I bipolar3-zero)
and RZ If non-zero pulse even
(0-change) - B00V
Bipolar If non zero pulse odd
- AMI - 000V
Bit-0->0
Bit-1->Alter
- Pseudoternary
Bit-1->0
Bit-0->Alter
Done in three steps
1. Division
2. Substitution
3. Combination

Data Communication Page 1

we can represent digital data by using digital signals
The conversion involves three techniques:
1. Line coding
2. Block coding
3. Scrambling
Line coding converts a sequence of bits to a digital signal.
Data Element Signal Element
A data element is the smallest A signal element is the shortest unit
entity that can represent a piece (timewise) of a digital signal
of information: this is the bit
data elements are what we need signal elements are what we can send
to send
Data elements are being carried signal elements are the carriers
The data rate defines the number The signal rate is the number of
of data elements (bits) sent in 1s signal elements sent in 1s.
bit rate pulse rate, modulation rate, baud
rate

Data Communication Page 2

the bandwidth (range of frequencies) is proportional to the signal
rate (baud rate)

Encoding Considerations:

Baseline Wandering In decoding a digital signal, the receiver

calculates a running average of the received signal power. This
average is called the baseline. The incoming signal power is
evaluated against this baseline to determine the value of the data
element. A long string of 0s or 1s can cause a drift in the baseline
(baseline wandering) and make it difficult for the receiver to decode
correctly. A good line coding scheme needs to prevent baseline
wandering.
Self-synchronization
A self-synchronizing digital signal includes timing information in the
data being transmitted. This can be achieved if there are transitions
in the signal that alert the receiver to the beginning, middle, or end
of the pulse. If the receiver’s clock is out of synchronization, these
points can reset the clock.

DC Components:

When the voltage level in a digital signal is constant for a while, the

Data Communication Page 3

When the voltage level in a digital signal is constant for a while, the
spectrum creates very low frequencies (results of Fourier analysis).
These frequencies around zero, called DC (direct-current)
components, present problems for a system that cannot pass low
frequencies or a system that uses electrical coupling (via a
transformer).

Unipolar NRZ:
In a unipolar scheme, all the signal levels are on one side of the time
axis, either above or below.

Data Communication Page 4

Polar NRZ:
In polar schemes, the voltages are on both sides of the time axis.
NRZ- Level(The level of voltage determines the value of the bits)

NRZ-Inversion(The change in the level of voltage determines the

value of the bits)

Baseline Wandering:

Data Communication Page 5

Change of polarity:

Data Communication Page 6

Polar RZ

Data Communication Page 7

Advantages:
1. No dc component
2. No baseline wandering
3. Has self synchronization
Disadvantages:
1. Requires two signal changes to encode a bit
2. Greater bandwidth

Bi-phase:
1. Manchester

2. Differential Manchester

Data Communication Page 8

Advantages:

Data Communication Page 9

Bipolar:

Data Communication Page 10

Data Communication Page 11
Why not DC component in bipolar:
If we have a long sequence of 1s, the voltage level alternates
between positive and negative; it is not constant. Therefore, there is
no DC component. For a long sequence of 0s, the voltage remains
constant, but its amplitude is zero, which is the same as having no
DC component. In other words, a sequence that creates a constant
zero voltage does not have a DC component.

BYJUS:

What is a Polar Scheme?

In the case of Polar Schemes, we have voltages on both given sides of an axis.

• NRZ-I and NRZ-L – Both of these are kind of similar to the unipolar scheme of
NRZ, but the difference is that in this case, we use two voltage/ amplitude
levels. In the case of NRZ-Level (NRZ-L), the value of the bit gets determined
by the level of the voltage. Here, binary 0 maps to a low logic level, while
binary 1 maps to a high logic level. On the other hand, in the case of NRZ-
Invert (NRZ-I), the two-level signal consists of a transition at the boundary only
if the bit that is going to be transmitted next is logical 1. This transition is not

Data Communication Page 12

 if the bit that is going to be transmitted next is logical 1. This transition is not
at all present if the next bit to be transmitted is logical 0.
• NRZ-I and NRZ-L: Comparison between them – Both of these have a problem
of baseline wandering, but it is twice as bad for NRZ-L as it is for NRZ-I. It is
because of the transition present at the NRZ-I boundary (it happens if the next
bit to be transmitted is a logical 1). In a similar way, the problem of self-
synchronization is the same for a long sequence of various 0s. But for a long
sequence of various 1s, the self-synchronization is way more severe in the
case of NRZ-L.
• RZ (Return to Zero) – The RZ scheme is one solution to the problem of NRZ-
that uses three values- negative, positive, and zero. In the mid of each bit, the
signal gets to 0 in this scheme signal. The RZ encoding requires greater
bandwidth, which is its primary disadvantage. Complexity is another problem
because it uses three different voltage levels. Due to all these deficiencies, we
don’t use this scheme anymore today. It has now been replaced with
differential Manchester and Manchester schemes now – that perform much
better.
• Biphase (Differential Manchester and Manchester) – The Manchester
encoding is kind of a combination of the NRZ-L and RZ (transition occurring at
the mid of the bit) schemes. Here, the overall duration of a bit is present in
two halves. During the first half, the voltage persists at one level. In the
second half, this voltage moves to the other level. The transition present in
the middle of the bit implements synchronization.
• The Differential Manchester is basically a combination of the NRZ-1 and RZ
schemes. A transition always occurs in the middle of a bit. But we determine
the bit values at the very beginning of that bit. A transition occurs if the next
bit turns out to be 0, but there is no transition if the next bit turns out to be 1.
• Pros and Cons of Differential Manchester and Manchester Schemes – The
Manchester scheme provides a solution to various problems that tag along
NRZ-L, and the differential Manchester scheme provides a solution to various
problems that tag along NRZ-I. It happens because every bit consists of a
negative and a positive voltage contribution. Thus, there’s no DC component,
and baseline wandering is also not present.
• The only limitation, in this case, is that the minimum bandwidth required in
differential Manchester, as well as Manchester, is twice as compared to that
of the NRZ.

From <https://byjus.com/gate/difference-between-unipolar-polar-and-bipolar-line-coding-schemes/>

What is a Bipolar Scheme?

In the case of a bipolar scheme, we have three voltages: negative, positive, and
zero. Here, the voltage level is zero for one data element. While for the other
element, the voltage level alternates between negative and positive.

• AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) – The Binary 0 gets represented by a neutral

voltage. On the other hand, alternating negative and positive voltages
represent the Binary 1s.
• Pseudoternary – Here, we encode the bit 1 as a zero voltage, while we encode
the bit 0 as alternating negative and positive voltages. It means that this one
is exactly the opposite of the AMI scheme. For example, Data = 010010.

From <https://byjus.com/gate/difference-between-unipolar-polar-and-bipolar-line-coding-schemes/>

Data Communication Page 13

From <https://byjus.com/gate/difference-between-unipolar-polar-and-bipolar-line-coding-schemes/>

Block Coding:
Block coding can give us this redundancy and improve the
performance of line coding. In general, block coding changes a block
of m bits into a block of n bits, where n is larger than m. Block
coding is referred to as an mB/nB encoding technique.

Data Communication Page 14

The 4B/5B binary scheme:
The four binary/five binary (4B/5B) coding scheme was designed to
be used in combination with NRZ-I. Recall that NRZ-I has a good
signal rate, one-half that of the biphase, but it has a synchronization
problem. A long sequence of 0s can make the receiver clock lose
synchronization. One solution is to change the bit stream, prior to
encoding with NRZ-I, so that it does not have a long stream of 0s.
The 4B/5B scheme achieves this goal. The block-coded stream does
not have more that three consecutive 0s, as we will see later.

Data Communication Page 15

Data Communication Page 16
Scrambling:

Data Communication Page 17

HDB3:

Analog to Digital:
The most common technique to change an analog signal to digital
data (digitization) is called pulse code modulation (PCM).

Data Communication Page 18

Transmission Modes:

Data Communication Page 19