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Notes of Ch 2 From Trade to Territory| Cl

8th History
 04 Feb, 2018

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 Study Material and Notes of Ch 2 From Trade to Territory Class 8th History

End of Mughal Empire

• Aurangzeb was the last of the powerful Mughal rulers.

• In 1707, after his death, many Mughal governors (subadars) and big zamindars establishe
regional kingdoms.

East India Company Comes East

• Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, who had discovered this sea route to India in 149

• The Portuguese were the first Europeans who came to India.

• They established their presence in the western coast of India, and had their base in Goa.

• In 1600, the East India Company acquired a charter from the ruler of England.

• By early seventeenth century, the Dutch and the French also arrived on the scene.

• All the companies were interested in buying the same things such as cotton and silk, pep
cloves, cardamom and cinnamon which created competition and ultimately reduced the p
that could be earned.
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 • To secure markets, therefore, led to fierce battles between the trading companies.

East India Company begins trade in Bengal

• The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651.

• As trade expanded, the Company persuaded merchants and traders to come and settle n
factory.

• By 1696 it began building a fort around the settlement.

• Two years later, the Company gained zamindari rights over three villages.
→ One of the villages was Kalikata
(later came to be known as Kolkata).

How trade led to battles

• After the death of Aurangzeb, the Bengal nawabs asserted their power and autonomy.

The Battle of Plassey

• In 1756, Sirajuddaulah became the nawab of Bengal after the death of Alivardi Khan.

• The Company was keen on a puppet ruler so it help one of Sirajuddaulah’s rivals become
nawab without success.

• Angry Sirajuddaulah asked the Company to stop interfering in the political a"airs of his
dominion, stop fortification, and pay the revenues.

• After negotiations failed, the Nawab marched with 30,000 soldiers to the English factor
Kassimbazar, captured the Company o#cials, locked the warehouse, disarmed all Englishm
blockaded English ships.
→ He then marched to Calcutta to establish his control over the Company’s fort.
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 • As the news of the fall of Calcutta reached, Company o#cials in Madras sent forces unde
command of Robert Clive.

• In 1757, the Robert Clive-led Company’s army marched against Sirajuddaula at Plassey.

• The Nawab was defeated, as the forces led by Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah’s command
never fought the battle.

• After the defeat at Plassey, Sirajuddaulah was assassinated and Mir Jafar made the nawa

• Mir Jafar died in 1765 the mood of the Company had changed.

• Finally, in 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the Company as the Diwan of the provinc
Bengal.

• The outflow of gold from Britain entirely stopped after the assumption of Diwani as now
revenues from India could finance Company expenses.

Company o#cials become “nabobs”

• After the Battle of Plassey the actual nawabs of Bengal were forced to give land and vast
of money as personal gifts to Company o#cials.

• Many company o#cials like Clive made vast wealth however, not all Company o#cials su
in making money.

• Those who managed to return Britain with wealth led flashy lives and flaunted their rich
were called “nabobs” – an anglicised version of the Indian word nawab.

Company Rule Expands

• After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the Company appointed Residents in Indian states.

• Through the Residents, the Company o#cials began interfering in the internal a"airs of
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 states.

• Sometimes the Company forced the states into a “subsidiary alliance”.

→ According to the terms of this alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their
independent armed forces.
→ They were to be protected by the Company though they had to pay huge amounts for
protection.
→ If Indian rulers failed to make these payments, a part of their territory was to be taken
the Company.

Tipu Sultan – The “Tiger of Mysore”

• Mysore had grown in strength under the leadership of powerful rulers like Haidar Ali (ru
1761 to 1782) and his famous son Tipu Sultan (ruled from 1782
to 1799).

• In 1785 Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper and cardamom through t
of his kingdom, and disallowed local merchants from trading with the Company.

• He established close relationship with the French in India, and modernised his army with
help.

• Four wars were fought with Mysore (1767-69, 1780-84, 1790-92 and 1799).
→ In the last – the Battle of Seringapatam – did the Company ultimately win a victory.

• Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam, Mysore

• The former ruling dynasty of the Wodeyars placed and a subsidiary alliance was imposed
state.
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 War with the Marathas

• After the defeat in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, they were divided into many state
di"erent chiefs ( sardars ) belonging to dynasties such as Sindhia, Holkar, Gaikwad and Bh
→ These chiefs were held together in a confederacy under a Peshwa (Principal Minister).

• Anglo-Marathas war were fought between these and the company.

→ The first war that ended in 1782 with the Treaty of Salbai, there was no clear victor.
→ The Second Anglo- Maratha War (1803-05) resulting in the British gaining Orissa and th
territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi.
→ The Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power, the Peshwa was remo
Company now had complete control over the territories south of the Vindhyas.

The claim to paramountcy

• Under Lord Hastings (Governor- General from 1813 to 1823) a new policy of “paramountc
initiated which claimed its power was greater than that of Indian states.
→ In order to protect its interests it was justified in annexing or threatening to annex any
kingdom.

• In the late 1830s the East India Company became worried about Russia as Russia might e
across Asia and enter India from the north-west.

• They fought a prolonged war with Afghanistan between 1838 and 1842 and established i
Company rule there.

Grammarly
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• Sind was taken over in 1843.

• After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, two prolonged wars were fought with t
kingdom and in 1849, Punjab was annexed.
:
 The Doctrine of Lapse

• Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General from 1848 to 1856 devised a policy that came to b
as the Doctrine of Lapse.
→ It declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would “lapse”, t
become part of Company territory.

• Many kingdoms were annexed under this rule:

→ Satara in 1848
→ Sambalpur in 1850
→ Udaipur in 1852
→ Nagpur in 1853
→ Jhansi in 1854
→ Awadh in 1856

Setting up a New Administration

• Warren Hastings (Governor-General from 1773 to 1785) played a significant role in the ex
of Company power.

• British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies. The
three Presidencies:
→ Bengal
→ Madras
→ Bombay.

• Each was ruled by a Governor and the supreme head of the administration was the Gov
General.

• From 1772 a new system of justice was established.

• Each district was to have two courts

→ a criminal court (faujdari adalat)
:
 → a civil court (diwani adalat)

• In Civil courts, Maulvis and Hindu pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European distri
collectors.

• The criminal courts were still under a qazi and a mufti but under the supervision of the
collectors.

• The collector main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in hi
district with the help of judges, police o#cers and darogas.

The Company army

• From the 1820s, the cavalry requirements of the Company’s army declined because the B
empire was fighting in Burma, Afghanistan and Egypt where soldiers were armed with mu
and matchlocks.

• In the early nineteenth century, the British began to develop a uniform military culture.

• The soldiers were given European-style training and were subjected to drill and disciplin

Conclusion

• The East India Company was transformed from a trading company to a territorial colonia

• By 1857 the Company came to exercise direct rule over about 63 percent of the territory
percent of the population of the Indian subcontinent.

NCERT Solutions of Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory

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