The vision of cloud computing Cloud computing allows anyone with a private cloud facilities.

cilities. They keep the sensitive data in the private

credit card to provision virtual hardware, runtime environments, and cloud and non-sensitive data in the public cloud. Characteristics and
services. These are used for as long as needed, with no up-front benefits of CC • No up-front commitments • On-demand access •
commitments required. The entire stack of a computing system is Nice pricing • Simplified application acceleration & scalability •
transformed into a collection of utilities, which can be provisioned and Efficient resource allocation • Energy efficiency • Seamless creation &
composed together to deploy systems in hours rather than days and use of third-party services 1. Cost savings :- Instead of purchasing
with virtually no maintenance costs. This opportunity, initially met with more hardware every time your needs expand, virtualization lets you
skepticism, has now become a practice across several application simply create a new virtual machine on your existing infrastructure. 2.
domains and business sectors. The demand has fast tracked Improved scalability :- Scaling your startup shouldn’t feel like pushing
technical development and enriched the set of services offered, which a boulder uphill. With cloud scalability, it can be as simple as
have also become more sophisticated and cheaper. Despite its adjusting a slider on your user interface.3. Better security:- When you
evolution, the use of cloud computing is often limited to a single virtualize your physical servers, applications, or networks, each virtual
service at a time or, more commonly, a set of related services offered machine operates in its own isolated environment. That means if one
by the same vendor. Define Cloud computing Cloud computing has cloud security threat hits a virtual machine, it doesn’t automatically
become a popular buzzword; it has been widely used to refer to compromise all the others. 5. Remote work support :- Virtualization
different technologies, services, and concepts. It is often associated allows employees to securely access their desktops, applications,
with virtualized infrastructure or hardware on demand, utility and data from any device with an internet connection. This is done
computing, IT outsourcing, platform and software as a service, and through virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) or similar technologies
many other things that now are the focus of the IT industry. The term that host user desktops on a central server. Web 2.0 1) The Web is
cloud has historically been used in the telecommunications industry the primary interface through which cloud computing delivers its
as an abstraction of the network in system diagrams. It then became services. At present,the Web encompasses a set of technologies and
the symbol of the most popular computer network: the Internet. This services that facilitate interactive information sharing,collaboration,
meaning also applies to cloud computing, which refers to an user-centered design, and application composition. 2) Web 2.0 brings
Internet-centric way of computing. Cloud computing refers to both the interactivity and flexibility into Web pages, providing enhanced user
applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware experience by gaining Web-based access to all the functions that are
and system software in the datacenters that provide those services. normally found in desktop applications.These capabilities are
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, obtained by integrating a collection of standards and technologies
on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable such as XML, Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX), Web
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, Services, and others. 3) Web 2.0 applications are extremely dynamic:
and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with they improve continuously, and new updates and features are
minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Cloud integrated at a constant rate by following the usage trend of the
Computing Reference Model Or Service Model 1) IaaS :- At the base community. There is no need to deploy new software releases on the
of the stack, Infrastructure-as-a-Service solutions deliver installed base at the client side. 4) Web 2.0 applications aim to
infrastructure on demand in the form of virtual hardware, storage, and leverage the “long tail” of Internet users by making themselves
networking. Virtual hardware is utilized to provide compute on available to everyone in terms of either media accessibility or
demand in the form of virtual machine instances. These are created affordability. 5) Examples of Web 2.0 applications are Google
at users’ request on the provider’s infrastructure, and users are given Documents, Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and
tools and interfaces to configure the software stack installed in the Wikipedia. Cloud computing platform and technologies Hadoop:-
virtual machine. 2) PaaS :- Platform-as-a-Service solutions are the Apache Hadoop is an open-source framework that is suited for
next step in the stack. They deliver scalable and elastic runtime processing large data sets on commodity hardware. Hadoop is an
environments on demand and host the execution of applications. implementation of MapReduce, an 2 application programming model
These services are backed by a core middleware platform that is developed by Google, which provides two fundamental operations for
responsible for creating the abstract environment where applications data processing: map and reduce. Hadoop provides the runtime
are deployed and executed. It is the responsibility of the service environment, and developers need only provide the input data and
provider to provide scalability and to manage fault tolerance, while specify the map and reduce functions that need to be executed.
users are requested to focus on the logic of the application developed Yahoo!, the sponsor of the Apache Hadoop project. Hadoop is an
by leveraging the provider’s APIs and libraries. 3) SaaS:- At the top of integral part of the Yahoo! cloud infrastructure and supports several
the stack, Software-as-a-Service solutions provide applications and business processes of the company. AWS :- AWS provides different
services on demand. Most of the common functionalities of desktop wide-ranging clouds IaaS services, which ranges from virtual
applications—such as office automation, document management, compute, storage, and networking to complete computing stacks.
photo editing, and customer relationship management (CRM) AWS is well known for its storage and compute on demand services,
software—are replicated on the provider’s infrastructure and made named as Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Simple Storage Service
more scalable and accessible through a browser on demand. Cloud (S3). EC2 offers customizable virtual hardware to the end user which
Deployment Models The three major models for deploying and can be utilize as the base infrastructure for deploying computing
accessing cloud computing environments are public clouds, systems on the cloud. EC2 also offers the capability of saving an
private/enterprise clouds, and hybrid clouds. 1 The public cloud is explicit running instance as image, thus allowing users to create their
available for the general public who want to use computing resources own templates for deploying system. S3 stores these templates and
such as software and hardware over the internet. It is a good choice delivers persistent storage on demand. S3 is well ordered into
for companies and organizations with low-security concerns. There is buckets which contains objects that are stored in binary form and can
no need to manage these resources as cloud computing providers be grow with attributes. Microsoft Azure :- Microsoft Azure is a cloud
configure and manage these services. Generally, public clouds are operating system and a platform for developing applications in the
used for application development and testing. Private Cloud lets you cloud. It provides a scalable runtime environment for Web
use the infrastructure and resources for a single organization. Users applications and distributed applications in general. Applications in
and organizations do not share resources with other users. That is Azure are organized around the concept of roles, which identify a
why it is also called as Internal or corporate model. Private clouds are distribution unit for applications and embody the application’s logic.
more costly than public clouds due to their costly maintenance. The Currently, there are three types of role: Web role, worker role, and
Hybrid Cloud is a combination of both public and private clouds. Very virtual machine role. The Web role is designed to host a Web
few companies and organizations can migrate their tech stack to application the worker role is a more generic container of applications
cloud computing rapidly in one go. Hence, Cloud vendors came up and can be used to perform workload processing, and the virtual
with a hybrid cloud that offers a smooth transition with public and machine role provides a virtual environment in which the computing
stack can be fully customized, including the operating systems. system partition (internal network virtualization). Storage virtualization
Besides roles, Azure provides a set of additional services that is a system administration practice that allows decoupling the
complement application execution, such as support for storage physical organization of the hardware from its logical representation.
(relational data and blobs), networking, caching, content delivery, and Storage virtualization allows us to harness a wide range of storage
others. Service-oriented computing :- Service-oriented computing facilities and represent them under a single logical file system.
organizes distributed systems in terms of services, which represent Application server virtualization abstracts a collection of application
the major abstraction for building systems. Service orientation servers that provide the same services as a single virtual application
expresses applications and software systems as aggregations of server by using load-balancing strategies and providing a
services that are coordinated within a service-oriented architecture high-availability infrastructure for the services hosted in the
(SOA). Even though there is no designed technology for the application server. 4 hyper-v :- Hyper-V is an infrastructure
development of service-oriented software systems, Web services are virtualization solution developed by Microsoft for server virtualization.
the de facto approach for developing SOA. Web services, the As the name recalls, it uses a hypervisor-based approach to
fundamental component enabling cloud computing systems, leverage hardware virtualization, which leverages several techniques to
the Internet as the main interaction channel between users and the support a variety of guest operating systems. Hyper-V is currently
system. Service Oriented Computing is a model that aims to provide shipped as a component of Windows Server 2008 R2 that installs the
standardized models and protocols to make services easily hypervisor as a role within the server. Hyper-V supports multiple and
accessible and interoperable among distributed application concurrent execution of guest operating systems by means of
components. It allows users to use services on-demand, relieving partitions. A partition is a completely isolated environment in which an
them from the need to build and maintain a complete system operating system is installed and run. Hyper-V constitutes the basic
in-house. RPC :- RPC is the fundamental abstraction enabling the building block of Microsoft virtualization infrastructure. Other
execution of procedures on client’s request. RPC allows extending components contribute to creating a fully featured platform for server
the concept of a procedure call beyond the boundaries of a process virtualization. Xen in detail. :-Xen is an open-source initiative
and a single memory address space. The called procedure and implementing a virtualization platform based on paravirtualization.
calling procedure may be on the same system or they may be on Initially developed by a group of researchers at the University of
different systems in a network. The concept of RPC has been Cambridge in the United Kingdom, Xen now has a large open-source
discussed since 1976 and completely formalized by Nelson and community backing it. Citrix also offers it as a commercial solution,
Birrell in the early 1980s. From there on, it has not changed in its XenSource. Xen-based technology is used for either desktop
major components. Even though it is a quite old technology, RPC is virtualization or server virtualization, and recently it has also been
still used today as a fundamental component for IPC in 3 more used to provide cloud computing solutions by means of Xen Cloud
complex systems. An important aspect of RPC is marshaling, which Platform (XCP). At the basis of all these solutions is the Xen
identifies the process of converting parameter and return values into Hypervisor, which constitutes the core technology of Xen. Recently
a form that is more suitable to be transported over a network through Xen has been advanced to support full virtualization using
a sequence of bytes. The term unmarshaling refers to the opposite hardware-assisted virtualization. Xen is the most popular
procedure. Marshaling and unmarshaling are performed by the RPC implementation of paravirtualization, which, in contrast with full
runtime infrastructure. Approaches to parallel programming A wide virtualization, allows high-performance execution of guest operating
variety of parallel programming approaches are available. The most systems. This is made possible by eliminating the performance loss
prominent among them are the following: • Data parallelism • Process while executing instructions that require special management.
parallelism • Farmer-and-worker model These three models are all Machine reference model of execution virtualizationq Modern
suitable for task-level parallelism. ●In the case of data parallelism, the computing systems can be expressed in terms of the reference model
divide-and-conquer technique is used to split data into multiple sets, described in the diagram. At the bottom layer, the model for the
and each data set is processed on different PEs using the same hardware is expressed in terms of the Instruction Set Architecture
instruction. This approach is highly suitable to processing on (ISA), which defines the instruction set for the processor, registers,
machines based on the SIMD model. ●In the case of process memory, and interrupt management. ISA is the interface between
parallelism, a given operation has mul-tiple (but distinct) activities that hardware and software, and it is important to the operating system
can be processed on multiple processors. ●In the case of the (OS) developer (System ISA) and developers of applications that
farmerand-worker model, a job distribution approach is used: one directly manage the underlying hardware (User ISA). The application
processor is configured as master and all other remaining PEs are binary interface (ABI) separates the operating system layer from the
designated as slaves; the master assigns jobs to slave PEs and, on applica- tions and libraries, which are managed by the OS. ABI
completion, they inform the master, which in turn collects results. covers details such as low-level data types, alignment, and call
These approaches can be utilized in different levels of parallelism. conventions and defines a format for executable programs. System
Virtualization :- Virtualization technology is one of the fundamental calls are defined at this level. This interface allows portability of
components of cloud computing, especially in regard to applications and libraries across operating systems that implement
infrastructure-based services. Virtualization allows the creation of a the same ABI. The highest level of abstraction is represented by the
secure, customizable, and isolated execution environment for running application programming interface (API), which interfaces
applications, even if they are untrusted, without affecting other users’ applications to libraries and/or the underlying operating system. 5
applications. Virtualization is a large umbrella of technologies and VMware :- VMware’s technology is based on the concept of full
concepts that are meant to provide an abstract environment whether virtualization, where the underlying hardware is replicated and made
virtual hardware or an operating system—to run applications. The available to the guest operating system, which runs unaware of such
term virtualization is often synonymous with hardware virtualization, abstraction layers and does not need to be modified. VMware
which plays a fundamental role in efficiently delivering implements full virtualization either in the desktop environment, by
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) solutions for cloud computing. means of Type II hypervisors, or in the server environment, by means
Types of virtualization :- Desktop virtualization abstracts the desktop of Type I hypervisors. In both cases, full virtualization is made
environment available on a personal computer in order to provide possible by means of direct execution (for nonsensitive instructions)
access to it using a client/server approach. Desktop virtualization and binary translation (for sensitive instructions), thus allowing the
provides the same outcome of hardware virtualization but serves a virtualization of architecture such as x86. Besides these two core
different purpose. Network virtualization combines hardware solutions, VMware provides additional tools and software that simplify
appliances and specific software for the creation and management of the use of virtualization technology either in a desktop environment,
a virtual network. Network virtualization can aggregate different with tools enhancing the integration of virtual guests with the host, or
physical networks into a single logical network (external network in a server environment, with solutions for building and managing
virtualization) or provide network-like functionality to an operating virtual computing infrastructures. VMware is well known for the
devices such as network controllers and other peripherals such as Provides block storage services, allowing users to create and
operating systems and interact directly with the ISA interface exposed manage virtual disks. OpenStack Image Service (Glance): Manages
by the underlying hardware, and they emulate this interface in order disk images, including image discovery, registration, and delivery to
to allow the management of guest operating systems. • Type II the Compute service. What is OpenStack? 1. For
hypervisors require the support of an operating system to provide cloud/system/storage/network administrators—OpenStack controls
virtualization services. This means that they are programs managed many types of commercial and open source hardware and software,
by the operating system, which interact with it through the ABI and providing a cloud management layer on top of vendor-specific
emulate the ISA of virtual hardware for guest operating systems. resources. Repetitive manual tasks like disk and network provisioning
Three main modules, dispatcher, allocator, and interpreter, coordinate are automated with the OpenStack framework. In fact, the entire
their activity in order to emulate the underlying hardware. The process of provisioning virtual machines and even applications can
dispatcher constitutes the entry point of the monitor and reroutes the be automated using the OpenStack framework. 2. For the
instructions issued by the virtual machine instance to one of the two developer—OpenStack is a platform that can be used not only as an
other modules. The allocator is responsible for deciding the system Amazon-like service for procuring resources (virtual machines,
routine is executed. Pros and cons of virtualization :- Virtualization storage, and so on) used in development environments, but also as a
has now become extremely popular and widely used, especially in cloud orchestration platform for deploying extensible applications
cloud computing. The primary reason for its wide success is the based on application templates. Imagine the ability to describe the
elimination of technology barriers that prevented virtualization from infrastructure (X servers with Y RAM) and software dependencies
being an effective and viable solution in the past. The most relevant (MySQL, Apache2, and so on) of your application, and having the
barrier has been performance. Today, the capillary diffusion of the OpenStack framework deploy those resources for you. 3. For the end
Internet connection and the advancements in computing technology user- OpenStack is a self-service system for infrastructure and
have made virtualization an interesting opportunity to deliver applications. Users can do everything from simply provisioning virtual
on-demand IT infrastructure and services. Despite its renewed machines (VMs) like with AWS, to constructing advanced virtual
popularity, this technology has benefits & also drawbacks. Web networks and applications, all within an isolated tenant (project)
services :- Web services are the prominent technology for space. Nova is the OpenStack project that provides a way to
implementing SOA systems and applications. They leverage Internet provision compute instances (aka virtual servers). Nova supports
technologies and standards for building distributed systems. Several creating virtual machines, baremetal servers (through the use of
aspects make Web services the technology of choice for SOA. First, ironic), and has limited support for system containers. Nova runs as a
they allow for interoperability across different platforms and set of daemons on top of existing Linux servers to provide that
programming languages. Second, they are based on well-known and service. It requires the following additional OpenStack services for
vendor-independent standards such as HTTP, SOAP, XML, and basic function: Keystone: This provides identity and authentication for
WSDL. Third, they provide an intuitive and simple way to connect all OpenStack services. Glance: This provides the compute image
heterogeneous software systems, enabling the quick composition of repository. All compute instances launch from glance images.
services in a distributed environment. Finally, they provide the Neutron: This is responsible for provisioning the virtual or physical
features required by enterprise business applications to be used in an networks that compute instances connect to on boot. DevStack was
industrial environment. They define facilities for enabling service created to make the job of deploying OpenStack in test and
discovery, which allows system architects to more efficiently compose development environments quicker, easier, and more
SOA applications, and service metering to assess whether a specific understandable, but the ease with which it allows users to deploy
service complies with the contract between the service provider and OpenStack makes it a natural starting point for learning the
the service consumer. Web services are made accessible by being framework. DevStack is a collection of documented Bash
hosted in a Web server; therefore, HTTP is the most popular (command-line interpreter) shell scripts that are used to prepare an
transport protocol used for interacting with Web services. History of environment for, configure, and deploy OpenStack. The choice of
OpenStack. :- On his first day in office in 2009, US President Barack using a shell-scripting language for DevStack was deliberate. The
Obama signed a memorandum to all federal agencies directing them code is intended to be read by humans and computers alike, and it’s
to break down barriers to transparency, participation, and used as a source of documentation by developers. Developers of
collaboration between the federal government and the people it OpenStack components can document dependencies outside of raw
serves. The memorandum became known as the Open Government code segments, and users can understand how these dependencies
Directive. One hundred and twenty days after the directive was must be provided in a working system. As the name suggests,
issued, NASA announced its Open Government framework, which DevStack is a development tool, and its related OpenStack code is
outlined the sharing of a tool called Nebula. Nebula was developed to under constant development. The support packages used by
speed the delivery of IaaS resources to NASA scientists and DevStack to deploy. 8 Components of openStack Hardware
researchers. At the same time, the cloud computing provider architectures for parallel processing • Single-instruction, single-data
Rackspace announced it would open-source its object storage (SISD) systems : An SISD computing system is a uniprocessor
platform, Swift.In July 2010, Rackspace and NASA, along with 25 machine capable of executing a single instruction, which operates on
other companies, launched the OpenStack project. Over the past five a single data stream. In SISD, machine instructions are processed
years there have been ten releases. OpenStack interface 1. sequentially; hence computers adopting this model are popularly
OpenStack Dashboard (Horizon): This is a web-based interface that called sequential computers. • Single-instruction, multiple-data
allows users to provision, manage, and monitor cloud resources. 2. (SIMD) systems : An SIMD computing system is a multiprocessor
APIs: OpenStack uses Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to machine capable of executing the same instruction on all the CPUs
abstract virtual resources into discrete pools, enabling programmatic but operating on different data streams. Machines based on an SIMD
interaction with the cloud infrastructure. 3. Command-line tools: model are well suited to scientific computing since they involve lots of
OpenStack also provides command-line tools for managing cloud vector and matrix operations • Multiple-instruction, single-data (MISD)
resources. 4. OpenStack Networking (Neutron): This project provides systems : An MISD computing system is a multiprocessor machine
APIs for networking functions and components, such as interfaces, capable of executing different instructions on different PEs•
routers, switches, ports, and security groups. 7 Key OpenStack Multiple-instruction, multiple-data (MIMD) systems : An MIMD
Components and Their Interfaces: 1. OpenStack Compute (Nova): computing system is a multiprocessor machine capable of executing
Manages the lifecycle of compute instances, including spawning, multiple instructions on multiple data sets. Each PE in the MIMD
scheduling, and decommissioning virtual machines. 2. OpenStack model has separate instruction and data streams; hence machines
Networking (Neutron): Enables network connectivity as a service for built using this model are well suited to any kind of application. 9
other OpenStack services, providing an API for users to define
networks and their attachments. OpenStack Block Storage (Cinder):