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Catalyst PND

The document outlines an experiment to determine the most effective catalyst among substances X, Y, and Z in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. It details the hypothesis, materials, method, variables, expected results, and potential sources of error. The experiment aims to measure the volume of oxygen gas produced over time to identify the most efficient catalyst.

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Amara Sterlimg
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8 views4 pages

Catalyst PND

The document outlines an experiment to determine the most effective catalyst among substances X, Y, and Z in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. It details the hypothesis, materials, method, variables, expected results, and potential sources of error. The experiment aims to measure the volume of oxygen gas produced over time to identify the most efficient catalyst.

Uploaded by

Amara Sterlimg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Title: Catalysts

Aim: To determine which of the three substances X, Y, and Z is the most effective catalyst in
the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Hypothesis: If substances X, Y, and Z are used as catalysts in the decomposition of hydrogen


peroxide, then the substance that produces the greatest volume of oxygen gas in the shortest
time is the most efficient catalyst.

Apparatus/Materials:

 3 test tubes
 Test tube rack
 Measuring cylinder (100 mL)
 Stopwatch
 Delivery tube and water trough
 Hydrogen peroxide solution (3%)
 Substances X, Y, Z (same mass for each)
 Beaker
 Spatula
 Safety goggles
 Lab coat

Method:

1. Label three test tubes as X, Y, and Z.


2. Measure and pour 10 mL of hydrogen peroxide into each test tube.
3. Weigh equal masses (e.g., 0.5 g) of substances X, Y, and Z.
4. Add substance X to the first test tube, quickly cover with delivery system, and start
stopwatch.
5. Record the volume of oxygen gas evolved every 10 seconds for 1 minute.
6. Repeat steps 4-5 for substances Y and Z.
7. Record all observations and compare the volume of gas evolved.

Variables:

 Independent Variable: Type of catalyst (X, Y, Z)


 Dependent Variable: Volume of oxygen gas produced
 Controlled Variables:
o Volume and concentration of hydrogen peroxide
o Mass of catalyst
o Ambient temperature
o Size and type of test tube
Expected Results: Results will be recorded in a table as follows:

Volume of O2 (mL) Volume of O2 (mL) Volume of O2 (mL)


Time (s)
with X with Y with Z
0
10
20
30
40
50
60

Graphs: Plot time on the x-axis and volume of oxygen on the y-axis for each catalyst.

Calculations:

 Total volume of oxygen produced in 60 seconds for each catalyst.


 Rate of decomposition = Volume of O2 produced / Time

Inferences: The catalyst that produces the most oxygen gas in the shortest time is the most
efficient.

Discussion: The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is catalysed by various substances


which lower the activation energy, speeding up the reaction. The expected reaction is:

2H2O2 (aq) → 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)

This reaction is exothermic and can be accelerated using different catalysts such as
manganese dioxide (MnO2), potassium iodide (KI), or iron (III) chloride (FeCl3), which may
represent substances X, Y, or Z. Each catalyst facilitates the reaction via a different
mechanism. For instance:

 In the presence of MnO2: H2O2 (aq) → H2O (l) + ½O2 (g) (repeated rapidly,
catalysed by MnO2)
 With potassium iodide, a redox reaction may occur: 2H2O2 (aq) + 2I⁻ (aq) + 2H⁺
(aq) → I2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)
 Catalysis by Fe³⁺ may involve Fenton-like chemistry: Fe³⁺ + H2O2 → Fe²⁺ + HO2•
+ H⁺ Fe²⁺ + H2O2 → Fe³⁺ + OH⁻ + OH•
These catalytic pathways enhance the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and
water. The efficiency of a catalyst depends not only on the speed of gas evolution but also on
the stability and recyclability of the catalyst.

A comparison of the oxygen produced over time for each catalyst will reveal which is the
most effective. The steepest slope in a time vs. volume graph indicates the fastest reaction
rate, suggesting the most active catalyst.

Limitations/Assumptions:

 It is assumed that the mass and surface area of each catalyst are equal.
 Reaction conditions like temperature are assumed to be constant.
 Limitation: minor gas leaks in the delivery setup could affect measurement accuracy.
 Assumes that each catalyst only affects the rate and not the amount of product
formed.

Precautions:

 Wear safety goggles and a lab coat to avoid contact with hydrogen peroxide.
 Handle all chemicals with care.
 Ensure the delivery system is airtight to avoid gas loss.
 Start timing immediately upon adding the catalyst.

Sources of Error:

 Inaccurate measurement of hydrogen peroxide or catalysts.


 Delayed stopwatch start.
 Leaks in the gas collection apparatus.
 Inconsistent environmental conditions (e.g., temperature fluctuations).

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