8 a x2 + 2x + C

2
c y d y
b x4 + x 3 − 5x2 + x + C
4 2
Answers 5 review–6A

c x3 − x2 + C
3 2

e
d − x3 + 5x2 − 6x + C
3 2

e
1
e −x −1 + C 1 3
3

f − 6x1 6 + C 1 x 2 x
3
2x 2
g + c
3 Stretch e x vertically Stretch e x horizontally
h 1
5 (x + 1)5 + C with factor 13 with factor 2
12 (2x − 3) + C
6
i 1
8a y y
b
9a 9 13 u2 b 4 u2 c 4 2
3u d 1u 2
−1
1 2 4 2 1 2
e
a

6u f 15 u g 6u h 4 12 u2 x
−1
4 2
10 b 3u e −1
e
11 a 9 b 0.56
12 a 18 (3x + 4)5 −1 x
b i (3x + 4)6 + C ii 12 (3x + 4)6 + C −1
13 a 6x (x 2 − 1)2 Shift e −x down 1 Reflect e −x in x-axis
b i (x 2 − 1)3 + C ii 16 (x 2 − 1) + C
3
c y
14 a 15 (x 3 + 1)5 + C
a b − 2 (x 21− 5)2 + C

e
Chapter 6 1

Exercise 6A 1 x
2

1 a 210 b e7 c 24
d e3 e 212 f e 30 Stretch e −x horizontally with factor − 12
2 a e 7x b e 2x c e 10x 9 It is a vertical dilation of y = e x with factor − 13. Its
d e −5x e e −3x f e −12x equation is y = − 13e x.
3 a 7.389 b 0.04979 c e 1 ≑ 2.718 10 a e 2x − 1 b e 6x + 3e 4x + 3e 2x + 9
1 −1
d e −1 ≑ 0.3679 e ≑ 1.649
e2 f ≑ 0.6065 e 2 c 1 − 2e 3x d e −4x + 2 + e 4x
4 a y′ = e x and y″ = e x 11 a e 2x + e x b e −2x − e −x
b ‘The curve y = e x is always concave up, and is c e 20x + 5e 30x d 2e −4x + 3e −5x
always increasing at an increasing rate.’ 12 a 1
5 a gradient = e, y = ex. b Reflection in y-axis
by = x + 1 c −1
c y = 1e (x + 2) d y
e
6 a P = (1, e − 1)
dy dy
b = e x. When x = 1, = e.
dx dx 1
c tangent: ex − y − 1 = 0,
x
normal: x + ey − e 2 + e − 1 = 0 1 1
7a y b y e Horizontal dilation with factor −1
13 a e x, e x, e x, e x
e b e x + 3x 2, e x + 6x, e x + 6, e x
2 c 4e x, 4e x, 4e x, 4e x
e −2
1 −1
d 5e x + 10x, 5e x + 10, 5e x, 5e x. In part c, the
1 x
1 x gradient equals the height.
−2 14 a 1, 45° b e, 69°48′
x c e −2, 7°42′ d e 5, 89°37′
868 Shift e up 1 Shift e x down 2
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-76630-2 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
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 15 a e − 1 e 2 e 2x − 2 e x f 2 e 2x − 4 e x
dy dy g 2 (e 2x + e −2x ) h 10 (e 10x + e −10x )
b = e x. When x = 1, = e.

Answers 6A–6B
dx dx 6 a a e ax + b b 2x e x
2

c y = ex − 1 c −x e −2 x
1
d 2x e x + 1
2

16 a y
b y
e −2x e 1 − x 2 (x + 1) e x + 2x
2 2
f
g (1 − 2x) e 6 + x − x (3x − 1) e 3x − 2x + 1
2 2
h
e e 7 a (x + 1) e x b (1 − x) e −x
1
c xe x d (3x + 4) e 3x − 4
e−2
e (2x − x 2 ) e −x f 4x e 2x
1 x
2 1
3
2
x g (x 2 + 2x − 5) e x h x 2e 2x (3 + 2x)
8 a y′ = x x−2 1 e x b y′ = (1 − x) e −x
Stretch horizontally Shift right 1. (x − 2) e x
with factor 12. c y′ = x3
d y′ = (2x − x 2 ) e −x
c y d y e y′ = x
(x + 1)2
ex f y′ = −x e −x
3
1 2 g y′ = (7 − 2x) e −2x h y′ = (x 2 − 2x − 1) e −x
e e 2
x 9 a 2 e 2x + 3 e x b 4 e 4x + 2 e 2x
2
c −2 e −2x − 6 e −x d −6 e −6x + 18 e −3x
3
2e 2 e 2 e 3 e 3x + 2 e 2x + e x f 12 e 3x + 2 e 2x + e −x
x 2 10 a −5 e x (1 − e x )4 b 16 e 4x (e 4x − 9)3
1 2
c − (e x e− 1)2 − (e 3x6e+ 4)3
x 3x
d
Stretch vertically with Shift down 2. 12 a f ′ (x) = 2 e 2x + 1, f ′ (0) = 2e, f ″ (x) = 4 e 2x + 1,
factor 12. f ″ (0) = 4e
17 a Shift left 2. Alternatively, y = e 2e x, so it is a vertical b f ′ (x) = −3 e −3x, f ′ (1) = −3 e −3,
dilation with factor e 2. f ″ (x) = 9 e −3x, f ″ (1) = 9 e −3
b Stretch vertically with factor 2. Alternatively, c f ′ (x) = (1 − x) e −x, f ′ (2) = −e −2,
y = e loge 2 e x = e x + loge 2, so it is a shift left loge 2. f ″ (x) = (x − 2) e −x, f ″ (2) = 0
d f ′ (x) = −2x e −x , f ′ (0) = 0,
2

f ″ (x) = (4x 2 − 2) e −x , f ″ (0) = −2

2
Exercise 6B
13 a y′ = ae ax b y′ = −ke −kx
1 a 7 e17x b 12 e 3x
x c y′ = Ak e kx
d y′ = −Bℓ e −ℓx
c 2e 3
d e −2x
e y′ = p e px + q f y′ = pCe px + q
e y′ = 3 e 3x + 4 f y′ = 4 e 4x − 3 pe px − qe −qx
g y′ = −3 e −3x + 4
h y′ = −2 e −2x − 7 g y′ = h e ax − e −px
r
2 a e x − e −x b 2 e 2x + 3 e −3x 14 a 3 e x (e x + 1)2
e x + e −x b 4 (e x − e −x ) (e x + e −x )3
−x
d e −3 e
x
c 2
e e 2x + e 3x f e 4x + e 5x c (1 + 2x + x 2 ) e 1 + x = (1 + x)2 e 1 + x
3 a y′ = 3 e 3x
b y′ = 2 e 2x d (2x 2 − 1) e 2x − 1
x
c y′ = 2 e 2x d y′ = 6 e 6x e (e x e+ 1)2
e y′ = 3 e 3x
f y′ = −e −x f − (e x 2−e 1) 2
x

g y′ = −3 e −3x h y′ = −5 e −5x 15 a y′ = −e −x
−x −x −x −x
4 a i −e , e , −e , e b y′ = e x
ii Successive derivatives alternate in sign. More c y′ = e −x − 4 e −2x
e −x, d y′ = −12 e −4x − 3 e −3x
precisely, f (n) (x) = { −x
if n is even,
−e , if n is odd. e y′ = e x − 9 e 3x
2x 2x 2x 2x
b i 2 e , 4 e , 8 e , 16 e f y′ = −2 e −x − 2 e −2x
ii Each derivative is twice the previous one. More 17 a y′ = 12 √e x b y′ = 13 √e x
precisely, f (n) (x) = 2n e 2x. c y′ = − 1 x d y′ = − 31 x
2√e 3√e
5 a 2 e 2x + e x b e −x − 4 e −2x
c 2 e 2x + 2 e x d 2 e 2x + 6 e x e 1
e √x f − 1
e −√x
2√x 2√x

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 f y ≥ −e −1 g y
g − x12 e x h x12 e −x
1 1

y
e
Answers 6B–6C

(1 + x 2)
j e xe e = e x + e
1 x x
i 1
e x−x e
(2, −2e−2)
20 a −5 or 2 −2
(−2, −2e )
b − 12 (1 + √5 ) or − 12 (1 − √5 ) (1, −e−1)
−1)
(−1, −e x
Exercise 6C −1
1 x
1a A = ( 2, 1 ) b y′ = 2 e 2x − 1 c y = 2x
1
9a x 0 1 2
y

( − 3, 1 )
3x + 1
2a R = 1
b y′ = 3 e 1
y 1 0 −e 2
c −3 1
d 3x + 9y − 8 = 0.
3 a x − ey + e 2 + 1 = 0 sign + 0 −
x
b x = −e 2 − 1, y = e + e −1 1
b y′ = −x e , x
(−1, 2e−1)
c 12 (e 3 + 2e + e −1 )
y″= − (x + 1) e x
4a y = x + 1 b y = −x + 1
d They all tend to −∞.
c F (−1, 0) , G (1, 0)
y ey ≤ 1
d e isosceles right triangle,
e 10 d y ≥ 0 y
1 square unit
x=2− 2
B
x=2+ 2
(2, 4e−2)
1 e
F G

−1 1 x
−1 x
5 b y = −x cy = 1 2
d y e 1 square unit 11 d y ≥ 0 y
T
N 1 x=1− 2
−1 (1, 4e−1 )
O x
x=1+ 2

1− e
−1 1 x
6 a y′ = 1 − e x, y″ = −e x
c maximum turning point at (0, −1) 12 y
d y ≤ −1 e y (−5, 12e−5)
y −5 − 5
x= 16
x
−1 −5 + 5
x= 16 2
1
−2 −1 x
x
13 a x ≠ 0, y < 0 or y ≥ e c y
7 b y = e t (x − t + 1)
c The x-intercept of each tangent to y = e x is 1 unit e
left of the x-value of the point of contact.
8 a There is a zero at x = 0, it is positive for x > 0 and x
1
negative for x < 0. It is neither even nor odd.
e They all tend towards ∞.

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 14 a y′ = −xe −2 x ,
1 2 y 4 a f (x) = 12e 2x + C, for some constant C
y″ = (x 2 − 1) e −2 x
1 2
b C = −2 12, so f (x) = 12e 2x − 2 12

Answers 6C–6D
d0 < y ≤ 1 1 c f (1) = 12e 2 − 2 12, f (2) = 12e 4 − 2 12
5 a f (x) = x + 2 e x − 1, f (1) = 2e
1
e b f (x) = 2 + x − 3 e x, f (1) = 3 − 3e
c f (x) = 1 + 2x − e −x, f (1) = 3 − e −1
−1 1 x d f (x) = 1 + 4x + e −x, f (1) = 5 + e −1
15 d − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1
y e f (x) = 12 e 2x − 1 + 52, f (1) = 12 (e + 5)
√2e √2e
f f (x) = 1 − 13 e 1 − 3x, f (1) = 1 − 13 e −2
( −1
2
, −1
2e ) x= 3
2
g f (x) = 2 e 2 x + 1 − 6, f (1) = 2 e 2 − 6
1 3

−1 h f (x) = 3 e 3 x + 2 − 1, f (1) = 3 e 3 − 1
1 7

1 x 6 a 12 e 2x + e x + C b 12e 2x − e x + C

x=− 3 ( 1 ,
2
1
2e ) −x
ce − e −2x
+ C d 12e 2x + 2 e x + x + C
2 e 12 e 2x − 2 e x + x + C f 12e 2x − 4 e x + 4x + C
−2x
g 12 (e + e ) + C
2x
h 101
(e 10x + e −10x ) + C
16 a iy → 0 ii y → ∞
7 a 17 e 7x + q + C b 13e 3x − k + C
b i y → −∞ ii y → 0 +
c 1s e sx 1
+ C d 1k e kx − 1 + C
17 x = 1 or x = −1
e e px + q + C f e mx + k + C
18 d x ≠ 0, y > 0, y ≠ 1 e
y g As e sx − t + C h Bk e kx − ℓ + C
\ 1−x
8 a −e + C b − 13 e 1 − 3x + C
e
c − 12 e −2x − 5 + C d −2 e 1 − 2x + C
5x − 2

H  e 2e + C f −4 e 5 − 3x + C

1 x 9 a x − e −x + C b e x − e −x + C

1 −2x −x
c 2e − e + C d e −3x − 12 e −2x + C
e e −3x − e −2x + C f e −x − e −2x + C
[ x−1 −1
10 a y = e , y = e
b y = e 2 + 1 − e 2 − x, y = e 2 + 1
Exercise 6D c f (x) = e x + xe − 1, f (0) = 0
d f (x) = e x − e −x − 2x
1 + C
1 a 12 e 2x + C
1 3x
b 3e 1
c 3 e 3x + C d 2e + C
2x 11 a e 2 − e
e 5 e 2x + C f 4 e 3x + C b 12 (e 2 − e −2 ) + 4 (e − e −1 ) + 8
g 14 e 4x + 5 + C h 1 4x − 2
+ C c e + e −1 − 2
4e
i 2 e 3x + 2 + C j e 4x + 3
+ C d 14 (e 4 − e −4 ) + 12 (e −2 − e 2 )
k − 12 e 7 − 2x + C l − 16 e 1 − 3x + C e e − e −1
2ae − 1 b e2 − e f e − e −1 + 12 (e −2 − e 2 )
12 a i 2x e x + 3 ii e x + 3 + C
2 2

c e − e −3 d e2 − 1
b i 2 (x − 1) e x − 2x + 3 ii 12 e x − 2x + 3 + C
2 2

e 12 (e 4 − 1) f 4 (e 5 − e −10 )
c i (6x + 4) e 3x + 4x + 1 ii 12e 3x + 4x + 1 + C
2 2

g 2 (e 12 − e −4 ) h 3
2 (e
18
− e −6 )
ii 13 (1 − e −1 )
3

i 12 (e 3 − e −1 ) j 1 −3
− e −11 ) d i 3x 2 e x
4 (e 1 −2x
k 13 (e −1 − e −4 ) 13 a − 2 e + C b − 13 e −3x + C
2 (e − 1)
2 2
l e
1 1x
x
m 3e (e 2 − 1) n 2 e 4 (e 3 − 1) c 2e2 + C d 3e3 + C
o 3 e 3 (e 4 − 1) p 4 e 2 (e 3 − 1) −1 x −1 x
e −2 e 2 + C f −3 e 3
+ C
3 a −e −x + C b − 12 e −2x + C
14 a y′ = x e + e , e + 1
x x 2
c − 13 e −3x + C d e −3x + C
b y ′ = −x e −x + e −x, −1 − e 2
e −3 e −2x + C f 4 e 2x + C 1x −3 x 2x −4 x
15 a 2 e 2 + 23 e 2
+ C b 32 e 3 − 34 e 3
+ C
16 b 0

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 2e x − 7 + C 11 b c ( e − 1 13 ) u2
2 2
17 a 12e x + C b y

c 12e 3x + 4x + 1 + C 1 x3 − 3x2
2
d 3e + C e
Answers 6D–6F

−1
2 −x√x
e − ex + C f 3e + C
20 b 1.1276
1
d e 0.5 = α + √α 2 − 1, e −0.5 = α − √α 2 − 1

Exercise 6E −1 x

1 a i e − 1 ≑ 1.72 12 a y (e 2 − 3) square units

ii 1 − e −1 ≑ 0.63 e
iii 1 − e −2 ≑ 0.86
iv 1 − e −3 ≑ 0.95
b The total area is exactly 1. 1

2 a 12 (e 6 − 1) ≑ 201.2 square units

b 1 − e −1 ≑ 0.6321 square units 2 x
c 3 (1 − e −1 ) ≑ 1.896 square units b intercepts (0, 7) and (3, 0) and area 24 − log7e 2
3 a e (e 2 − 1) u2 b 12 (e − e −1 ) u2 square units
c 12e (e 2 − 1) u2 d 3e 2 (e − 1) u2 13 a e − 1 ≑ 1.7183
4 a 2 (e − e −2 ) u2 b (1 − e −1 ) u2
1
b 1.7539
−2
5 a 2 (e − e ) ≑ 14.51 u
2 2
c The trapezoidal-rule approximation is greater. The
b 18 + e 3 − e −3 ≑ 38.04 u2 curve is concave down, so all the chords are above
6 a (1 + e −2 ) u2 b 1 u2 the curve.
c e −1 u2 d (3 + e −2 ) u2 14 a − 12e −x
2

e 1u 2
f (9 + e −2 − e) u2 b From x = 0 to x = 2, area = 12 − 12e −4 square
1 1

∫0 b ∫ (e x − 1 + x) dx
units. The function is odd, so the area (not signed)
7a (e x − 1 − x) dx
0 from x = −2 to x = 2 is 1 − e −4 square units.
= (e − 2 12 ) u2 = (e − 1 12 ) u2 15 a i 1 − e N ii 1
−N
b i1 − e ii 1
y y N
c ∫ 2xe −x dx = 1 − e −N , thus in the limit as
2 2

e
e 0
N → ∞ this is just 1.
16 a 2 (e − e √δ )
1 b It approaches 2 (e − 1) .
1
x 17 a 1 − (1 + N) e −N b1 c2
1
8 a The region is symmetric, so xthe area is twice the area Exercise 6F
−1
in the first quadrant.
1 a 2.303 b −2.303 c 11.72
b 2 − 2e square units
d −12.02 e 3.912 f −3.912
9 a The region is symmetric, so the area is twice the area
2 a ln 20 b ln 5 c ln 80
in the first quadrant.
3a3 b −1 c −2 d 12
b 2 square units
e5 f 0.05 g1 he
10 b 0
4 b 1 = e , so loge 1 = loge e = 0.
0 0
c The region is symmetric, so the area is twice the area
d e = e 1, so loge e = loge e 1 = 1.
in the first quadrant.
5 a loge x = 6 b x = e −2 or x = 1/e 2
d 2 (e 3 + e −3 − 2) square units
c e = 24
x
d x = loge 13

872
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 loge 7 loge 25 c y
6a ≑ 2.807 b ≑ 1.398
loge 2 loge 10

Answers 6F
loge 0.04
c ≑ −2.930
loge 3 e x

7 a Reflection in y = x, which reflects lines with

gradient 1 to lines of gradient 1. The tangent to
y = e x at its y-intercept has gradient 1, so its
reflection also has gradient 1. Stretch y = loge (−x) vertically with factor 3.
b Reflection in the y-axis, which is also a horizontal 10 a e b − 1e c6
dilation with factor −1. d 12 e 2e f 0
c y
ge h1 i 0
11 It is a horizontal dilation of y = loge (−x) with
factor 12. Its equation is y = loge (−2x).
e e x
12 a x = 1 or x = log2 7
b x = 2 (3x = −1 has no solutions.)
c i x = 2 or x = 0
8a y ii x = 0 or x = log3 4
b y
iii x = log3 5 (3x = −4 has no solutions.)
1 e e
x
iv The quadratic has no solutions because Δ < 0
vx = 2
e x vi x = 1 or 2
13 a x = 0 b x = loge 2
c x = 0 or x = loge 3 dx = 0
Shift y = loge x up 1. 14 a x = 1 or x = log4 3 ≑ 0.792
Shift y = loge x down 2.
b x = log10 1 +2√5 ≑ 0.209. log10 1 −2√5 does not exist
c y d y
because 1 −2√5 is negative.
1 c x = −1 or x = log 12 2 ≑ −0.431
3
15 a x = e or x = e 4 b x = 1 or x = e 3
e x 1 e x
16 a x = 13 b x = 3 or 4
17 a y b y

Stretch y = loge x Stretch y = loge x 1

2
e
2
x
3 e x
2 2
horizontally with vertically with factor 13.
factor 2.
9a y
b y

Stretch horizontally
e Shift right 1.
with factor 12.
x
e c y d y
3 e
x 2 2 x
1
2
3
3 e x 2
Reflect y = log e (−x) 2 2
Shift y = log e (−x)
down 1. in the x-axis.

Stretch vertically with Shift down 2.

factor 12.

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 18 First, the base must be positive because powers of c 2x x+ 1 + 2 loge x
negative numbers are not well defined when the d x 3 (1 + 4 loge x)
Answers 6F–6G

index is a real number, so a negative number can’t e loge (x + 3) + 1

(x − 1)
be used as a base for logarithms. Secondly, the base f 2 2x + 7 + loge (2x + 7)
cannot be 1 because all powers of 1 are 1, and in any g e x ( 1x + loge x )
case, loge 1 = 0 and you can’t divide by zero.
h e −x ( 1x − loge x )
19 a Stretch horizontally with factor 15. Alternatively, 1 − 2 loge x
11 a 1 − loge x b x3
y = loge x + loge 5, so it is a shift up loge 5. x2
loge x − 1 x (2 loge x − 1)
b Shift up 2. c (loge x)2
d (loge x)2
Alternatively, y = loge x + loge e 2 = loge e 2x, so it e 1 − x loge x
f e x (x loge x − 1)
xe x x (loge x)2
is a dilation horizontally with factor e −2. 12 a 3
x b 3x1 c − 1x d 1
2x − 4
20 2 28 e 1 + x + 1 − x
1 1
39

f x + 2 (x + 1)
1 1

Exercise 6G g y = x loge 2, y′ = loge 2

1 a y′ = x +1 2 b y′ = x −1 3 h y = x, y′ = 1
c y′ = 3x + 43
d y′ = 2x 2− 1 i y = x loge x, y′ = 1 + loge x
e y′ = −4x−4+ 1 f y′ = −3x−3+ 4 13 a f ′ (x) = x −1 1, f ′ (3) = 12, f ″ (x) = − (x −1 1)2,
−2
g y′ = −2x − 7 = 2x + 7 2
h y′ = 2x 6+ 4 = x +3 2 f ″ (3) = − 14
i y′ = 3x 15− 2 b f ′ (x) = 2x 2+ 1, f ′ (0) = 2, f ″ (x) = − (2x 4+ 1)2,
2 a y = loge 2 + loge x, y′ = 1x f ″ (0) = −4
b y = loge 5 + loge x, y′ = 1x c f ′ (x) = 2x , f ′ (2) = 1, f ″ (x) = − x22,
c 1x d 1x e 4x f 3x g 4x h 3x f ″ (2) = − 12
3 a y′ = x +1 1, y′ (3) = 14 d f ′ (x) = 1 + loge x, f ′ (e) = 2, f ″ (x) = 1x ,
b y′ = 2x 2− 1, y′ (3) = 25 f ″ (e) = 1e
c y′ = 2x 2− 5, y′ (3) = 2 14 a loge x, x = 1 1
−
d y′ = 4x 4+ 3, y′ (3) = 15 4 b x (1 + 2 loge x) , x = e 2
e y′ = x +5 1, y′ (3) = 54 c 1 −x 2loge x, x = e
3
f y′ = 2x 12+ 9, y′ (3) = 45 d 4 (logx e x) , x = 1
3
4 a 1x b x −1
+ 1 e 8x (2 loge x − 3)3, x = e2
c1 + x 4
d 8x 3 + 3x −1
f x (log is never zero.
x)2
e 2x 2− 1 + 6x f 3x 2 − 3 + 5x 5− 7
e

g x log
1
is never zero.
h 1 + ln x, ( , − )
ex
5 a y = 3 ln x, y′ = x 3
1 1
b y = 2 ln x, y′ = 2x e e
x − 1
c y = −3 ln x, y′ = − 3x i , (1, 1)
d y = −2 ln x, y ′ = − 2x x2
for x > 0,
16 a loge ∣ x ∣ = { e
log x,
e y = 12 ln x, y′ = 2x1
loge (−x) , for x < 0.
f y = 12 ln (x + 1), y′ = 2 (x 1+ 1) b y
6 a 1x b 1x c 3x
d − 6x e 1 + 1x f 12x 2 − 1x
b 2 −2x
x
7 a x 2 2x+ 1 − x2
c 1 +e e x e e x
2x + 3 2 x
8a x 2 + 3x + 2
b 1 +6x 2x 3 c e x e− 2
+ 1
1 − 2x e 2x + 3xx 3 −− x1
2
d x2 + x
4x − 3
f 12x − 10x +
2
2x 2 − 3x + 1 d 1
9 a 1, 45° b 13, 18°26′ c For x > 0, loge ∣ x ∣ = loge x, so loge x = .
dx x
c 2, 63°26′ d 14, 14°2′ For x < 0, loge ∣ x ∣ = loge (−x), and using the
10 a 1 + loge x d 1 1
b 2x 2x+ 1 + loge (2x + 1) standard form, loge (−x) = − = .
dx −x x

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 d loge 0 is undefined. In fact, loge x → −∞ as x = 0, 7a x > 0 dy ≥ 1 y
so x = 0 is an asymptote.

Answers 6G–6H
17 d i 2 ii 2.5937 iii 2.7048
iv 2.7169 v 2.7181
1
Exercise 6H
1 1 2 x
1a y = x by = x − 1 c y = ex − 2
e
8 a x > 0, (e, 0) y
d y = −x + 1. When x = 0, y = 1.
b
2 a As P moves to the left x 1 e e2
along the curve, the \
y −1 0 e2 1
tangent becomes steeper,  e x
sign − 0 +
so it does not pass
1 −1
through the origin. As P c y″ =
 H [ x
moves right, the angle of d (1, −1) is a minimum
the tangent becomes less turning point.
steep, hence it does not e It is concave up throughout its domain.
pass through the origin. f y ≥ −1
b There are no tangents through each point below the 9 a all real x
curve. There are two tangents through each point b Even y
above the curve and to the right of the y-axis. There c It is zero at x = 0, and is
is one tangent through each point on the curve, and positive otherwise because
through each point on and to the left of the y-axis. the logs of numbers greater ln2
3 a y = 4x − 4, y = − 14x + 14 than 1 are positive.
b y = x + 2, y = −x + 4 e (0, 0) is a minimum turning x
−1 1
c y = 2x − 4, y = − 12 x − 1 12 point.
d y = −3x + 4, y = 13 x + 23 f (1, loge 2) and (−1, loge 2)
4 b y = 3x − 3, −3, y = − 13 x + 13, 13 gy ≥ 0
c 53 square units 10 a x > 0 y
5 a (2, loge 2) , y = 12 x − 1 + loge 2, b It is zero at x = 1, and
y = −2x + 4 + log e2 is positive otherwise
b ( 2,− loge 2 ) , y = 2x − 1 − loge 2,
1
because squares cannot
y = − 12 x + 14 − loge 2 be negative. 1
6a x > 0. The domain is not symmetric about the c y′ = x ln x
2

origin, so the function is certainly not even or odd. dy ≥ 0 1 e x

b y′ = 1 − 1x , y″ = x12 11 a x > 0. Minimum at y
c y″ > 0, for all x ( 1 , − 2e1 ) 1
√e
d (1, 1) c y → 0 as x → 0+,
e y ≥ 1 f y y′ → 0 as x → 0+,
1 1
e− 2 e − 2
3
y
x hence the graph becomes
1 x
−1 horizontal approaching the
origin.
d y ≥ − 2e1
1
12 a x > 0. y → 0+ as x → ∞
so the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
x
1 y → −∞ as x → 0+ so the y-axis is a vertical
asymptote.

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 b y′ = 1
(1 − log x), y″ = 1
(2 loge x − 3) 18 a y′ = x x (1 + loge x) y
x2 x3

(e , 2 e )
b Stationary point at
Answers 6H–6I

3
3 −32
d 2
(e − 1, e −1/e ) , and gradient
1
e y ≤ e −1 y 1 at x = 1.
c domain: x > 0 (note that
e−1 0 0 is undefined), range: e−1 1 x

1 e e3/2 x y ≥ e −1/e
1
19 b y′ = x −2 x x (1 − loge x) y
e
1/e

1
13 x > 0, x ≠ 1, y < 0 or y
y ≥ e. x = 1 is a vertical
asymptote and the curve e
becomes horizontal 1 e x
approaching the origin.
1 e e2 x
Exercise 6I

1 a 2 loge ∣ x ∣ + C b 13 loge ∣ x ∣ + C
14 a x > −1 or x ≠ 0 c 45 loge ∣ x ∣ + C d 32 loge ∣ x ∣ + C
y
c x = −2 is outside the (1 − 5 ) 2 a 4 loge ∣ 4x + 1 ∣ + C
1
b 15 loge ∣ 5x − 3 ∣ + C
domain.
2 c 2 loge ∣ 3x + 2 ∣ + C d 3 loge ∣ 5x + 1 ∣ + C
d one at x = −2 + √2 e loge ∣ 4x + 3 ∣ + C f − loge ∣ 3 − x ∣ + C
−1 1 (1+ 5 ) x g − 12 loge ∣ 7 − 2x ∣ + C h 45 loge ∣ 5x − 1 ∣ + C
2 i −4 loge ∣ 1 − 3x ∣ + C
3 a loge 5
x = −2 + 2
b loge 3
15 a x > 1 y c loge ∣ −2 ∣ − loge ∣ −8 ∣ = −2 loge 2
c y′ = x ln1 x, which d The integral is meaningless because it runs across an
can never be zero, 1
asymptote at x = 0.
y″ = − 1(x+ln lnx)2x e 12 ( loge 8 − loge 2) = loge 2
1 e ee x f 15 ( loge ∣ −75 ∣ − loge ∣ −25 ∣ ) = − 15 loge 3
d The value x = e −1 is
outside the domain. 4 a loge 2 ≑ 0.6931
b loge 3 − loge 5 ≑ −0.5108
loge x c − 12 loge 7 ≑ −0.9730
16 lim = 0 and lim+x loge x = 0 d 32 loge 3 ≑ 1.648
x→∞ x x→0
17 y = e for all x in the e loge 52 ≑ 0.9163
y
domain, which is x > 0, f The integral is meaningless because it runs across an
e
x ≠ 1. asymptote at x = 5 12.
5a1 b2 c3 d 12
6 a x + loge |x| + C b 15x + 35 loge ∣ x ∣ + C
c 9 loge ∣ x ∣ − 9x + C
1 8
d 3x − 2 loge ∣ x ∣ + C
x e x 2 + x − 4 loge ∣ x ∣ + C
1
f 13x 3 − loge ∣ x ∣ − 2x + C

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 7 a loge ∣ x 2 − 9 ∣ + C 16 The key to all this is that
b loge ∣ 3x 2 + x ∣ + C loge ∣ 5x ∣ = loge 5 + loge ∣ x ∣ ,

Answers 6I–6J
c loge ∣ x 2 + x − 3 ∣ + C so that loge ∣ x ∣ and loge ∣ 5x ∣ differ only by a constant
d loge ∣ 2 + 5x − 3x 2 ∣ + C loge 5. Thus C 2 = C 1 − 15 loge 5, and because C 1
e 12 loge ∣ x 2 + 6x − 1 ∣ + C and C 2 are arbitrary constants, it does not matter
f 14 loge ∣ 12x − 3 − 2x 2 ∣ + C at all. In particular, in a definite integral, adding
g loge (1 + e x ) + C a constant doesn’t change the answer, because it
h − loge (1 + e −x ) + C cancels out when we take F (b) − F (a) .
log x + 1, for x < 0,
i loge (e x + e −x ) + C 17 y = { e
The denominators in parts g–i are never negative, so log (−x) + 2, for x > 0.
the absolute value sign is unnecessary. 18 d i loge 32 ≑ 0.41
8 a 13 loge ∣ 3x − k ∣ + C b m1 loge ∣ mx − 2 ∣ + C ii loge 2 = 1 − 12 + 13 − 14 + . . . .
e loge (1 − x) = −x − x2 − x3 − x4 − . . . ,
2 3 4
c loge ∣ px + q ∣ + C d As loge ∣ sx − t ∣ + C
9 a f (x) = x + 2 ln ∣ x ∣ , f (2) = 2 + 2 ln 2 loge 12 ≑ −0.69
b f (x) = x 2 + 13 ln ∣ x ∣ + 1, f (2) = 5 + 13 ln 2 f Using x = 12, loge 3 ≑ 1.0986.
c f (x) = 3x + 52 ln ∣ 2x − 1 ∣ − 3,
f (2) = 3 + 52 ln 3 Exercise 6J
d f (x) = 2x 3 + 5 ln ∣ 3x + 2 ∣ − 2, 1 b e ≑ 2.7
f (2) = 14 + 5 ln 8 2 i loge 5 ≑ 1.609 u2
10 a f (x) = x + ln ∣ x ∣ + 12 x 2 ii 1u2
b g (x) = x 2 − 3 ln ∣ x ∣ + 4x − 6 iii 2 loge 2 ≑ 1.386 u2
11 a y = 14 ( loge ∣ x ∣ + 2), x = e −2 3 a (loge 3 − loge 2) square units
b y = 2 loge ∣ x + 1 ∣ + 1 b loge 2 − loge 12 = 2 loge 2 square units
c y = loge ∣ x 2 + 5x + 4
10 ∣ + 1, y (0) = loge 10
4
+ 1 4 a 13 (loge 5 − loge 2) u2
c 2 loge 2 + 15 2
b 9u2
d loge 3 + 8 23 u2
d y = 2 loge ∣ x ∣ + x + C, y = 2 loge ∣ x ∣ + x, 8 u

y (2) = loge 4 + 2 5 a (6 − 3 loge 3) u 2

b (4 − loge 3) u2
e f (x) = 2 + x − loge ∣ x ∣ , f (e) = e + 1 6 a ( 3 34 − 2 loge 4 ) u2 b ( 3 34 − 2 loge 4 ) u2
12 a loge ∣ x 3 − 5 ∣ + C 7 a 2 loge 2u 2
b (1 − loge 2) u2
b loge ∣ x 4 + x − 5 ∣ + C 8 a (loge 4) u2 b (6 − 3 loge 3) u2
1 2
c 14 loge ∣ x 4 − 6x 2 ∣ + C 9 a 2u b 2 loge 43 u2
d 12 loge ∣ 5x 4 − 7x 2 + 8 ∣ + C 10 a y b (4 − loge 2) u2
e 2 loge 2
f loge 4 (ee ++ 21) 1

13 a i y′ = logx
ii x loge x − x + C and √2e
b i y′ = 4x loge x 4 8 x
ii 12 x 2 loge x − 14 x 2 and 2 log 2 − 1 − e4
2

3 11 a ( 13, 3) and (1, 1) b ( 43 − loge 3) u2

c 2 log
x
ex
and
8
d ln (ln x) + C 12 a 2x, 12 loge 5 ≑ 0.805u2
14 a a = e 5 b a = e −4 b 2 (x + 1) , 12 loge 2 u2
c a = −e 2
d a = −e −1 13 a y b 32 u2
15 a loge (e x + 1) + C b 13 (e 3 − e −3 ) + 2
c (x + 1)e x

1 e x

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 14 a 3.9828 square units 4 a 3x loge 3 b 4x loge 4 c 2x loge 2
b 5 loge 5 − 4 ≑ 4.0472 square units 5 a y′ = 10 loge 10
x
b y′ = 8 loge 8
x
Answers 6J–6K

c The estimate is less. The curve is concave down, so c y′ = 3 × 5 loge 5

x

6 a log2 e 2 + C b log6 e 6 + C
x x
the chords are below the curve.
15 b (2 − loge 3) u2 c log7 e 7 + C
x
d 3x
loge 3 + C
16 b y c (2 − 6 loge 43 ) u 2 7 a log1e 2 ≑ 1.443 b 2
loge 3 ≑ 1.820
6 c 5 log
24
≑ 2.982 d 15
≑ 10.82
e5 loge 4
8b
y
3 y = loge x
2 1

1 2 3 x 1 2 e 4 x
17 a The upper rectangle has height 2−n, the lower y = log x
rectangle has height 2−n − 1, both rectangles have y = log4 x
width 2n + 1 − 2n = 2n. 9 a log1e 2 b y = log1e 2 (x − 1)
18 b (ln 3, 2) c i y = log1e 3 (x − 1) ii y = log1e 5 (x − 1)
c y
10 a log6e 2 ≑ 8.6562 b 2 + 3 log8 e 3 ≑ 4.4273
6 c 99
loge 10 − 20 ≑ 32.9952
loge x
11 y = loge 10 , y′ = 1
x loge 10
a 10 log
1
e 10

2 b x − 10y loge 10 + 10 ( loge 10 − 1) = 0

c x = log1e 10
loge 2 ( 3 − 1 + loge 3 ) , y =
ln 3 x 12 a y = 1 x x
− 1 + loge 3,
3
1
y = log1e 4 ( 3x − 1 + loge 3 )
d (2 + ln 3) u2 b They all meet the x-axis at (3 − 3 loge 3, 0)
19 a e − 2 square units b e −1 square units 13 b ( 53 − log1e 2 ) u2 y
c e − 2 + e −1 square units
20 2 loge ( √x + 1) + C
21 b i loge (1 + √2) ii loge (2 + √3) 2 B(1, 2)
23 a i The region is above the x-axis, and contained
1
within the rectangle ABCO. A
ii √x

0 < [ loge t] < √x 1 x

1
0 < loge √x − log e1 < √x 14 intercepts (0, 7) and (3, 0) , area ( 24 − log7e 2 )
0 < 1
loge x < √x
square units
b ( 3 − log2e 3 ) u2
2 y
15 a
loge x 2 3
× 2
x 0 < < .
x √x
2
iii The third term has limit 0 as x → ∞, so the result
follows by the sandwiching principle.

Exercise 6K 1 x
0
1 a 1.58 b 3.32 c 2.02 d −4.88 16 b ∫ 1 x + 1 − 4x dx c 3
8 − 1
2 loge 4
−2
2 a y′ = 1
b y′ = 1
c y′ = x log3 e 5
x loge 2 x loge 10
18 a x loge x − x + C b 10 − 9
3 a y′ = 1
x loge 3 b y′ = 1
x loge 7 c y′ = x log5 e 6 loge 10

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 19 a i y′ = 1
x loge 3
6a y > 0 by > 0
ii y′ = 2 y y
(2x + 3) loge 7

Answers 6K–6 review

iii y′ = − (4 − 45
9x) loge 6
e
b i y′ = 10x loge 10
4x − 3
ii y′ = 4 × 8 loge 8 e
2 − 7x 1
iii y′ = −21 × 5 loge 5
2x + 7 1
c i 35x
5 loge 3 + C ii 26loge 6 + C
4 − 9x 1 x 3 4 x
iii − 5 9×log7e 7 + C
20 a y = e kx and y = 1k log ex cy > 1 dy > − 1
y y
b The functions y = a x and y = loge x are inverse, so
they are symmetric in the line y = x. The common
tangent is therefore the line y = x, which has 1+e
gradient 1. (This argument would be invalid if there e−1
2
were more than one intersection point.)
c k e kx = 1 and kx1 = 1 1 x 1
d k = 1e , a = e e
1 −1 1 x
7 a i Shift y = e x right 3 units. y
Chapter 6 review exercise ii y = e −3e x or ey−3 = e x,
so dilate vertically with
1 a Each graph is reflected e
y factor e −3.
onto the other in the line e e
x = 0. The tangents have
gradients 1 and −1, and x

are at right angles.

1 b i y = loge 1/3
x
, so dilate y
y = loge x horizontally
−1 1 x with factor 13.
b Each graph is y ii y = loge x + loge 3, or 1 e 1 e2 x
3 3 3
e y − loge 3 = loge x, so
reflected onto the
2 shift y = loge x
other in the line
y = x. The tangents 1 up log e3.
both have 8 a ex b 3e 3x c 2e 2x + 3 d −e −x
x 1x
gradients 1, and
1 2 e e −3e −3x f 6e 2x + 5 g 2e2 h 4e 6x − 5
are thus parallel.
9 a 5e 5x b 4e 4x c −3e −3x d −6e −6x
2 x3 x2 − 3x
10 a 3x e b (2x − 3) e
c e + 2xe = e (1 + 2x)
2x 2x 2x

2 a 54.60 b 2.718 c 0.2231 d 0.6931 d 6e 2x (e 2x + 1)2

e −0.3010 f −5.059 g 130.6 h 0.5925 e e (3xx 2− 1)
3x

3 a 2.402 b 5.672 c 5.197 d 3.034 2

f 2xe x (1 + x 2 )
4ae 5x
be 6x
c e −4x d e 9x g 5 (e x + e −x ) (e x − e −x )4
5a x = 2 2x
h (2x4xe+ 1)2
b x = loge 4 ( = 2 loge 2) or loge 7

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 11 a y′ = 2e 2x + 1, y″ = 4e 2x + 1 25 a y b y
b y′ = 2xe x + 1, y″ = 2e x + 1 (2x 2 + 1)
2 2
Answers 6 review

1 1
12 y = e 2x − e 2, x-intercept 1, y-intercept −e 2.
13 a 13
1 e x −e −1 x
b When x = 0, y″ = 9, so the curve is concave up there.
14 a y′ = e x − 1, y″ = e x y
b (0, 1) is a minimum turning
point.
c y d y
c y″ = e x, which is positive 2
for all x. 1
d Range: y ≥ 1 1 1
15 ( 12, 2e1 ) is a maximum x 2 3 (e + 2) x
turning point. 1
e 1 e x
16 a 15e 5x + C b −2e 2 − 5x + C
1x
c 5e5 + C d 35e 5x − 4 + C 26 a e b3 c −1 de
17 a e − 1
2
b 12 (e 2 − 1)
1 1 1
ce − 1 d 13 (e 2 − 1) 27 a b c
x x x + 4
e 12e (e − 1)
2
f 4 (e − 1) 2 10 1
1 −5x d e f 1 +
18 a − 5e + C b 14e 4x + C 2x − 5 5x − 1 x
c −2e −3x + C d 16e 6x + C 2x − 5 15x 4
1 −2x g h
e − 2e + C f e x − 12e −2x + C x 2 − 5x + 2 1 + 3x 5
g 13e 3x + e x + C h x − 2e −x − 12e −2x + C 2x
−1
i 8x − 24x 2 +
19 a 2 − e b 12 (e 4 + 3) x2 − 2
3 1
c 2 (1 − e −1 ) d 13 (e − 2) 28 a b
−1
x 2x
ee − e f 12 (e 2 + 4e − 3) 1 1 1 1
20 f (x) = e x + e −x − x + 1, f (1) = e + e −1 c + d −
3
x x + 2 x x − 1
21 a 3x 2e x b 13 (e − 1) 29 a 1 + loge x ex
22 a 3.19 u2 b 0.368 u2 b + e x loge x
x
23 a 2 (1 + e ) u
1 −2 2
b 12 (3 − e) u2 ln x − 1 1 − 2 ln x
c d
24 a y b y (ln x)2 x3
30 y = 3x + 1
1
32 a loge ∣ x ∣ + C b 3 loge ∣ x ∣ + C
2 c 5 loge ∣ x ∣ + C
1
d loge ∣ x + 7 ∣ + C
x
1 2 1 x e 12 loge ∣ 2x − 1 ∣ + C f − 13 loge ∣ 2 − 3x ∣ + C
−1 g loge ∣ 2x + 9 ∣ + C h −2 log e ∣ 1 − 4x ∣ + C
33 a loge 32 b 14 loge 13
y c1 d1
c y d
log2 3 34 a loge (x 2 + 4) + C
1 1 b loge ∣ x 3 − 5x + 7 ∣ + C
−3 c 12 loge ∣ x 2 − 3 ∣ + C
1 2 3 x −2 −1 x d 14 loge ∣ x 4 − 4x ∣ + C
35 loge 2 u2
36 a 12 − 5 loge 5 u2
37 a e x b 2x loge 2
c 3x loge 3 d 5x loge 5

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 2x i 4 sec2 x j 6 cos 3x k 4 sec2 2x l −8 sin 2x
38 a e x + C b + C
loge 2 m −2 cos 2x n 2 sin 2x o −2 sec 2x p 12 sec2 12x
2

Answers 6 review–7B
3x 5x q − 12 sin 12x r 12 cos 2x s sec2 15x t −2 sin 3x
c + C d + C
loge 3 loge 5 u 4 cos 4 x

39 a x loge x − x b xe x − e x 2 a 2π cos 2πx b π2 sec2 π2x

1 c 3 cos x − 5 sin 5x d 4π cos πx − 3π sin πx
40 a 8 loge 2 b
8 loge 2
e 2 cos (2x − 1) f 3 sec2 (1 + 3x)
c The curves y = 2x and y = log2 x are reflections
g 2 sin (1 − x) h −5 sin (5x + 4)
of each other in y = x. This reflection exchanges A
i −21 cos (2 − 3x) j −10 sec2 (10 − x)
and B, and exchanges their tangents. Because it also
exchanges rise and run, the gradients are reciprocals k 3 cos ( 2 )
x + 1
l −6 sin ( 2x 5+ 1 )
of each other. 3 a 2 cos 2x, −4 sin 2x, −8 cos 2x, 16 sin 2x
7 7 b −10 sin 10x, −100 cos 10x, 1000 sin 10x,
41 a and 10 000 cos 10x
ln 2 8 ln 2
b When y = 2x is transformed successively by a c 12 cos 12x, − 14 sin 12x, − 18 cos 12x, 16
1
sin 12x
vertical dilation with factor 8 and a shift right 3 d − 13 sin 13x, − 19 cos 13x, 271
sin 13x, 81
1
cos 13x
units, the result is the same graph y = 2x. The 4 −2 sin 2x
region in the second integral is transformed to a0 b −1 c − √3 d −2
cos ( 14x + 2)
the region in the first integral by this compound π
5 1
4
transformation.
a0 b − 14 c 18√2 d − 18√2
6 a x cos x + sin x b 2 (tan 2x + 2x sec2 2x)
c 2x (cos 2x − x sin 2x) d 3x 2 (sin 3x + x cos 3x)
Chapter 7 x cos x − sin x −x sin x − cos x
7a x2
b x2
Exercise 7A c x (2 cos x + x sin x)
d 1 + sin x − x cos x
cos2 x (1 + sin x)2
1 a The entries under 0.2 are 0.198 669, 0.993 347, 8 a 2x cos (x ) 2
b −2x cos (1 − x 2 )
0.202 710, 1.013 550, 0.980 067. c −3x sin (x + 1)
2 3
d − x12 cos ( 1x )
b 1 and 1 e −2 cos x sin x f 3 sin2 x cos x
π
3 a 90 b sin 2° = sin π ≑ π c 0.0349 g 2 tan x sec x 2
h 1 sec2 √x
90 90 2√x
4 a The entries under 5° are 0.087 27, 0.087 16, 9 d y = cos x
0.9987, 0.087 49, 1.003, 0.9962. 11 a e tan x sec2 x b 2e sin 2x cos 2x
b sin x < x < tan x c 2e 2xcos(e 2x ) d −tan x
c i1 ii 1 e cot x f −4 tan 4x
d x ≤ 0.0774 (correct to four decimal places), that is, 12 a cos2 x − sin2 x
x ≤ 4°26′. b 14 sin 7x cos 7x
6a1 b2 c 12 d 32 e 53 f 8 c −15 cos4 3x sin 3x
7 87 metres d 9 sin 3x (1 − cos 3x)2
8 26′ e 2 (cos 2x sin 4x + 2 sin 2x cos 4x)
13 a AB 2 = 2r 2 (1 − cos x), arc AB = rx f 15 tan2 (5x − 4) sec2 (5x − 4)
−cos x
b The arc is longer than the chord, so cos x is larger 13 a (1 + sin x)2
b 1
1 + cos x
than the approximation.
c 1 +−1sin x d (cos x −1
+ sin x)2
15 a sin (A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
14 c i The graphs are reflections of each other in the
b6
x-axis.
ii The graphs are identical.
Exercise 7B
16 a y′ = e x sin x + e x cos x, y″ = 2e x cos x
1 a cos x b −sin x c sec2 x d 2 cos x b y′ = −e −x cos x − e −x sin x, y″ = 2e −x sin x
e 2 cos 2x f −3 sin x g −3 sin 3x h 4 sec2 4x 18 a logb P − logb Q

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Mathematics Extension 1 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-76630-2 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
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