9th New Book All Chapters Definitions

CHAPTER 1: REAL NUMBERS

Rational Numbers:
𝑝
All numbers are in the form of 𝑞, where p and q are integers and q is not equal to zero are called
𝑝
rational numbers. i.e. ℚ = {𝑥|𝑥 = 𝑞 ; 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑞 ≠ 0}
Terminating decimal:
A terminating decimal refers to a decimal with a finite number of digits in its decimal part. For
1 5
example,4 = 0.25 and 8 = 0.375
Non-terminating Recurring decimal:
A non-terminating recurring decimal is a decimal number that goes indefinitely without ending
and has a repeated sequence of digits after the decimal points. For example, 0.6666…,
1.3434343434….
Irrational Numbers:
The number which cannot be expressed as quotient of integers are called irrational numbers.
𝑝
i.e. ℚ′ = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 𝑞 ; 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑞 ≠ 0}
For example, the numbers √2, √3, √5 are irrational numbers
Non-terminating Recurring decimal:
A non-terminating, non-recurring decimal features an infinite repetition of random digits after the
decimal point. For example, 0.345654….,√2 = 1,414213 …,𝜋 = 3.141592 …., e =2.718281….
IMPORTANT NOTE
• Square root of all prime numbers is irrational.
• Square root of any rational number which is not a perfect square is always irrational
• Rational and irrational numbers are two disjoint sets(they have nothing in common)
• Addition/Subtraction of irrational number with any number can be rational or irrational
• Irrational x Rational = Irrational
• Irrational x Irrational = rational or Irrational
• Irrational ÷ Rational = Irrational
• Irrational ÷ Irrational = Rational or Irrational
Real Numbers:
Real numbers can be defined as the union of rational and irrational numbers, i.e.ℝ = ℚ ∪ ℚ′
LAWS OF EXPONENT
Product of Exponent (law no 1):
𝑎𝑛 × 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛+𝑚 .
Quotient of Exponent (law no 2):
𝑎𝑛
= 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 .
𝑎𝑚
Power of an Exponent (law no 3):
(𝑎𝑛 )𝑚 =𝑎𝑛𝑚

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Zero Power Rule (law no 4):
𝑎0 = 1 (Where a ≠ 0).
How?
𝑎2
𝑎2−2 = 𝑎2 = 1.
Negative Exponent Rule (law no 5):
1
𝑎 −𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛.
Distribution Law of Exponent over Multiplication (law no 6):
(𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 × 𝑏 𝑛 .
Distribution Law of Exponent over Division (law no 7):
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
(𝑏) = 𝑏𝑛 .
Radical:
3
A radical is a symbol that represents the root of a number, i.e. Square root√ , Cube root √ ,
4
Forth root √
Radicand:
The radicand is the number or expression underneath the radical.
I.e.√16 the radical is the square root and 16 is the radicand index of power is 2 in this case.
Surd:
An irrational radical with rational radicand called surd or
A surd is a specific type of radical expression. It refers to a root of a number that cannot be
simplified to a whole number.
For example, √2 is a surd because the square root of 2 does not simplify to a whole number.
However, √4 is not a surd, because it simplifies to the whole number 2
Pure Surd:
A surd that cannot be simplified further is called a pure surd.i.e, √2, √5, √27
Mixed Surd:
A surd that can be broken down into a rational number is called a Mixed surd.i.e, √18 can be
simplified to3√2.
Monomial Surd:
A single term under a root called Monomial surd.i.e. 3√2, √18
Binomial Surd:
Two under root terms added or subtracted called Binomial surd.i.e. √18 + √5, √7 − √3
Trinomial Surd:
Three under root terms added or subtracted called Binomial surd.i.e. √18 + √5+√7, √5+√7 − √3
Conjugate of a Surd:
The conjugate of a surd is derived by changing the sign in the middle of a binomial surd.
e.g. 3+√18 its conjugate would be 3−√18 and if you have √18 + 3 then its conjugate would be
−√18 + 3
Rember point
Every surd is an irrational number but every irrational number is not a surd.
The product of two conjugate surds is a rational number.
Temperature Conversions Formulae

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K = C0+273
C0 = K-273
5
C0 = 9(f-32)0
9𝑐 0
F0 = + 32
5
Where K, C0 and F0 Shows the Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit scale
Profit and Loss
1. Profit = Selling Price – Cost Price
P = SP – CP
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
Profit % = ( 𝐶𝑃
× 100)%

2. Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price

P = CP – SP
Loss
Loss % = ( × 100)%
𝐶𝑃

CHAPTER 2: Logarithm
Scientific Notation:
A method used to express very large or very small numbers in a more manageable form is known
as scientific notation. A number in scientific notation is written as 𝑎 × 10𝑛 , where 1 ≤ 𝑎 < 10
and n ∈ Z i.e. 4000000000000 = 4 × 1012 and 0.00000000345 = 3.45 × 10−8
Logarithm
Logarithm of a real number tells us how many times one number must be multiplied by itself to
get another number.
logb(x) = y ⟺ by = x
Common Logarithm
Common Logarithm is the logarithm with a base of 10. It is written as log10 or simply log
Characteristics
The Characteristics is the integral part of the logarithm. It tells how big or small the number is.
Mantissa
The Mantissa is the decimal part of the logarithm. It represent the fractional component and is
always positive.
REMEMBER
Log (o) = Undefined
Log (1) = 0
Loge (a) = 1
Anti-logarithm
Anti-logarithm is the inverse operation of a logarithm. An anti-logarithm helps to find a number
whose logarithmic value is given
Reference Position
The place between the first non-zero digit from left and its next digit is called reference position.
For example, in 1332, the reference position is between 1 and 3(1∧ 332)

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Natural Logarithm
The Natural logarithm is the logarithm with base e, where e is a mathematical constant
approximately equal to 2.71828… It is denoted by ln
Laws of logarithm
1. Product Law
a. Logb(xy) = logbx + logby
2. Quotient Law
𝑥
a. logb(𝑦) = logbx − logby
3. Power Law
a. logb(𝑥)𝑛 = n.logbx
4. Change of base law
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
a. logbx = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏
𝑎
REMEMBER
ln (o) = Undefined
ln (1) = 0
ln (e) = 1

CHAPTER 3: Sets and Functions

Fibonacci sequence:
0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,… is known as Fibonacci Sequence. The formula for Fibonacci sequence is
fn = fn-1 + fn-2
Set:
A set is described as a well-defined collection of distinct objects, number or elements.
Capital letters A, B, C, X, Y, Z are generally used as the names of sets and small letter a, b, c, x, y
, z are used as a member or elements of sets
Ways of describing set:
The descriptive form
The tabular form
Set-builder notation
Sets along with their names
N = The set of natural numbers = {1, 2, 3…}
W = The set of whole numbers = {0, 1, 2…}
Z = The set of integers = {0, ±1, ±2…..}
O = The set of odd integers = {±1, ±3…..}
E = The set of even integers = {0, ±2, ±4…..}
P = The set of prime numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,…}
𝑝
Q = The set of all rational numbers = { 𝑥|𝑥 = 𝑞 ; 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑞 ≠ 0}
𝑝
Q’ = The set of all irrational numbers = { 𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 𝑞 ; 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑞 ≠ 0}
R = The set of all real numbers = Q U Q’
Singleton set:
A set with only one element is called a singleton set. i.e. {3}, {Saturday}

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Empty set:
The set with no element is called an empty set, null set, or void set. i.e. {}, ∅
Equal set:
Two sets A and B are equal if they have exactly the same elements or if every element of set A is
an element of set B. If two sets are equal, we write A=B, i.e. A= {1, 2, 3} and B= {2, 1, 3} are
equal
Equivalent set:
Two sets A and B are equivalent if they have the same number of elements. For example, if A=
{a, b, c, d, e} and B= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. If two sets are equivalent, we write A∼B
Subset:
If every element of a set A is an element of set B, then A is a subset of B.
For example A= {2, 3, 4}, B= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.Symbolically is written as A⊆B and in this case B is
a super set because it contains all element of set A symbolically this is written as B⊇A.
Proper subset
If A is a subset of B and B contains at least one element that is not an element of set A, then A is
said to be a proper subset of B. Symbolically this is written as A⊂B
Improper subset:
If A is a subset of B and A = B then we say that A is an improper subset of B. From this
definition, it also follows that every set A is a subset of itself and is called an improper subset.
For example, let A = {a, b, c}, B= {c, a, b} and C= {a, b, c, d}, then clearly A⊂C, B⊂C but A=B
Universal set:
The set that contains all objects is called the Universal set or the universe of discourse.
Power set:
The power set of a set S denoted by P(S) is the set containing all the possible subsets of S. For
example if C= {a, b,}, then P(C) = {∅, {a}, {b},{a,b}}
Union of two sets:
The union of two sets A and B, denoted by A∪B, is the set of all element which belong to A or B.
For example A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B= {3, 4, 5, 6, 8}, then A∪B= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
Intersection of two Sets:
The intersection of two sets A and B denoted by A∩B, is the set of all elements that belong to
both A and B.
For example A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B= {3, 4, 5, 6, 8}, then A∩B= {3, 4, 5}
Disjoint sets:
If the intersection pf two set is the empty set, the set is said to be disjoint sets.
For example A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B= {6, 8}, then A∩B= { }
Overlapping Sets:
If the intersection of two sets is non-empty but neither is a subset of the other, the sets are called
overlapping set.
For example, if A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B= {3, 4, 5, 6, 8}, then A∩B= {3, 4, 5}, then L and M are
overlapping sets.
Difference of two Sets:
The difference between the set A and B denoted by A-B consisting of all the elements that belong
to A but don’t belong to A.
For example, if A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B= {3, 4, 5, 6, 8}, then A−B= {1, 2}

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Complement of a Set:
The Complement of a set A denoted by A’ or Ac relative to the universal set U is the set of all
elements of U, which don’t belongs to A.
Binary Relation.
Let A and B be two non-empty sets then the Cartesian product is the set of all the order pair (x, y)
Such that x∈A and y∈B and is denoted by A×B.Any subset of A×B is called binary relation.
A= {1, 2}, b= {a, b} then A×B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)} so, R1 = {(1, a), (2, a)}
R1 represent the set of binary relation
Domain:
The sets of the first element of the order pairs forming a relation is called its domain
For example R1 = {(1, a), (2, a)}, Domain R1= {1, 2},
Range:
The sets of the second element of the order pairs forming a relation is called its Range
For example R1 = {(1, a), (2, a)}, Range R1= {a}
Into Function:
A function f: A → B is called an into function if at least one element in B is not an image of some
element of set A
i.e range of f ⊆ B

One-one Function (Injective Function):

A function f: A → B is called one-one function if second elements of no two of its ordered pairs
are same, then it is called an injective function

Onto-function(Surjective Function):
A function f: A → B is called an onto function if every element of set B is an image of atleast one
element of set A
i.e range of f = B

One-One and Onto Function (Bijective Function)

A function f: → B is called bijective function iff function f is one-one and onto.

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Linear Function:
The function {(x, y) | y = mx + c} is called a linear function.
Quadratic Function:
The function {(x, y) | y = a𝑥 2 + bx + c} is called a linear function

CHAPTER 4: Factorization and Algebraic Manipulation

Algebraic factorization:
Algebraic factorization is breaking down complex algebraic expression into simple factor
Common Factor:
In algebra, a common factor is an expression that divides two or more expression exactly for
example 2 x- 6 = 2(x - 3)
Trinomial Factoring:
Trinomial factoring is converting trinomial expression as a product of two binomial expression.
Quadratic Equation:
An expression having degree 2 is called Quadratic equation.
Highest Common Factor (HCF):
The HCF of two or more algebraic expression refers to the greatest algebraic expression which
divides them without leaving a remainder.
Least Common Multiple (LCM).
The LCM of two or more algebraic expression is the smallest expression that is divisible by each
of the given expressions.
LCM = common factor x non-common factor
Relation between LCM and HCF:
LCM × HCF = p(x) × q(x)
Formulas:
(a + b)2 = a2 + b𝟐 + 2ab. (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3 𝑶𝑹.
(a − b)2 = a2 + b𝟐 − 2ab. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3(ab)(a + b).
a2 − b𝟐 = (a − b)(a + b). (a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3 𝑶𝑹.
(a + b)3 = a3 − b3 − 3(ab)(a − b).
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a𝟐 − ab + b2 ).
a3 − b3 = (a − b)(a𝟐 + ab + b2 ).

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CHAPTER 5: Factorization and Algebraic Manipulation

Linear Equation:
An equation of the form of ax + b = 0 where “a” and “b” are constant, a ≠ 0 and “x” is a variable,
is called linear equation in one variable. i.e 2 x + 4 = 0
Solution Region:
To find the graph of such a system, we draw the graph of each inequality in the system on the
same coordinate axed and then take intersection of all the graphs. The common region so
obtained is called the solution region for the system of inequality.
Associated/Cross-ponding equation:
The equation formed from the linear inequality is called associated/cross-ponding equation.
Problem Constraint:
The system of linear inequalities involves in the problem concerned is called problem constraint.
Non-negative constraints:
The variable used in the system of linear inequalities relating to the problem of everyday life are
non-negative constraints and are called non-negative constraints.
Decision variable:
These non-negative constraints play a very important role for taking a decision. So, these
variables are called decision variables.
Feasible region:
A region which is restricted to the first quadrant is referred to as a feasible region for the give set
of constraints.
Feasible solution:
Each point of feasible region is called feasible solution
Corner point/vertex:
A point of a solution region where two of its boundary line intersects, is called a corner point or
vertex of the solution region.
Objective function:
A function which is to be maximized or minimized is called objective function.
Optimal solution:
The feasible solution which is to be maximized or minimized the objective function is called
optimal solution.

CHAPTER 6: Factorization and Algebraic Manipulation

Trigonometry:
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that deal with the relation between the angles ad sides
of triangle.
Angle:
A plane figure which is formed by two rays sharing a common end point is called an angle.
Vertex:
The common end point known as vertex.

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Positive angle. Negative angle.
The angle will be positive if the terminal side The angle will be negative if the terminal side
is rotated anticlockwise from the initial side. is rotated clockwise from the initial side. The
The given angle is in 1st quadrant. given angle is in 1st quadrant.

Co-terminal angles:
Co-terminal angles are angles that share the same initial and terminal side in standard position
but they may have different measure.

Degree:
1
A degree (0) Is a unit of measurement of angles. It represents 360 of full rotation around a point.
In simple terms, a degree is the measure of an angle, with a complete circle being 3600.
Points to remember:
10 = 60’ (60 minutes)
1’ = 60’’ (60 seconds)
10 = 3600’’ (60 x 60 seconds)
Circular measurement:
There is another system of angular measurement called circular measurement.
Radian:
A radian is a unit of angular measure in mathematics. It is defined as, “the angle subtended at the
center of a circle by an arc whose length equal to the radius of circle”
Formula:
l = r𝜃
Conversion Between degrees and radian.
180
1 rad = 𝜋 degree
𝜋
10 = 180 radian
Trigonometry functions:
The functions that relate angles to side in a right-angled triangle are known as trigonometric
function.
Trigonometry ratios of an acute angle:
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
Sin𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒

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Note:
1 1 1 1
Sin𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 cosec𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Cos𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 Se𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
tan𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 Cot𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 tan𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Cot𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Similarly, we have:
Cos (90 - 𝜃) = Sin𝜃 Tan (90 - 𝜃) = Cot𝜃 Cot (90 - 𝜃) = Tan𝜃
Sec (90 - 𝜃) = Cosec𝜃 Cosec (90 - 𝜃) = Sec𝜃
Trigonometry identities:
Sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec2 𝜃 1 + cot2 𝜃 = cosec2 𝜃

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 00 300 = 450 = 600 = 900 =
6 4 3 2

0 1 1 1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 √3
2 √2 2
1 1 1 0
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 √3
2 √2 2
0 1 1 ∞
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 √3
√3

CHAPTER 7: Factorization and Algebraic Manipulation

Origin:
Draw a two mutually perpendicular lines. Let O be the point of intersection, called Origin.
Quadrants
The two axes divide the plane into four regions called quadrants.
1. Quadrant I: Top right (x > 0, y > 0)
2. Quadrant II: Top left (x < 0, y > 0)
3. Quadrant III: Bottom left (x < 0, y < 0)
4. Quadrant IV: Bottom right (x > 0, y < 0)

Distance Formula: Midpoint Formula:

𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦
|D| = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 M ( 1 2 2 , 12 2)
Inclination of a point:
The angle (00 < ∝ < 1800 ) measure anticlockwise from positive x-axis to a non-horizontal
straight-line l is called inclination of a plane.
Slope/ Gradient of straight-line
𝑦 −𝑦
m = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 = tan∝
2 1

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Note:
• if l is parallel to x-axis, then ∝ = 00
• if l is parallel to y-axis, then ∝ = 900
• if l is horizontal, its slope is zero
• if l is vertically, its slope is undefined
• if 00 < ∝ < 900 , then m is positive.
• if 900 < ∝ < 1800 , then m is negative.
X-intercept:
If a line intersects x-axis at (a, 0), then a is called x-intercept of the line.
Y-intercept:
If a line intersects y-axis at (0, b), then b is called y-intercept of the line.
Forms of equation of straight-line:
Slope intercept form: y = mx + c
Point-slope form: y - y1 = m(x-x1)
𝑥–𝑥 𝑦–𝑦
Symmetric form: 𝐶𝑜𝑠∝1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛∝1 = 𝑟
𝑦 −𝑦
Two-point form: y – y1 = 𝑥2−𝑥1(x-x1)
2 1
𝑥 𝑦
Intercept form: 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1
Normal form: xcos∝ + ysin∝ = p

CHAPTER 8: Logic

Induction:
This way of drawing conclusion is called induction.
Deduction:
This way of reasoning i.e., drawing conclusion from premises believed to be true, is called
Deduction.
Statement:
A sentence or mathematical expression which may be true or false but not both is called a
statement.
Negation (~):
If p is true then ~p is false, and if p is false, ~p is true.
p ~p
T F
F T
Conjunction (∧):
The conjunction is considered to be true if both statements true.
P Q P∧ 𝐐
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

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Disjunction (∨):
The Disjunction is considered to be true if at least one statements is true.
P Q P∨ 𝐐
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Implication or Conditional (→):
The implication is considered to be false only if antecedent is true and conclusion is false.
P Q P→ 𝐐
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Biconditional (↔):
The Biconditional is considered to be true if both statements are true and both statements are
false.
P Q P↔ 𝐐
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Converse: q → p is called the converse of p → q
Inverse: ~p → ~q is called the inverse of p → q
Theorem: A theorem is a mathematical statement that has been proved true based on previously
known fact.
Conjecture: A mathematical statement or hypothesis that is believed to be true base on
Observation but has not yet been proved.
Axioms: An axiom is a mathematical statement that we believe to be true without any evidence
or requiring any prove.

CHAPTER 9: Similar Figures

Polygon: Three or more than three-sided closed figure is called polygon.

Similarity of polygon: Two polygon are similar if their cross-ponding angles are equal and the
cross-ponding sides are proportional.
Area of parallelogram = base x altitude
Volume of cylinder: V = πr2h
Sum of interior angles of n sided polygon = (n - 2) x1800
(n − 2) x1800
Interior angle = Size of each interior angle = 𝑛
3600
Exterior angle: 𝑛
Rectangle: All angels are 900 and diagonals are equal.
Rhombus: All sides are equal, and diagonal bisect each other at right angles.

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Square: All sides are equal all angles are 900 and the diagonal are equal and bisect each
other at right angles.
Tessellation:
A tessellation is a pattern of shapes that fit together perfectly, without any gaps or overlaps,
covering a plane.

CHAPTER 10: Graph and Functions

Graph:
Graph are power full tool for visualizing and analyzing relationship between variables.

CHAPTER 11: Loci and Construction

Triangle:
A triangle is a closed figure having three sides and three angles.
Scalene triangle:
All sides are of equal in length of a triangle is called scalene triangle
Isosceles triangle:
Two sides are of equal in length of a triangle is called Isosceles triangle
Equilateral triangle:
All sides of equal length of a triangle are called Equilateral triangle
Obtuse angle:
One angle of is measured greater than 900 is called obtuse angle.
Acute angle:
All angles are of measure less than 900 is called acute angle
Right angle triangle:
One angle is of measured equal than 900 is called right angle triangle.
Ambiguous Case:
The Ambiguous Case SSA occur when we are given two sides and the angle opposite one of
these is less than 900
Perpendicular bisector:
A perpendicular bisector is a line that intersects a line segment at right angle and diving it
into two equal parts.
Median:
A median of a triangle is a line segment that join a vertex to the midpoint of the side that is
opposite to the vertex.

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Point of Concurrency:
A point of concurrency is a single point where three or more lines, rays or line segment
intersect or meet in a geometric figure.

Circumcenter:
The point of concurrency of perpendicular bisector of the sides of a triangle is called
circumcenter.

Centroid:
The point of concurrency of the median of the triangle is called centroid of a triangle.

Angle bisector:
An angle bisector is a line or ray that divides an angle into two equal parts, creating two
smaller angles that are congruent.

Incentre:
The point of concurrency of angle bisector of a triangle is called incentre of a triangle.

Altitude of triangle:
Altitude is a ray drawn perpendicular from a vertex to the opposite side of a triangle.

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Orthocenter:
The point of concurrency of the altitude of the triangle is called orthocenter of the triangle.

Locus:
A Locus (plural loci) Loci are often defined the positions of points relative to one another
or to another geometric figure.
Circle:
The locus of a point whose distance is constant from a fixed point is called Circle.

Perpendicular bisector:
The locus of a point whose distance from two fixed Points is constant is called a
perpendicular bisector.

CHAPTER 12: Information Handling

Information handling:
Information handling is a process of collecting, summarizing, analyzing and interpreting
numerical data.
Discrete data:
It can take only some specific values. Whole number are used to write discrete data. For
example: number of books sold by shopkeeper
Continuous data:
It can take every possible value in the given interval. Decimal number are used to write
continuous data. For example the mass of students in class is 56.45kg, 56.78kg
Raw data:
Ungrouped data is called raw data.
Grouped data:
If we arrange the data in groups or classes, then it is called grouped data

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Frequency distribution:
A distribution or table that represents classes or group along with their representative
class frequencies is called frequency distribution
Range:
Range is a difference between the greatest value and the smallest value called range
Range = Xmax - Xmin
Frequency:
The number of times a value occurs called frequency
Histogram:
This is a graph of adjacent rectangles constructed on xy-plane.
Frequency Polygon:
A frequency polygon us a closed geometric figure used to display a frequency distribution
graphically.
Formulas:
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
Midpoint = 2
Ungrouped Data Grouped data
Arithmetic Mean: Arithmetic Mean:
∑𝑥 ∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑋̅ = 𝑛 . (Indirect method) 𝑋̅ = ∑ 𝑓 . (Indirect method)
∑𝐷 ∑ 𝑓𝐷
𝑋̅ = 𝐴 + 𝑛 . (Direct method) 𝑋̅ = 𝐴 + ∑ 𝑓 . (Direct method)
Median: Median:
When n is odd ℎ 𝑛
Median (𝑋̃) = l + ( − 𝑐)
𝑛+1 𝑓 2
Median (𝑋̃) = ( 2 )th Observation h = Size of class limit
When n is even f = Frequency of the median class
Median (𝑋̃) = n = total frequency
1 𝑛 th 𝑛+2
(( ) observation + ( 2 )th Observation) c = cumulative frequency
2 2

Mode: Mode:
(𝑓𝑚 −𝑓1 )
The most repeated value in the data set. Mode = l + (𝑓 × ℎ
𝑚 1 )(𝑓𝑚 −𝑓2 )
−𝑓
l = Lower class boundary of lower class
fm = frequency of the model class
f1 = Frequency preceding the model class
f2 = frequency following the model class
h = size of model class

CHAPTER 13: Probability

Probability:
Probability is a chance of occurrence of a particular event.
P(A) = n(A)/n(S)
Experiment:
The process which generates results is called experiment for example., tossing a coin.
Outcomes:
The results of an experiment are called outcomes.

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Sample space:
The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called sample space.
Event:
The set of results of an experiment is called an event.
Range of Probability:
Range of Probability for an event is 0 ≤ P ≤ 1
Relative frequency:
Relative frequency tells how often a specific Event occurs relative to the total number of
frequency event or trails
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥
Relative frequency = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑁

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