FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(303105152) Design Thinking

II SEMESTER

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & MACHINE LEARNING

DEPARTMENT

LaboratoryCERTIFICATE
Manual
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Mr./MS with enrolment no.

has successfully completed his/her laboratory

experiments in the(303105152) Design Thinking from the department of

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INDEX

Class: II SEM SUBJECT: DESIGN THINKING

AY: 2024‐2025 SUBJECT CODE: 303105152

Sr Experiment Title Page Date of Date of Marks Sign

no no perfor assessm out of
mance ent 10

Fr To
om
Introduction to design thinking:
1 Introduce the concept of design thinking, its benefits, and
the overall process.
Empathy mapping exercise:
2 Have participants conduct interviews with potential users
and create empathy maps to gain a deeper understanding
of their needs, wants, and pain points.
Define the problem statement:
3 Based on the empathy mapping exercise, have participants
synthesize their findings and define a problem statement.
Ideation session:
4 Have participants generate as many ideas as possible to
solve the problem statement. Encourage wild,
unconventional, and innovative ideas.
Prototyping session:
5 Have participants select one or more ideas and create a
low‐fidelity prototype to test their assumptions and
validate their ideas.
Testing and feedback session:
6 Have participants test their prototypes with potential
users and gather feedback on what works, what doesn't,
and what could be improved.
Refine and iterate on prototype:
7 Based on the feedback, have participants refine and
iterate on their prototype to improve its usability,
functionality, and appeal.
Presentation of final prototype:
8 Have participants present their final prototype to the rest
of the group, explaining their design decisions, insights,
and learnings.

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PRACTICAL 1
AIM: Introduction to design thinking:

Introduce the concept of design thinking, its benefits, and the overall process

INTRODUCTION TO CONCEPTS OF DESIGN THINKING

Design Thinking is a human‐centered approach to innovation and problem‐solving that

emphasizes creativity, collaboration, and empathy. It is widely used across industries to
develop user‐focused solutions to complex challenges. Originating from the practices of
designers, this methodology has expanded into fields such as business, education, healthcare,
and technology.

Key Features of Design Thinking

1. Human‐Centered: The process revolves around understanding the needs, behaviors,

and emotions of the people for whom the solution is being designed.
2. Iterative Process: Design Thinking is non‐linear, encouraging continuous refinement
of ideas through testing and feedback.
3. Collaboration: It brings together diverse perspectives to foster innovation.
4. Creativity: It promotes thinking outside traditional frameworks to generate fresh,
imaginative solutions.

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Design Thinking is an iterative process that empowers individuals and teams to approach
problems with a creative and user‐centered mindset. It emphasizes understanding the needs
of users, challenging existing assumptions, and reimagining solutions through
experimentation and prototyping. By fostering empathy, collaboration, and innovation,
Design Thinking encourages a culture of adaptability and continuous improvement.

This process empowers participants by:

 Focusing on the user: Prioritizing the needs and experiences of the end‐user ensures
solutions are relevant and impactful.
 Encouraging creativity: Open ideation sessions inspire diverse ideas and innovative
approaches.
 Promoting collaboration: Cross‐functional teamwork brings varied perspectives to
the table, enhancing problem‐solving capabilities.
 Minimizing risks: Testing prototypes early allows teams to learn quickly and refine
solutions without significant investments.
 Driving change: By rethinking conventional practices, Design Thinking enables
organizations to adapt to evolving challenges and opportunities.

Ultimately, Design Thinking empowers individuals to not only address immediate challenges
but also to cultivate a mindset that values learning, experimentation, and empathy in all
aspects of problem‐solving.

The Five Phases of Design Thinking

1. Empathize: Gain deep insights into the users' needs and challenges by conducting
interviews, observations, and research.
2. Define: Synthesize findings from the empathize phase to articulate a clear problem
statement or point of view (POV).
3. Ideate: Brainstorm and explore a wide range of creative solutions without judgment.
4. Prototype: Build simple, tangible representations of ideas to test their feasibility and
usability.
5. Test: Gather feedback by presenting prototypes to users, iterating based on their
input to refine the solution.

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The essence of Design Thinking lies in its human‐centered approach to innovation and
problem‐solving. It focuses on understanding and addressing the needs of people to create
meaningful and effective solutions. Key aspects that capture the essence of Design Thinking
include:

1. Empathy: Deep understanding of the users’ experiences, emotions, and needs forms
the foundation of the process.
2. Problem Reframing: Challenging assumptions and redefining problems ensures
solutions address the core issues.
3. Creativity and Innovation: Encouraging out‐of‐the‐box thinking to generate novel
ideas and solutions.
4. Collaboration: Bringing together diverse perspectives fosters richer insights and more
holistic solutions.

Applications of Design Thinking

Design Thinking is a versatile methodology that can be applied across various domains and
industries to address diverse challenges. Some notable applications include:

1. Product Design and Development:

o Creating user‐friendly and innovative products that meet customer needs.
o Examples: Designing intuitive apps, consumer electronics, or healthcare
devices.
2. Service Design:
o Enhancing customer experiences by redesigning services.
o Examples: Streamlining hotel check‐ins, optimizing banking services, or
improving public transportation systems.
3. Business Strategy:
o Identifying new business opportunities and refining organizational processes.
o Examples: Developing customer‐centric business models or improving
employee workflows.

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4. Healthcare:
o Addressing patient care challenges by designing empathetic solutions.
o Examples: Simplifying medical device interfaces or improving hospital layouts
for efficiency.
5. Education:
o Redesigning curriculums and learning environments to enhance student
engagement.
o Examples: Creating innovative teaching tools or designing collaborative
classroom spaces.
6. Social Innovation:
o Tackling complex societal challenges such as poverty, climate change, and
access to clean water.
o Examples: Developing affordable housing solutions or sustainable farming
techniques.
7. Technology:
o Building user‐centered digital experiences.
o Examples: Enhancing usability of websites, apps, and software platforms.

Benefits of Design Thinking

1. Enhanced Innovation:
o Fosters creativity by encouraging diverse perspectives and out‐of‐the‐box
thinking.
2. User‐Centered Solutions:
o Focuses on understanding and addressing user needs, ensuring relevance and
effectiveness.
3. Risk Reduction:
o Early prototyping and testing help identify flaws and gather feedback, reducing
the cost of failures.
4. Improved Collaboration:
o Encourages teamwork across disciplines, leading to holistic solutions.
5. Faster Problem‐Solving:
o Iterative processes accelerate learning and solution development.
6. Adaptability:
o Promotes a culture of continuous learning and adaptability to changing
circumstances.
7. Competitive Advantage:
o Businesses leveraging Design Thinking can differentiate themselves by offering
superior customer experiences and innovative products.
8. Empowerment and Engagement:
o Teams feel more invested and motivated through collaborative, creative
processes.

Design Thinking's combination of empathy, creativity, and practicality makes it a powerful

tool for addressing both organizational and societal challenges.

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Design and Design Thinking are closely related concepts, but they represent different
approaches and scopes of work. Here’s a contrast between them:

Aspect Design Design Thinking

Design refers to the act of creating Design Thinking is a human‐centered

and planning aesthetic, functional, or problem‐solving methodology that
Definition technical solutions for products, involves understanding users, ideating,
services, or systems. It is often prototyping, and testing ideas
centered around a specific solution. iteratively to arrive at solutions.

Focuses on the creation and Focuses on the process of problem‐

Focus aesthetics of the end product or solving and innovation, with a heavy
solution. emphasis on empathy and user needs.

Encompasses the entire process of

Primarily concerned with the visual,
identifying a problem, ideating,
Scope functional, and practical aspects of a
prototyping, testing, and refining to
product or service.
achieve a human‐centered solution.

Iterative, with a focus on continuous

Can be linear, aiming at a final product
Approach learning, testing, and improving
with specific design goals.
solutions.

The end result is often a final product, The outcome is an iterative process
Outcome system, or service that meets design that leads to a refined solution or
specifications. prototype, often evolving over time.

Includes graphic design, industrial Involves empathy‐building,

Tools and
design, UI/UX design, and other brainstorming, prototyping, and
Techniques
specialized techniques. testing to explore diverse solutions.

To create a tangible product or To create innovative solutions based

Goal solution that meets specific on user insights, while also learning
requirements. and iterating throughout the process.

Differentiating Design and Design Thinking:

1. Orientation:
o Design: Focused on creating something tangible, like a product, graphic, or
space, with emphasis on aesthetics and functionality.
o Design Thinking: A problem‐solving methodology that focuses on
understanding the people you're designing for, generating creative solutions,
and iterating on them.

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2. Process:
o Design: Often a linear process that begins with a concept and moves toward a
finalized product or solution.
o Design Thinking: An iterative process that moves back and forth between
different phases like empathy, ideation, and testing to refine solutions
continuously.
3. Problem‐Solving Approach:
o Design: Focuses on solving a specific design problem (e.g., creating an efficient
chair, designing a logo).
o Design Thinking: Aims to solve complex, open‐ended problems (e.g.,
improving customer experience, designing a service) by understanding the
underlying issues, needs, and context.
4. Human‐Centeredness:
o Design: While design can consider users, it may not always prioritize deep
empathy with the end‐user.
o Design Thinking: Puts human empathy at the core, seeking to deeply
understand users' emotions, behaviors, and pain points before creating a
solution.
5. Flexibility and Adaptability:
o Design: Once a solution is reached, it tends to be finalized, often with little
revision unless there’s a problem.
o Design Thinking: Promotes continuous refinement, with prototypes and ideas
evolving based on feedback and testing.
6. Mindset:
o Design: A more traditional and specialized skill, focused on applying
knowledge to create specific products.
o Design Thinking: A mindset and approach that can be applied by anyone in any
field, not limited to designers, to foster innovation and solve problems
creatively.
7. Iterative and Collaborative:
o Design: Follows more linear and individualistic approach
o Design Thinking: Involves iterative and collaborative process.

Summary:

 Design is about creating and making things look or function in a certain way, focusing
on the end result.
 Design Thinking is about the process of approaching problems creatively and
iteratively, involving empathy and user‐centered solutions. It goes beyond aesthetics
to explore how to solve problems effectively for the people it affects.

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Complementary Relationship:

1. Synergy in Innovation: Design and Design thinking are not mutually exclusive; they
can complement each other to drive holistic innovation, combining the aesthetic and
functional aspects with user‐centric problem‐solving.
2. Integration in Product Development: By integrating Design Thinking into the design
process, organizations can create products that are not only visually appealing but also
deeply resonate with users’ needs and experiences.
3. Balancing Creativity and Practicality: The fusion of design and design thinking allows
for the harmonious integration of creative expression with the pragmatic focus on
addressing real‐world challenges.

Holistic Design and Design Thinking:

1. Holistic Design Strategies: Organizations can leverage both design and design thinking
to develop comprehensive strategies that encompass aesthetic appeal, functional
excellence and user centric approach.
2. Cultivating a Culture of Innovation: By embracing both design and design thinking,
companies can foster a culture that values creativity, empathy and continuous
improvement driving sustained innovation.
3. Market Differentiation: The integration of design and design thinking in the design
process can lead to the creation of products and experiences that stand out in the
market, resonating deeply with users.

Navigating the Design Thinking Process:

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1. Empathize

 Goal: Understand the user’s needs, emotions, and challenges.

 Actions:
o Conduct interviews, surveys, and observations to gather insights.
o Create empathy maps to visualize user experiences.
o Immerse yourself in the user’s environment to gain a first‐hand perspective.

Key Outcome: A deep understanding of the user's context and pain points.

2. Define

 Goal: Clearly articulate the problem based on user insights.

 Actions:
o Synthesize research findings into themes and patterns.
o Craft a user‐centered problem statement, often called a "Point of View (POV)."
o Use tools like "How Might We" questions to reframe challenges into
opportunities.

Key Outcome: A focused problem statement that guides the next stages.

3. Ideate

 Goal: Generate a wide range of creative ideas to address the problem.

 Actions:
o Facilitate brainstorming sessions to encourage divergent thinking.
o Use techniques like mind mapping, SCAMPER, or role‐playing to spark
creativity.
o Prioritize ideas through voting, grouping, or feasibility assessments.

Key Outcome: A pool of potential solutions, with a few prioritized for prototyping.

4. Prototype

 Goal: Create simple, low‐cost representations of ideas to test their viability.

 Actions:
o Build mockups, sketches, digital wireframes, or physical models.
o Focus on rapid development to explore various concepts.
o Prepare prototypes to simulate the user experience or specific functionalities.

Key Outcome: Tangible prototypes ready for user feedback and testing.

5. Test

 Goal: Evaluate prototypes by observing how users interact with them.

 Actions:
o Conduct usability testing sessions to gather feedback.
o Identify what works, what doesn’t, and what can be improved.

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o Iterate and refine prototypes based on insights from testing.

Key Outcome: Improved solutions that are closer to meeting user needs effectively.

6. Implement (Beyond the Core Process)

 Goal: Scale the solution into a final product or service.

 Actions:
o Transition prototypes into production‐ready solutions.
o Align stakeholders, resources, and timelines for rollout.
o Monitor real‐world performance and continue iterating as necessary.

Key Outcome: A fully realized solution that delivers measurable value to users.

Tips for Successful Navigation

 Iterate Frequently: View each phase as flexible and return to earlier steps if needed.
 Collaborate Actively: Engage diverse perspectives to uncover richer insights and
solutions.
 Stay User‐Centric: Regularly validate ideas and prototypes with actual users.
 Balance Creativity and Feasibility: Encourage bold ideas but ground them in practical
considerations.

Conclusion

Navigating the design thinking process is about embracing ambiguity, maintaining empathy,
and continuously iterating toward a solution that resonates deeply with users. By following
these steps, individuals and teams can transform complex challenges into innovative
opportunities.

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PRACTICAL 2
AIM: Empathy mapping exercise:

Have participants conduct interviews with potential users and create empathy maps to gain
a deeper understanding of their needs, wants, and pain points.

Introduction:

Empathy is the ability to

understand and share the
feelings, perspectives, and
experiences of others. It goes
beyond mere sympathy by
fostering a deep connection
to another person’s
emotional and cognitive
world. Empathy is a
cornerstone of human‐
centered approaches, such as
design thinking, where
understanding users' needs
and experiences is paramount
to creating meaningful and
effective solutions.

Understanding Empathy in Design Thinking:

Importance of Empathy:

 Enhanced Understanding: Empathy is the cornerstone of design thinking, enabling

designers to gain a deep understanding of users’ needs, desire and challenges.
 Human Centered Solutions: Empathy allows for a deep understanding of people's
needs, desires, and pain points. It ensures that solutions are designed to genuinely
address user challenges, making them more effective and impactful.
 Improved user experience: Designing with empathy leads to products and services
that resonate with users on emotional level, resulting in a more positive and
meaningful user experience.

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Empathy in the Design Process:

 User‐Centric Approach: Empathy ensures that the design process is focused on the
end user, allowing designers to step into the shoes of the people they are designing
for.
 Problem Identification: Through empathy designers can identify and define the real
problems and pain point experienced by the users, laying the foundation for effective
problem‐solving.
 Iterative Design: Empathy encourages an iterative approach to design, where
feedback from users is valued and incorporated into the design process, leading to
continuous improvement.

Empathy Impact on Innovation:

 Inspiring Creativity: Empathy fuels creativity by inspiring designers to think beyond

their own perspectives and consider a wide range of user experience and solutions.
 Humanizing Technology: By integrating empathy into the design of technology,
products and services become more human‐centered, fostering a stronger connection
between users and technology.
 Market Relevance: Empathic design leads to products and services that are more
relevant to the market, as they are tailored to meet genuine user needs and
aspirations.

Case Studies:

 Apple's Design Philosophy: Apple’s design philosophy is rooted in empathy, ensuring

that products are intuitive, functional, and emotionally resonant with users. By deeply
understanding users’ needs, behaviors, and challenges, Apple creates designs that feel
natural and personal, offering seamless experiences that prioritize ease of use and
emotional connection.
 Airbnb's User‐Centric Model: Airbnb places users at the heart of its platform, ensuring
both hosts and guests have personalized and frictionless experiences. By continuously
gathering feedback and iterating on design, Airbnb ensures its service feels
welcoming, accessible, and intuitive for diverse users.
 IDEO's Human‐Centered Solutions: IDEO uses human‐centered design to create
innovative products and services by deeply understanding users' needs, motivations,
and challenges. They emphasize empathy in their process, enabling solutions that are
both functional and emotionally

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Techniques for Empathy Research:

1. User Interviews

 In‐Depth Conversations: Conducting detailed discussions with users to uncover their

emotions, motivations, and pain points.
 Empathy Mapping: Visualizing user experiences through charts that capture what
users say, think, feel, and do to better understand their perspective.
 Contextual Inquiry: Observing users in their natural environment while asking
questions to gain insights into their behaviors and experiences.

2. Immersion and Observation

 Ethnographic Studies: Immersing oneself in the user's culture and environment to

observe and understand their social and daily practices.
 Shadowing: Following users throughout their day to observe their interactions,
decision‐making, and challenges in real‐time.
 Participatory Design: Actively involving users in the design process, allowing them to
co‐create solutions based on their experiences.

3. Empathy Tools and Technologies

 Virtual Reality (VR) Simulations: Using VR to immerse designers in the user’s

experience, allowing them to feel firsthand the challenges users face.
 Digital Storytelling: Leveraging multimedia tools to share compelling user stories,
offering insights into their emotional journeys.
 Empathy Cards and Empathy Prompts: Tools that guide designers in understanding
users’ emotions, needs, and motivations through structured activities and prompts.

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4. Data Analysis and Synthesis

 Empathy Maps: Organizing qualitative data into a visual format to understand user
behaviors, needs, and feelings from multiple perspectives.
 Behavior Analytics: Analyzing user interactions with products and social media
sentiment to understand user emotions, preferences, and pain points.
 Sentiment Analysis: Leveraging natural language processing to understand user
sentiments expressed in feedback, reviews, and social media.

Guidelines for Empathetic Research

1. Cultivating Empathy

 Active Listening: Focus on understanding the user's perspective by listening

attentively without interrupting or leading.
 Cultural Sensitivity: Respect and acknowledge cultural differences, ensuring research
practices are inclusive and appropriate for diverse groups.
 Empathy Workshops: Organize sessions where team members practice empathy‐
building techniques to better understand users' needs and emotions.

2. Ethical Considerations

 Informed Consent: Ensure participants fully understand the research purpose,

methods, and any potential risks before agreeing to participate.
 Privacy Protection: Safeguard sensitive information by obtaining explicit consent and
keeping personal data confidential.
 Data Security: Implement strict measures to protect data from unauthorized access,
ensuring secure storage and handling of all user information.

3. Collaboration and Communication

 Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Engage team members from diverse fields (design,

engineering, business) to bring varied perspectives into the research process.
 User‐Centric Communication: Use clear and straightforward language that aligns with
users' knowledge and experiences, ensuring they feel heard and understood.
 Feedback Integration: Continuously incorporate user feedback to refine research
insights and design decisions, ensuring solutions remain aligned with real user needs.

4. Impactful Implementation

 Iterative Design Process: Use a cyclical approach where user feedback is gathered and
applied continuously, improving the design with each iteration.
 User Validation: Validate design concepts with real users through testing and
feedback to ensure solutions truly address their needs and expectations.
 Empathy as a Mindset: Foster empathy not just as a tool but as a core mindset,
ensuring it informs every aspect of the design and decision‐making process.

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Exercise:

AIM: Empathy Mapping Exercise.

PROBLEM:

Bluetooth Connectivity Issue

IDEA: Simplify the pairing process with clear step by step instruction. Provide visual aids or
tutorials to guide users regarding the pairing process.

Optimize Bluetooth firmware and software to reduce connection drop.

Upgrade Bluetooth Hardware.

CONDUCT A NEEDFINDING INTERVIEW:

Ask Open Questions as:

Q. Can you describe a time you encountered these issues?

Q. How did you troubleshoot and resolve?

Q. Command Reasons for this issue?

Q. How would you address them?

Q. How would you improve them?

Q. What strategies would you use to improve the range and signal strength of Bluetooth
connections?

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~ “My Bluetooth keeps disconnecting ~ “I wonder if there’s something wrong with

randomly” my phone ‘s Bluetooth settings.”
~ “I Can’t pair my phone with the Bluetooth
~ “ Why does things always happen when
speaker” I’m in the middle of something
important?1”
~ “ I always have trouble connecting my ~ “May be I needed to update my device’s
headphones to different devices” firmware.”
SAYS THINKS
DOES FEELS
~ Tries to reconnect multiple times ~ “ It’s so annoying when my Bluetooth drop
out.”
~ Searches online for troubleshooting tips ~ “I’m worried, I won’t be able to connect in
time.”
~ Resets Bluetooth setting on the device ~ “ I don’t understand why it’s not working,
it was fine yesterday.”
PAIN GAIN
~ Unreliable connection causing frustration ~ When Bluetooth connection works
and inconvenience. seamlessly, it enhances the overall user
experience.
~ Lack of clear troubleshooting steps from ~ Convenient wireless connectivity allow
the device manufacturer. users to enjoy music, make calls, etc
~ Difficulty in connecting to multiple devices
seamlessly.

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PRACTICAL 3
AIM: Define the Problem Statement:

Based on the empathy mapping exercise, have participants synthesize their findings and
define a problem statement.
Explain how POV can be used in defining the design problem?

The Point of View (POV) is a crucial step in the design thinking process. It helps frame the
problem in a way that is user‐centered, ensuring the design solution is tailored to meet the
needs, motivations, and challenges of the target audience. A well‐defined POV statement
provides clarity and direction, guiding the design team toward effective and impactful
solutions.

Let’s explore how PoV can be used in defining the design problem using a structured approach

Understanding the PoV

What is a PoV?
Point of View (POV) is a clear and concise statement that defines a specific user's needs,
goals, and insights, providing direction for design solutions.
Importance: POV aligns the team’s focus on solving real user problems, ensuring the design
is grounded in empathy and relevance.
User‐Centric Design: POV anchors the design process in understanding users' perspectives,
ensuring solutions address their actual needs and desires.

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Significance of PoV in Design Thinking:

Empathy‐Driven Design: POV ensures the design is rooted in the user's emotions, needs, and
challenges, fostering a deep connection to the target audience.
Problem Framing: POV helps define and clarify the design problem from the user's
perspective, guiding the team towards meaningful solutions.
Iterative Process: POV serves as a reference point throughout the design process, ensuring
continuous alignment with user needs and enabling refined solutions over time.
Crafting Effective PoV Statement:
User Definition: Clearly identify the target user, their characteristics, and context to ensure
the POV is relevant and specific.
Problem Identification: Define the core problem the user faces, ensuring it is framed from
the user's perspective and addresses their needs.
Insight Integration: Incorporate key insights gained from user research to highlight the
underlying motivations or emotional drivers that influence the problem.
Benefits of PoV in Design:
Alignment with User Needs: POV ensures the design process stays centered on solving real
user problems, leading to solutions that resonate with the target audience.
Focused Ideation: POV provides a clear direction for brainstorming, narrowing down ideas to
those that truly address user needs and challenges.
Measurable Outcomes: POV helps define clear goals, enabling the team to assess and
measure the impact of design solutions on user satisfaction and effectiveness.
Structured Approach to Arrive at PoV
User Persona: Create a detailed representation of the target user, capturing their
demographics, behaviors, goals, and challenges to guide the POV.
Empathy Mapping: Use insights from user research to understand what users say, think, do,
and feel, forming the foundation of the POV.
User Interviews: Conduct in‐depth conversations to gather real‐life stories and insights,
uncovering underlying needs and motivations for the POV.
Problem Identification
Problem Exploration: Delve into understanding the root causes of the problem, ensuring it is
framed in a way that aligns with user needs and context.
User Journey Mapping: Visualize the user's experience step‐by‐step to identify pain points,
emotions, and touchpoints that influence their interaction with the product or service.
Stakeholder Alignment: Involve key stakeholders in the problem definition process to ensure
that their perspectives, goals, and constraints are considered in the solution.

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Insight Integration
User Research Synthesis: Consolidate and analyze research data to distill key insights that
reveal users' core needs and motivations.
Pattern Recognition: Identify recurring themes and behaviors across user data to uncover
actionable insights for defining the POV.
Collaborative Refinement: Work with cross‐functional teams to refine insights, ensuring
diverse perspectives shape a well‐rounded and impactful POV.
Application of PoV in Defining Design Problems:
User‐Centric Problem Framing:

 User‐First Approach: Frame the problem from the user’s perspective,

prioritizing their needs, experiences, and challenges.
 Clarity and Specificity: Define the problem in clear, focused terms to avoid
ambiguity and ensure actionable solutions.
 Goal‐Oriented Design: Align the problem framing with user‐centered goals,
ensuring the design process delivers meaningful outcomes.

Ideation and Solution Generation

 PoV as Ideation Compass: Use the POV to guide brainstorming sessions,

ensuring ideas remain aligned with user needs and insights.
 Divergent Thinking: Encourage exploring a wide range of creative solutions,
inspired by the POV's insights and user challenges.
 Solution Relevance: Ensure generated solutions directly address the problem
framed in the POV, maintaining a strong user‐centered focus.

Iterative Design Validation

 User Feedback Integration: Continuously incorporate insights from user

feedback to enhance and validate design solutions.
 Refinement and Realignment: Iterate on designs to address identified gaps,
ensuring they stay aligned with the user's needs and POV.
 Measurable Impact: Evaluate solutions against defined goals and user
satisfaction metrics to confirm their effectiveness and relevance.

Continuous PoV Evolution

 Adaption to User Dynamics: Continuously refine the POV to reflect evolving

user behaviors, needs, and contexts.
 Cross‐Functional Adoption: Foster collaboration across teams to integrate the
POV into all stages of the design and development process.
 Long‐Term Impact: Ensure the POV drives sustainable and meaningful
solutions that remain relevant over time.

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Exercise:
TECH – 1: POV TEMPLATE

USER NEEDS INSIGHTS

As a college student I am I need a reliable solution to Resolving these Bluetooth
encountering frequent resolve these connectivity connectivity issues is crucial
Bluetooth connectivity issue. Some of needs are for ensuring smooth and
issues (such as pairing improved pairing stability, uninterrupted user
failure, connections drops, reduced connection drops, experience which in turn
etc.) etc. enhance overall device
usability.

TECH – 2: POV MADLIB

As a student who used the Bluetooth headphone need a solution that helps to establish stable
Bluetooth connections or resolving pairing issues. Understanding the root cause of this issue
will improve user experience or enhance device stability.

TECH – 3: ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS (5 Whys)

1. Why is there a Bluetooth connectivity issue?
Ans: The Bluetooth connection keeps dropping.
2. Why does the Bluetooth connection keep dropping?
Ans: The Bluetooth signal strength is weak.
3. Why is the Bluetooth signal weak?
Ans: There is interference from other wireless device.
4. Why is the interference from other wireless device?
Ans: The Bluetooth device is operating on the same frequency as other nearby
devices.
5. Why is Bluetooth device operating on the same frequency as other nearby
devices?
Ans: The Bluetooth device is not automatically selecting the least congested
frequency channel.
# INSIGHTS: Improving the Bluetooth device’s frequency channel selection algorithm could
potentially resolve the connectivity issues by reducing interference from other wireless
devices.
This analysis helps identify the root cause of the Bluetooth connectivity issues and provides
insight into potential solutions.

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TECH 4: 4W AND 1H
1. What is the issue?
Ans: Bluetooth connection keeps dropping
2. Why is the connection dropping?
Ans: Due to the weak Bluetooth signal.
3. When does the weak signal occur?
Ans: During the peak usage times or when multiple devices are active.
4. Who is affected by the issues?
Ans: Users of the Bluetooth enabled device.
5. How can this issue be resolved?
Ans: By implementing a frequency channel selection algorithm could potentially
resolve the Bluetooth connectivity issues by reducing interference from other
wireless devices.

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PRACTICAL 4
AIM: Ideation Session:

Have participants generate as many ideas as possible to solve the problem statement.
Encourage wild, unconventional, and innovative ideas.
Ideation for Solutions:
Ideation is the process of generating,
developing, and refining creative ideas to
solve a problem or seize an opportunity. It
involves brainstorming, exploring
possibilities, and thinking innovatively to
uncover new solutions or approaches.
Ideation can be done individually or
collaboratively, often using techniques like
mind mapping, sketching, or role‐playing.
The goal is to foster creativity and push
beyond conventional thinking to discover
unique and effective solutions. It’s a crucial
step in design thinking, innovation, and
problem‐solving frameworks.
Setting the Stage for Ideation:
1. Understanding the Ideation Process
 User Research: Conduct surveys and interviews to understand user
needs, preferences, and pain points.

 Expected Outcomes: Generate innovative, user‐centric solutions that

address real problems effectively.

 Problem Statement: Identify a clear, concise challenge to focus ideation

efforts, such as, "How can we simplify task management for busy
professionals?"
2. Creating the Right Environment

 Inclusive Participation: Encourage diverse perspectives by involving

individuals from different backgrounds, roles, and expertise.
 Silent Brainstorming: Allow participants to generate ideas
independently and quietly, ensuring equal contribution and avoiding
group think.
 Challenge Questions: Frame specific, thought‐provoking questions
 that guide participants toward innovative solutions, such as, "How
might we make this process faster and more user‐friendly?"

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3. Techniques for Idea Generation

 How Might We Question: Use open‐ended "How might we" questions
to explore possibilities and inspire creative solutions.
 Quantity Over Quality: Focus on generating as many ideas as possible,
embracing all possibilities without immediate judgment.
 User‐Centric Approach: Prioritize the needs, preferences, and
experiences of the end‐users in every idea generated.

Techniques for Idea Evaluation

1. Criteria for Idea Evaluation
 Relevance: Ensure the idea aligns with the problem statement and
addresses the core user needs.
 Feasibility: Assess whether the idea can be realistically implemented
with available resources and constraints.
 Impact: Evaluate the potential of the idea to create meaningful and
positive outcomes for users or stakeholders.
2. Evaluation Methods
 Voting Systems: Use group voting to quickly identify and prioritize the
most promising ideas based on collective preferences.
 SWOT Analysis: Analyze the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities,
and Threats of each idea to determine its strategic viability.
 Cost‐Benefit Analysis: Compare the expected costs and benefits of
implementing an idea to assess its overall value and practicality.

Collaborating Decision Making

 Group Discussions: Facilitate open dialogue to share perspectives and

explore ideas collectively.
 Consensus Building: Work toward agreement by aligning team
members on the most viable and impactful solutions.
 Iterative Refinement: Continuously improve ideas through feedback,
testing, and repeated collaboration.

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Prioritizing Ideas for Success

Impact Vs Feasibility

 Strategic Alignment: Ensure the idea supports the organization’s long‐

term goals and vision for maximum impact.
 Resource Allocation: Evaluate the availability of necessary resources—
time, budget, and talent—to implement the idea effectively.
 Risk Assessment: Identify potential risks and challenges associated
with the idea to gauge its feasibility and mitigate issues.

Implementation Planning

 Actionable Roadmap: Develop a clear, step‐by‐step plan outlining

tasks, deadlines, and responsibilities for successful execution.
 Stakeholder Engagement: Involve key stakeholders early and
continuously to ensure alignment, support, and feedback throughout
the process.
 Measurable Outcomes: Define specific, quantifiable metrics to track
progress and assess the success of the implementation.

Continuous Improvement

 Feedback Mechanisms: Create regular touchpoints for gathering

feedback to identify areas for ongoing improvement.
 Adaptability: Encourage a mindset that embraces change and makes
swift adjustments based on feedback and evolving needs.
 Learning Culture: Cultivate an environment where continuous learning
is valued, and everyone is encouraged to improve through experience
and knowledge sharing.

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Exercise:
IDEATION: Ideation is the process in design thinking process, where the goal is to generate a
diverse range of creative solutions to given problem or challenge.
BRAINSTORMING: is a widely recognized ideation technique that encourage the free flow of
ideas within a group setting.

 “Bio inspired Networking “: Mimic warm intelligence seen in nature for dynamic
communication.
 “Sound Waves “: Utilizes ultrasonic or infrasonic waves for communication alongside
Bluetooth.
 Telepathic Pairing: Enable devices to pair based on user intention, bypassing.
 Quantum Entanglement: Explore the possibility of instant communication via
quantum entanglement.
 AI – powered Adaption: Develop AI that learns user behavior to optimize Bluetooth
connectivity.

 Electromagnetic Field mapping: Create a device to map interference and adjust

Bluetooth frequencies accordingly.
 Holographic Networking: Use holographic projection for virtual device connections.
 Nanotechnology: Embedded nanoscale transmitters for robust Bluetooth connection.

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SCAMPER TECHNIQUE:
is a powerful tool for generating innovative ideas.
a) Substitute: ‐
 Substitute traditional Bluetooth technology with a news, more advanced
version.
 Substitute Bluetooth with an alternative wireless communication
technology such as LIFI.
b) Combine: ‐
 Combine Bluetooth with rear Field communication for quicker and more
reliable pairing.
 Combine Bluetooth with AI to automatically troubleshoot and fix
connection issues.
c) Adapt: ‐
 Adapt Bluetooth protocols to be more adaptive to different environment
conditions.
 Adapt Bluetooth to work seamlessly with other wireless technologies like
Wi‐Fi.
d) Modify: ‐
 Modify Bluetooth antennas and transmitters for better range and signal
strength.
 Modify Bluetooth software to allows for easier manual connection when
automatic fails.
e) Put to another use: ‐
 Use Bluetooth connectivity for more than just audio, like data transfer
and device synchronization.
 Utilize Bluetooth becomes for indoor navigations and location – based
services.
f) Eliminate: ‐
 Eliminate the need for manual pairing by implementing automatic
connection protocols.
 Eliminate interference by using a frequency – hopping spread sputum
technique.
g) Reverse / Rearrange: ‐
 Reverse the connection process by mating devices automatically search for
available connections.
 Rearrange Bluetooth protocols to prioritize connection stability over data
transfer speed.

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PRACTICAL 5
AIM: Prototyping Session:

Have participants select one or more ideas and create a low‐fidelity prototype to test their
assumptions and validate their ideas.

Introduction
Prototyping is the process of
creating an early model or
simulation of a product,
system, or concept to test and
refine its functionality, design,
and usability. It helps visualize
ideas, identify potential issues,
and gather feedback from
stakeholders before full‐scale
development begins.
Prototypes can range from
simple sketches and
wireframes to interactive
digital models or physical mockups. This iterative process saves time and resources by
addressing challenges early. Prototyping is widely used in industries like software
development, product design, and engineering to ensure the final product meets user needs
and expectations.
Understanding Prototyping
Defining Prototyping

 Definition of Prototype: A prototype is a preliminary model or

representation of a product used to visualize and test its functionality and
design.
 Purpose of Prototyping: The purpose of prototyping is to identify and
resolve design flaws, gather user feedback, and refine ideas before final
development.
 Types of Prototypes: Types of prototypes include low‐fidelity (sketches,
wireframes), high‐fidelity (interactive digital models), and physical
prototypes for tangible products.

Importance of Prototyping

 Iterative Development: Prototyping enables iterative development by

allowing continuous testing and improvement of the design based on
feedback.

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 Risk Mitigation: It reduces risks by identifying potential issues and refining

solutions early in the development process.
 Enhanced Collaboration: Prototyping fosters collaboration among
stakeholders by providing a tangible model to align ideas and expectations.

Prototyping Process

 Stages of Prototyping: The prototyping process typically involves ideation,

creation, testing, and refining stages to develop effective solutions.
 User‐Centered Design: Prototyping supports user‐centered design by
incorporating user feedback to ensure the product meets their needs and
preferences.
 Agile Development: Prototyping aligns with agile development by promoting
quick iterations and adaptability throughout the design process.

Benefits of Prototyping

 Effective Problem‐Solving: Prototyping facilitates effective problem‐solving

by identifying and addressing design flaws early.
 Reduced Time to Market: It accelerates development by refining concepts
quickly and reducing delays in the production process.
 Cost‐Efficient Innovation: Prototyping minimizes costs by testing ideas early,
avoiding expensive errors during full‐scale development.

Enhancing Communication Through Prototyping

Visualizing Ideas

 Tangible Relationship: Using physical models to create a direct, hands‐on

connection between ideas and their real‐world implications.
 Facilitating Feedback: Prototypes enable clear, focused discussions, inviting
constructive critique to refine concepts.
 Storytelling Through Prototypes: Demonstrating ideas through prototypes
conveys their narrative, purpose, and potential impact.

User‐Centric Design

 Empathy Through Prototypes: Prototypes help designers deeply understand

user needs by simulating real‐world experiences.
 Iterative User Feedback: Regular user input during design iterations ensures
solutions stay relevant and effective.
 Aligning Stakeholders: Prototypes create a shared vision, fostering
collaboration and alignment among all stakeholders.

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Mitigating Misinterpretation

 Clarity in Communication: Visualizing ideas through prototypes reduces

misunderstandings by making concepts tangible.
 Iterative Demonstration: Repeatedly showcasing evolving designs ensures
alignment and minimizes misinterpretation.
 Addressing Ambiguity: Prototypes uncover uncertainties early, enabling
precise resolution and shared understanding.

Building Consensus

 Alignment of Vision: Prototypes unify diverse perspectives by creating a

shared, tangible representation of ideas.
 Conflict Resolution: Hands‐on models encourage constructive dialogue,
helping to mediate and resolve disagreements.
 Empowering Decision‐Making: Prototypes provide clarity and confidence,
enabling informed and collaborative decisions.

Tools for Effective Prototyping

Low‐Fidelity Prototyping Tools

 Paper Prototyping: Quick and cost‐effective sketches allow rapid iteration

and exploration of design ideas.
 Wireframing Software: Digital tools like Figma or Balsamiq create structured,
low‐detail layouts for early design feedback.

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High‐Fidelity Prototyping Tools

 Interactive Prototyping Platforms: Tools like Adobe XD or InVision create

polished, clickable prototypes for realistic user experiences.
 Code‐Based Prototyping: Writing actual code delivers highly functional
prototypes using HTML, CSS and Java Script for accurate testing and
validation.

Collaborative Prototype Environments

 Cloud‐Based Collaboration: Platforms like Figma or Marvel or Miro enable

real‐time teamwork and seamless sharing across locations.
 Version Control Systems: Tools like Git (GitHub) ensure organized, trackable
changes, preventing conflicts during prototype development.

User Testing and Feedback Tools

 Usability Testing Platforms: Tools like UserTesting or Maze facilitate remote

user testing to gather actionable insights.
 Feedback Aggregation Tools: Solutions like Loopback, UserZoom, Trello or
Airtable organize and prioritize user feedback for efficient iteration.

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Exercise:
A prototype is a preliminary version of a product or system that is used for testing, evaluation
and experimentation. It can range a simple mock or sketch to a more reddened
representation of the final product. Depending on the stage of development and goals of
prototyping process.
Prototype and created to:
1. Test Assumption
2. Gather Feedback
3. Iteration Quickly
4. Reduce Risk

Types of Prototypes:
1. Low Fidelity: Suitable for the early stage of the process
2. Medium Fidelity: Suitable for the last stage of prototype model

Low fidelity Prototypes: Telepathic Pairing Device

Objective: Design a low fidelity prototype for a telepathic pairing device that eliminates the
need for manual Bluetooth pairing by using brainwave technology.
Material needed:
Two paper cups, string, LED, battery, Aluminium foils.

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Steps:

 Poke a small hole in the bottom of each paper cup

 Thread the string through the holes in the cups and tie knouts to keep them in place.
 The represents the telepathic connection.
 Attach an LED to the end of the string inside each cups.
 Make two brainwave sensor using aluminium foil.
 Attach one end of a wire to the aluminium foil and the other end to a battery.
 When user holds the aluminium foils, it completes the circuit allowing the LED to the
lights up.
When two users touch the aluminium foil with their figures completing this circuit , the
LED light up indicating successful telepathic pairing.

Medium Fidelity: Suitable for the last stage of prototype model

Materials needed: Audio EEG sensor Bluetooth module , LED Lights , Breadboard and Jumper
wires , power source

Steps :

 Setup and connection: connect the EEG sensor and Bluetooth module to the
microcontroller using jumpers wires and a bread.
 Programming: write a program to read brainwave data from the EEG sensor and
interpret it for pairing process. Program the Bluetooth module to send pairing signal
to nearby device.
 Enclosure design: design a simple enclosure using 3D printer or cardboard to house
the components ensure there are opening for the sensor LED lights and any necessary
buttons or switches.
 Pairing process: when the user concentrates on a specific thought the EEG sensor
detects the brainwave pattern and sends a pairing signal via Bluetooth to nearby
devices. LED lights provide feedback to the users during the pairing process.

Outcomes :

The low fidelity prototype demonstrates the concept of telepathic pairing for
Bluetooth device using simple materials, providing a tangible representation of the innovation
idea.
The middle fidelity prototype demonstrates the feasibility of using brainwave
technology for Bluetooth pairing, providing a more polished and functional representation of
the innovation idea compared to the low fidelity prototype.

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PRACTICAL 6
AIM: Testing and Feedback Session:

Have participants test their prototypes with potential users and gather feedback on what
works, what doesn't, and what could be improved.
Introduction
Testing the solution in Design Thinking is a critical
step to validate ideas and gather user feedback. It
involves creating prototypes and testing them with
real users to identify strengths, weaknesses, and
areas for improvement. This stage emphasizes
empathy by focusing on how users interact with
and respond to the solution. Testing often leads to
iterations, where insights drive refinements to
better address user needs. It ensures that the final
solution aligns closely with the problem and
provides value to the target audience.

Designing a Successful Testing Approach

Establishing Key Performance Indicators

 Identifying Metrics: Define measurable indicators that align with project goals to
track performance and impact.
 Testing Strategy: Develop a systematic approach to evaluate the solution's
effectiveness against chosen metrics.
 Risk Assessment: Identify potential risks, assess their impact, and plan mitigation
strategies to ensure success.

Planning and Preparation

 Effective Test Planning: Create a structured roadmap detailing the scope, approach,
resources, and schedule for testing.
 Quantifying Product Requirements: Translate product needs into measurable and
testable criteria to ensure clarity and alignment.
 Defining Clear Test Objectives: Establish specific, actionable goals for testing to
validate functionality and performance.

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Continuous Improvement and Adaption

 Feedback Loops: Establish mechanisms to gather and integrate user insights for
ongoing refinement.
 Iterative Approach: Adopt a cyclical process of testing, learning, and improving to
enhance the solution continuously.
 Evolving with Technology: Stay adaptable by leveraging emerging technologies to
remain relevant and innovative. Explore advancements in Bluetooth technology to
improve connection stability and range.

Gathering User Feedback

Understanding‐User Needs

 User‐Centric Approach: Focus on understanding and addressing user preferences,

behaviors, and expectations. Persona Development: Create User Personas (e.g.
“Tech Savvy Professional”, “Elderly Users”. Conduct user interviews to understand
user feelings and challenges.
 Feedback Collection Methods: Utilize surveys, interviews, and analytics to gather
actionable user insights. Gather feedback on user experience with Bluetooth pairing.
User Interviews. Observe users using prototypes for usability issues.
 Identifying Pain Points: Pinpoint challenges or frustrations users face to develop
targeted solutions. Observe user frustrations during pairing process. Analyze survey
responses for command paint points. Map out moments of frustration in the pairing
process.

Analyzing User Feedback

 Data Interpretation: Analyze user feedback to uncover trends, patterns, and

actionable insights.
 Prioritizing Feedback: Focus on addressing feedback with the highest impact and
alignment with goals.
 Categorizing Feedback: Organize feedback into themes or categories to streamline
analysis and decision‐making.

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Incorporating‐Feedback into Development

 Cross‐Functional Collaboration: Engage diverse teams to ensure feedback is

effectively integrated into the development process.
 Iterative Development: Implement feedback in cycles to refine and enhance the
solution continuously.
 User Story Refinement: Update user stories based on feedback to align development
with user needs and priorities.

Communicating Findings and Insights

 Clear Reporting: Present findings in a concise and structured format for easy
understanding.
 Visual Representation: Use charts, graphs, and visuals to simplify complex data and
highlight key insights.
 Actionable Recommendations: Provide specific, practical suggestions to drive
informed decision‐making.

Responding to User Feedback

Implementing Iterative Improvements

 Continuous Iteration: Regularly refine and enhance the solution based on insights
and performance.
 Agile Adaptation: Embrace flexibility to quickly respond to changes and user needs
during development.
 Feedback‐Driven Development: Use user feedback as a foundation for prioritizing
and implementing improvements.

Monitoring and Measuring Impact

 Impact Assessment: Evaluate the effectiveness and outcomes of the solution in

achieving its goals.
 Measuring Success Metrics: Track predefined metrics to assess the solution's
performance and impact.
 Feedback Loop Closure: Ensure feedback is acted upon and communicate changes to
stakeholders for transparency.

User‐Centric Product Evolution

 User‐Driven Roadmap: Shape the product's direction based on user needs,

preferences, and feedback.
 User Empowerment: Provide users with tools and choices that enable them to
influence and personalize their experience.
 Feedback Integration: Seamlessly incorporate user insights into the product
development cycle for continuous improvement.

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Adapting to Changing Needs

 Flexibility and Adaptability: Stay open to changes and adjust the product or
approach based on evolving user needs.
 Continuous Engagement: Maintain ongoing communication with users to gather
fresh insights and build lasting relationships.
 Feedback‐Enabled Innovation: Leverage user feedback as a catalyst for driving new
ideas and innovative solutions.

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Exercise:

Introduction:

Testing the solution in Design thinking involves validating prototypes with real users to ensure
they effectively address the identified problem. Through testing sessions diverse participants
interact with prototypes providing feedback and insights.

Defining a Successful Testing Approach

Establishing Key Performance Indicators

 Identifying Metrics: Establishing Key performance indicators (KPI) and success metric
for the project is crucial. For Example
o Success Rate: 90% of Pairing Attempts Are Successful
o Time to Pair: Average Pairing Time is Less than 30 seconds.
o Error Rate: Less than 10% of pairing attempts.
o User Satisfaction: Average user satisfaction rating of 4 out of 5
 Testing Strategy: A good test strategy helps define a testing approaches and
establishes guidelines rules and parameters for the testing process. For Example
o Alpha Testing: Test the accuracy of brainwave detection with the ECG Sensor
o Beta Testing: Recruit a group of users to test the prototype in different
environment and situations.
o User Acceptance Testing: Final Testing with potential end‐user

 Risk Assessment: Try to foresee all possible risks related to the project. For Example
o Technical Risks: Test for Stability and Compatibility with different devices.
o Usability Risks: Provide clear instructions and guidance for the pairing process.
o Environmental Risks: Test for interference from external factors. Also test the
effective range of the telephonic pairing device.

Continuous Improvement and Adaption

 Feedback Loops:
o After each testing phase, gather feedback from users on their experience with
Bluetooth connectivity issue.
o Regularly review and analyze feedback from users to identify areas for
improvement in the Bluetooth connectivity solution.
 Iterative Approach:
o Implement changes to the pairing algorithm or module based on user
feedback, then test the updated prototype with users to gather further
feedback and make improvements.
 Evolving with Technology:
o Explore advancements in Bluetooth technology to improve connection
stability and range.

Gathering User Feedback

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Understanding‐User Needs

 User‐Centric Approach:
o Persona Development: Create User Personas (e.g. “Tech Savvy Professional”,
“Elderly Users”.
o Conduct user interviews to understand user feelings and challenges.
 Feedback Collection Methods:
o Gather feedback on user experience with Bluetooth pairing.
o User Interviews.
o Observe users using prototypes for usability issues.
 Identifying Pain Points:
o Observe user frustrations during pairing process.
o Analyze survey responses for command paint points.
o Map out moments of frustration in the pairing process.

Feedback Questions:
What did you like about the telepathic pairing device?
What aspects of the prototypes did you find confusing or difficult to use?
Was there any issue you encountered while using this prototype?
Do you have any suggestions for improving the functionality or usability of the device?
How likely are you to use a device like this in real life?
Responding to User Feedback
Implementing Iterative Improvements

 Continuous Iteration: Improve connection stability by continuously updating the

Bluetooth connection algorithm based on user feedback.
 Agile Adaptation: Prioritize automatic troubleshooting of connection issues after
identifying user requirement during a sprint review.
 Feedback‐Driven Development: Redesign the pairing interface to improve usability
based on user feedback about confusion during the pairing purpose.
 Feedback loop Closure: Inform via email (to users) about changes made based on
their feedback ensuring transparency and accountability.
 Continuous Engagement: Actively to user concerns and suggested through a
dedicated feedback channel to keep users informed and engaged.

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PRACTICAL 7
AIM: Refine and Iterate on Prototype

Based on the feedback, have participants refine and iterate on their prototype to improve
its usability, functionality, and appeal.
Objective:

The goal of this phase is to improve the prototype based on user feedback. By refining and
iterating on the design, you enhance its usability, functionality, and overall appeal to ensure
that it better meets the needs of the users.

Procedure:

1. Review Feedback:
o Analyze Collected Data: Begin by thoroughly reviewing all feedback gathered
from the testing phase. Identify common patterns, issues, and areas of
improvement highlighted by users.
o Categorize Insights: Group the feedback into categories, such as usability
issues, functionality concerns, or aesthetic preferences. Prioritize addressing
the most critical issues first.
o Identify Root Causes: Focus on understanding the underlying reasons behind
negative feedback. For example, if users struggled with navigation, investigate
whether the design is intuitive or if additional guidance is required.
2. Refine the Prototype:
o Address Usability Issues: Modify the design to resolve any usability challenges.
This could involve simplifying tasks, improving navigation, adding labels or
instructions, or adjusting the layout for better clarity.
o Enhance Functionality: Based on user suggestions, add or adjust features that
increase the functionality of the prototype. This might involve improving
interaction flow, fixing bugs, or integrating additional features that users find
helpful.
o Improve Aesthetic Appeal: Evaluate the visual design based on user feedback.
Adjust colors, typography, icons, or other design elements to ensure they align
with user preferences and create a more visually appealing and engaging
experience.
3. Develop New Iterations:
o Create Updated Prototypes: Develop new versions of the prototype
incorporating the changes from the previous step. This might involve low‐
fidelity sketches, wireframes, or digital mockups, depending on the stage of
development.
o Ensure Incremental Improvements: Focus on making small, targeted
adjustments rather than overhauling the entire prototype. The goal is to refine
rather than completely redesign.
4. Test New Prototypes:

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o Conduct Further Testing: Once the prototype has been refined, conduct
another round of testing with the same or new participants. Observe how they
interact with the updated design and gather feedback on the changes made.
o Test for Specific Changes: If you made specific improvements (e.g., adjusting
a feature or adding a new function), focus on testing those areas to confirm
the effectiveness of the changes.
5. Iterate Again:
o Make Adjustments: Based on the new round of feedback, make any necessary
further adjustments to the prototype.
o Cycle of Iteration: Continue the cycle of refining, testing, and gathering
feedback until the prototype reaches a level of usability, functionality, and
appeal that aligns with the users' needs and expectations.

Outcome:

The refinement and iteration phase ensures that the prototype evolves based on real user
feedback. This iterative process leads to a more polished and effective design that better
meets the users' needs. The goal is to create a user‐centered solution that is both functional
and enjoyable to use.

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Exercise:

Based on the feedback, have participants refine and iterate on their prototype to improve its
usability, functionality, and appeal.

1. Review User Feedback

Participants review feedback gathered from testing sessions, including user

interviews, surveys and usability testing

Feedback highlights common pain points such as confusion during the paring process
and connection stability issue.

2. Identify Areas for Improvement

Participants identify specific areas for improvement based on user feedback.

 Simplify the pairing process to reduce user confusion

 Improve connection stability to prevent frequent disconnection

3. Refinement and Iteration

Participants break into small groups to work on refining the prototype

 Group 1: Focus on redesigning the interface to make it more intuitive

 Group 2: Works on optimizing the Bluetooth connection algorithm to improve
stability

4. Prototype Testing

Refined prototypes are tested with users to gather immediate feedback.

 Users find the redesigned pairing interface much easier to user and
understand.
 The optimized connection algorithm results in a significant reduction
connection drops.

5. Feedback and Discussion

Participants gather for a group discussion to discuss the effectiveness of the

implemented changes.

The redesigned pairing interface receives positive feedback from users, who find it
much more user friendly.

Users also report a noticeable improvement in connection stability with the optimized
algorithm.

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6. Finalize Prototype

Participants make final adjustments to the prototype based on feedback from

feedback session.

 Fine tune the pairing interface based on additional user suggestion.

 Further optimize the connection algorithm to address any remaining stability
issues.

OUTCOMES:

The telepathic pairing device prototypes has been refined and iterated based on user
feedback resulting in an improved version that is more user friendly, functional and appealing.
The final prototype is ready for further testing and presentation to stake holders.

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PRACTICAL 8
AIM: Presentation of Final Prototype

Have participants present their final prototype to the rest of the group, explaining their
design decisions, insights, and learnings.

Objective:

The purpose of the final prototype presentation is to showcase the refined solution, explain
design decisions, and share the insights and learnings gained throughout the design thinking
process. This step allows for feedback from peers and stakeholders and ensures the design
aligns with the project goals and user needs.

Procedure:

1. Preparation for the Presentation:

o Refine the Prototype: Ensure that the final prototype is fully developed and
reflects the changes made based on user feedback. It should be functional,
visually appealing, and easy to navigate.
o Prepare a Narrative: Organize the presentation into a coherent story. Highlight
key points, including:
 The problem or challenge that the prototype addresses.
 The target user group and their needs.
 Key design decisions made throughout the process.
 Insights gained from user testing and feedback.
 How the final prototype solves the user’s pain points and meets their
expectations?
2. Presentation to the Group:
o Introduce the Prototype: Start by explaining the context of the project, the
problem being solved, and the users’ needs. Provide a brief overview of the
design thinking process, especially the key phases that led to the current
design.
o Walkthrough the Prototype: Demonstrate how the final prototype works.
Highlight its key features, functionality, and design elements. Show how it
addresses the user’s challenges and fulfills their needs.
o Explain Design Decisions: Share the reasoning behind important design
choices, such as:
 Why certain features were included or excluded.
 Decisions related to the visual design (e.g., color scheme, typography).
 Adjustments made based on feedback from testing phases.
o Share Insights and Learnings: Discuss any major insights gained during the
design process, such as user preferences, unexpected challenges, or surprising
feedback from testing sessions. Explain how these insights shaped the final
prototype.

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3. Gather Feedback:
o Encourage Questions and Discussion: Open the floor to questions, comments,
and feedback from the group. Be prepared to explain your decisions and
reasoning in greater detail.
o Take Note of Feedback: Record any constructive feedback that can help
further improve the design. Pay attention to any new perspectives or
suggestions that may have been missed during the design process.
4. Reflect on the Process:
o Review Learnings: Reflect on the overall design thinking process. What worked
well? What challenges were faced? How did user feedback influence the final
design? This reflection can help in understanding the value of the iterative
process.
o Consider Future Improvements: If there’s time or opportunity, consider how
the prototype could be further improved or expanded in the future based on
the presentation feedback and ongoing user needs.

Outcome:

The presentation of the final prototype serves as an opportunity to demonstrate the results
of the design thinking process. It allows participants to articulate their design decisions, share
key learnings, and receive valuable feedback from peers and stakeholders. The presentation
also helps ensure that the prototype meets user needs and expectations, and it provides a
platform for refining the design further if necessary.

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Exercise:
Presentation of our final prototype
INTRODUCTION:
Welcome everyone, to the presentation of our final telepathic pairing device prototypes. Over
the past weeks, our teams have been hard at work designing and refining innovative solutions
to address the challenges of Bluetooth connectivity issues.
Throughout this journey, our teams have prioritized user‐centric design, continuously
iterating on our prototypes based on valuable feedback from testing sessions.
As we present our final prototypes, we invite you to explore the design decisions, insights and
learnings that have shaped our solutions. We believe that this presentation session will not
only highlight the creativity and ingenuity of our teams but also inspire further collaboration
and refinement as we continue to innovate in the field of telepathic pairing technology.
PROTOTYPE PRESENTATION:
Team 1: “Mind Sync”
Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening everyone. We are team “Mind Sync” and we are thrilled
to present our final telepathic pairing device prototype to you today. Our goal with the mind
sync device is to revolutionize the Bluetooth pairing experience by leveraging EEG technology
to establish a seamless connection between devices.

 Design Decision:
o We Began by focusing on simplicity and user friendliness.
o Our design incorporates a slack, minimalist interface that guides users through
the pairing process with ease.
o By analyzing brainwave patterns, mind sync device eliminates the need for
cumbersome pairing codes or complicated setup procedures.

 Insight and Learnings:

o Throughout our iterative design process, we gathered valuable insight from
user testing session.
o Users consistently praised the intuitive nature of the pairing interface but
highlighted the importance of connection stability.
o As a result, we dedicate significant effort to optimizing the Bluetooth
connection algorithm to ensure reliable and robust pairing.

 Demonstration:
o Now let’s demonstrate mind sync device in action.
o As you can see, the interface displays a simple prompt instructing user to focus
their attention on establishing a connection.
o Within seconds, the devices are paired and users can seamlessly transfer data
without any interruptions or delays.

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Team 2: “Neuro Link”

Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening. We are team “Neuro Link” and we are excited to present
our final telepathic pairing device prototype, designed to simplify the Bluetooth pairing
process and enhance user experience. Our goal with the Neuro Link device is to provide users
with a seamless and intuitive way to connect their devices.

 Design Decisions:
o Our design approach focused on streamlining the pairing process and
providing real‐time feedback to users.
o We implemented a user‐friendly interface that guides users through the
pairing process step by step, eliminating confusion and frustration.
o Additionally, we integrated visual and auditory feedback mechanisms to
enhance user understanding and engagement.

 Insight and Learning:

o Throughout the development process we conducted extensive user testing
sessions to gather feedback and insight.
o Users appreciated the simplicity and clarity of the pairing interface but
emphasized the importance of clear instructions and visual feedback.
o We learned the importance of user centered design and value of incorporating
user feedback into our iterative design process.

 Demonstration:
o Let’s now demonstrate the Neuro Link device in action.
o As you can see, the interface provides clear instructions, guiding users through
the pairing process with ease.
o Visual and Auditory cues indicate the status of pairing process, providing users
with immediate feedback and reassurance.

Reflection and Discussion:

o Now we have seen both prototypes
o Bothe teams did a great job prioritizing user experience
o We conducted intensive testing in various environments and implemented
error handling mechanisms.
o User feedback clearly played a significant role.
o Both prototypes could benefit from additional accessibility features.
o Kudos to both teams for their hard work and innovation

Closing Remark
o Thanks to both teams for their insightful presentations and engaging
discussions. It’s clear that a tremendous amount of effort and creativity went
into the development of these prototypes.
o Let’s continue to build on the momentum generated today as we work towards
future refining and improving our telepathic pairing device solutions.

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OUTCOMES:
Participants will have the opportunity to showcase their final telepathic pairing device
prototypes, share their design process and insights and receive feedback from their peers.
This presentation session will foster learning, collaboration and further refinement of the
prototypes.

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