TABLES

p
z

|z|

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

.5000
.4602
.4207
.3821
.3446
.3085
.2743
.2420
.2119
.1841
.1587
.1357
.1151
.0968
.0808
.
.0668
.0548
.0446
.0359
.0287
.0228
.0179
.0139
.0107
.0082
.0062
.0047
.0035
.0026
.0019
.00135
.00097
.00069
.00048
.00034
.00023
.00016
.00011
.00007
.00005
.000032

.4960
.4562
.4168
.3783
.3409
.3050
.2709
.2389
.2090
.1814
.1562
.1335
.1131
.0951
.0793
.0655
.0537
.0436
.0351
.0281
.0222
.0174
.0136
.0104
.0080
.0060
.0045
.0034
.0025
.0018
.00131
.00094
.00066
.00047
.00032
.00022
.00015
.00010
.00007
.00005

.4920
.4522
.4129
.3745
.3372
.3015
.2676
.2358
.2061
.1788
.1539
.1314
.1112
.0934
.0778
.0643
.0526
.0427
.0344
.0274
.0217
.0170
.0132
.0102
.0078
.0059
.0044
.0033
.0024
.0018
.00126
.00090
.00064
.00045
.00031
.00022
.00015
.00010
.00007
.00004

.4880
.4483
.4090
.3707
.3336
.2981
.2643
.2327
.2033
.1762
.1515
.1292
.1093
.0918
.0764
.0630
.0516
.0418
.0336
.0268
.0212
.0166
.0129
.0099
.0075
.0057
.0043
.0032
.0023
.0017
.00122
.00087
.00062
.00043
.00030
.00021
.00014
.00010
.00006
.00004

.4840
.4443
.4052
.3669
.3300
.2946
.2611
.2296
.2005
.1736
.1492
.1271
.1075
.0901
.0749
.0618
.0505
.0409
.0329
.0262
.0207
.0162
.0125
.0096
.0073
.0055
.0041
.0031
.0023
.0016
.00118
.00084
.00060
.00042
.00029
.00020
.00014
.00009
.00006
.00004

.4801
.4404
.4013
.3632
.3264
.2912
.2578
.2266
.1977
.1711
.1469
.1251
.1056
.0885
.0735
.0606
.0495
.0401
.0322
.0256
.0202
.0158
.0122
.0094
.0071
.0054
.0040
.0030
.0022
.0016
.00114
.00082
.00058
.00040
.00028
.00019
.00013
.00009
.00006
.00004

.4761
.4364
.3974
.3594
.3228
.2877
.2546
.2236
.1949
.1685
.1446
.1230
.1038
.0869
.0721
.0594
.0485
.0392
.0314
.0250
.0197
.0154
.0119
.0091
.0069
.0052
.0039
.0029
.0021
.0015
.00111
.00079
.00056
.00039
.00027
.00019
.00013
.00008
.00006
.00004

.4721
.4325
.3936
.3557
.3192
.2843
.2514
.2206
.1922
.1660
.1423
.1210
.1020
.0853
.0708
.0582
.0475
.0384
.0307
.0244
.0192
.0150
.0116
.0089
.0068
.0051
.0038
.0028
.0021
.0015
.00107
.00076
.00054
.00038
.00026
.00018
.00012
.00008
.00005
.00004

.4681
.4286
.3897
.3520
.3156
.2810
.2483
.2177
.1894
.1635
.1401
.1190
.1003
.0838
.0694
.0571
.0465
.0375
.0301
.0239
.0188
.0146
.0113
.0087
.0066
.0049
.0037
.0027
.0020
.0014
.00104
.00074
.00052
.00036
.00025
.00017
.00012
.00008
.00005
.00003

.4641
.4247
.3859
.3483
.3121
.2776
.2451
.2148
.1867
.1611
.1379
.1170
.0985
.0823
.0681
.0559
.0455
.0367
.0294
.0233
.0183
.0143
.0110
.0084
.0064
.0048
.0036
.0026
.0019
.0014
.00100
.00071
.00050
.00035
.00024
.00017
.00011
.00008
.00005
.00003

Table A1: Single tail areas corresponding to z-values for the standardised normal
curve

p/2

p/2
-z

|z|

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

1.000
.9203
.8415
.7642
.6892
.6171
.5485
.4839
.4237
.3681
.3173
.2713
.2301
.1936
.1615
.
.1336
.1096
.0891
.0719
.0574
.0455
.0357
.0278
.0214
.0164
.0124
.0093
.0069
.0051
.0037
.00270
.00194
.00137
.00097
.00067
.00047
.00032
.00022
.00014
.00010
.000063

.9920
.9124
.8337
.7566
.6818
.6101
.5419
.4777
.4179
.3628
.3125
.2670
.2263
.1902
.1585
.1310
.1074
.0873
.0703
.0561
.0444
.0349
.0271
.0209
.0160
.0121
.0091
.0067
.0050
.0036
.00261
.00187
.00133
.00093
.00065
.00045
.00031
.00021
.00014
.00009

.9840
.9045
.8259
.7490
.6745
.6031
.5353
.4715
.4122
.3576
.3077
.2627
.2225
.1868
.1556
.1285
.1052
.0854
.0688
.0549
.0434
.0340
.0264
.0203
.0155
.0117
.0088
.0065
.0048
.0035
.00253
.00181
.00128
.00090
.00063
.00043
.00029
.00020
.00013
.00009

.9761
.8966
.8181
.7414
.6672
.5961
.5287
.4654
.4065
.3524
.3030
.2585
.2187
.1835
.1527
.1260
.1031
.0836
.0672
.0536
.0424
.0332
.0257
.0198
.0151
.0114
.0085
.0063
.0047
.0034
.00245
.00175
.00124
.00087
.00060
.00042
.00028
.00019
.00013
.00008

.9681
.8887
.8103
.7339
.6599
.5892
.5222
.4593
.4009
.3472
.2983
.2543
.2150
.1802
.1499
.1236
.1010
.0819
.0658
.0524
.0414
.0324
.0251
.0193
.0147
.0111
.0083
.0061
.0045
.0033
.00237
.00169
.00120
.00084
.00058
.00040
.00027
.00018
.00012
.00008

.9601
.8808
.8026
.7263
.6527
.5823
.5157
.4533
.3953
.3421
.2937
.2501
.2113
.1770
.1471
.1211
.0989
.0801
.0643
.0512
.0404
.0316
.0244
.0188
.0143
.0108
.0080
.0060
.0044
.0032
.00229
.00163
.00115
.00081
.00056
.00039
.00026
.00018
.00012
.00008

.9522
.8729
.7949
.7188
.6455
.5755
.5093
.4473
.3898
.3371
.2891
.2460
.2077
.1738
.1443
.1188
.0969
.0784
.0629
.0500
.0394
.0308
.0238
.0183
.0139
.0105
.0078
.0058
.0042
.0031
.00221
.00158
.00111
.00078
.00054
.00037
.00025
.00017
.00011
.00007

.9442
.8650
.7872
.7114
.6384
.5687
.5029
.4413
.3843
.3320
.2846
.2420
.2041
.1707
.1416
.1164
.0949
.0767
.0615
.0488
.0385
.0300
.0232
.0178
.0135
.0102
.0076
.0056
.0041
.0030
.00214
.00152
.00108
.00075
.00052
.00036
.00024
.00016
.00011
.00007

.9362
.8572
.7795
.7039
.6312
.5619
.4965
.4354
.3789
.3271
.2801
.2380
.2005
.1676
.1389
.1141
.0930
.0751
.0601
.0477
.0375
.0293
.0226
.0173
.0131
.0099
.0074
.0054
.0040
.0029
.00207
.00147
.00104
.00072
.00050
.00034
.00023
.00016
.00010
.00007

.9283
.8493
.7718
.6965
.6241
.5552
.4902
.4395
.3735
.3222
.2757
.2340
.1971
.1645
.1362
.1118
.0910
.0735
.0588
.0466
.0366
.0285
.0220
.0168
.0128
.0096
.0071
.0053
.0039
.0028
.00200
.00142
.00100
.00070
.00048
.00033
.00022
.00015
.00010
.00007

Table A2: Two-tailed p-values corresponding to z-values for the standardised normal
curve

p/2

p/2
-t

p
0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05
0.1
0.2
0.0005, 1273. 636.6 318.3 127.3 63.66 31.82 12.71 6.314 3.078
=1
2
44.70 31.60 22.33 14.09 9.925 6.965 4.303 2.920 1.886
3
16.33 12.92 10.22 7.453 5.841 4.541 3.182 2.353 1.638
4
10.31 8.610 7.173 5.598 4.604 3.747 2.776 2.132 1.533
5
7.976 6.869 5.893 4.773 4.032 3.365 2.571 2.015 1.476
6
6.788 5.959 5.208 4.317 3.707 3.143 2.447 1.943 1.440
7
6.082 5.408 4.785 4.029 3.499 2.998 2.365 1.895 1.415
8
5.617 5.041 4.501 3.833 3.355 2.896 2.306 1.860 1.397
9
5.291 4.781 4.297 3.690 3.250 2.821 2.262 1.833 1.383
10
5.049 4.587 4.144 3.581 3.169 2.764 2.228 1.812 1.372
11
4.863 4.437 4.025 3.497 3.106 2.718 2.201 1.796 1.363
12
4.716 4.318 3.930 3.428 3.055 2.681 2.179 1.782 1.356
13
4.597 4.221 3.852 3.372 3.012 2.650 2.160 1.771 1.350
14
4.499 4.140 3.787 3.326 2.977 2.624 2.145 1.761 1.345
15
4.417 4.073 3.733 3.286 2.947 2.602 2.131 1.753 1.341
16
4.346 4.015 3.686 3.252 2.921 2.583 2.120 1.746 1.337
17
4.286 3.965 3.646 3.222 2.898 2.567 2.110 1.740 1.333
18
4.233 3.922 3.610 3.197 2.878 2.552 2.101 1.734 1.330
19
4.187 3.883 3.579 3.174 2.861 2.539 2.093 1.729 1.328
20
4.146 3.850 3.552 3.153 2.845 2.528 2.086 1.725 1.325
21
4.110 3.819 3.527 3.135 2.831 2.518 2.080 1.721 1.323
22
4.077 3.792 3.505 3.119 2.819 2.508 2.074 1.717 1.321
23
4.047 3.768 3.485 3.104 2.807 2.500 2.069 1.714 1.319
24
4.021 3.745 3.467 3.091 2.797 2.492 2.064 1.711 1.318
25
3.996 3.725 3.450 3.078 2.787 2.485 2.060 1.708 1.316
26
3.974 3.707 3.435 3.067 2.779 2.479 2.056 1.706 1.315
27
3.954 3.690 3.421 3.057 2.771 2.473 2.052 1.703 1.314
28
3.935 3.674 3.408 3.047 2.763 2.467 2.048 1.701 1.313
29
3.918 3.659 3.396 3.038 2.756 2.462 2.045 1.699 1.311
3.902 3.646 3.385 3.030 2.750 2.457 2.042 1.697 1.310
30
3.836 3.591 3.340 2.996 2.724 2.438 2.030 1.690 1.306
35
3.788 3.551 3.307 2.971 2.704 2.423 2.021 1.684 1.303
40
3.752 3.520 3.281 2.952 2.690 2.412 2.014 1.679 1.301
45
3.723 3.496 3.261 2.937 2.678 2.403 2.009 1.676 1.299
50
3.681 3.460 3.232 2.915 2.660 2.390 2.000 1.671 1.296
60
3.651 3.435 3.211 2.899 2.648 2.381 1.994 1.667 1.294
70
3.629 3.416 3.195 2.887 2.639 2.374 1.990 1.664 1.292
80
3.612 3.402 3.183 2.879 2.632 2.368 1.987 1.662 1.291
90
100 3.598 3.390 3.174 2.871 2.626 2.364 1.984 1.660 1.290
3.481 3.291 3.090 2.807 2.576 2.326 1.960 1.645 1.282

Table A3: Values of |t| corresponding to two-tailed p-values for Student's t

0.5
1.000
0.816
0.765
0.741
0.727
0.718
0.711
0.706
0.703
0.700
0.697
0.696
0.694
0.692
0.691
0.690
0.689
0.688
0.688
0.687
0.686
0.686
0.685
0.685
0.684
0.684
0.684
0.683
0.683
0.683
0.682
0.681
0.680
0.679
0.679
0.678
0.678
0.677
0.676
0.674

p
0

.0005

0.001

0.002

0.005

0.01

0.02

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.5

=1
2
3
4

12.12
15.20
17.73
20.00

10.83
13.82
16.27
18.47

9.550
12.43
14.80
16.92

7.879
10.60
12.84
14.86

6.635
9.210
11.34
13.28

5.412
7.824
9.837
11.67

3.842
5.992
7.815
9.488

2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779

1.642
3.219
4.642
5.989

0.455
1.386
2.366
3.357

5
6
7
8
9

22.11
24.10
26.02
27.87
29.67

20.52
22.46
24.32
26.12
27.88

18.91
20.79
22.60
24.35
26.06

16.75
18.55
20.28
21.95
23.59

15.09
16.81
18.48
20.09
21.67

13.39
15.03
16.62
18.17
19.68

11.07
12.59
14.07
15.51
16.92

9.236
10.64
12.02
13.36
14.68

7.289
8.558
9.803
11.03
12.24

4.352
5.348
6.346
7.344
8.343

10
11
12
13
14

31.42
33.14
34.82
36.48
38.11

29.59
31.26
32.91
34.53
36.12

27.72
29.35
30.96
32.54
34.09

25.19
26.76
28.30
29.82
31.32

23.21
24.72
26.22
27.69
29.14

21.16
22.62
24.05
25.47
26.87

18.31
19.68
21.03
22.36
23.68

15.99
17.28
18.55
19.81
21.06

13.44
14.63
15.81
16.98
18.15

9.342
10.34
11.34
12.34
13.34

15
16
17
18
19

39.72
41.31
42.88
44.43
45.97

37.70
39.25
40.79
42.31
43.82

35.63
37.15
38.65
40.14
41.61

32.80
34.27
35.72
37.16
38.58

30.58
32.00
33.41
34.81
36.19

28.26
29.63
31.00
32.35
33.69

25.00
26.30
27.59
28.87
30.14

22.31
23.54
24.77
25.99
27.20

19.31
20.47
21.61
22.76
23.90

14.34
15.34
16.34
17.34
18.34

20
21
22
23
24

47.50
49.01
50.51
52.00
53.48

45.31
46.80
48.27
49.73
51.18

43.07
44.52
45.96
47.39
48.81

40.00
41.40
42.80
44.18
45.56

37.57
38.93
40.29
41.64
42.98

35.02
36.34
37.66
39.97
40.27

31.41
32.67
33.92
35.17
36.42

28.41
29.62
30.81
32.01
33.20

25.04
26.17
27.30
28.43
29.55

19.34
20.34
21.34
22.34
23.34

25
26
27
28
29

54.95
56.41
57.86
59.30
60.73

52.62
54.05
55.48
56.89
58.30

50.22
51.63
53.02
54.41
55.79

46.93
48.29
49.64
50.99
52.34

44.31
45.64
46.96
48.28
49.59

41.57
42.86
44.14
45.42
46.69

37.65
38.89
40.11
41.34
42.56

34.38
35.56
36.74
37.92
39.09

30.68
31.79
32.91
34.03
35.14

24.34
25.34
26.34
27.34
28.34

30
35
40
45
50

62.16
69.20
76.09
82.88
89.56

59.70
66.62
73.40
80.08
86.66

57.17
63.95
70.62
77.18
83.66

53.67
60.27
66.77
73.17
79.49

50.89
57.34
63.69
69.96
76.15

47.96
54.24
60.44
66.56
72.61

43.77
49.80
55.76
61.66
67.50

40.26
46.06
51.81
57.51
63.17

36.25
41.78
47.27
52.73
58.16

29.34
34.34
39.34
44.34
49.33

60
70
80
90
100

102.7
115.6
128.3
140.8
153.2

99.61
112.3
124.8
137.2
149.4

96.40
108.9
121.3
133.5
145.6

91.95
104.2
116.3
128.3
140.2

88.38
100.4
112.3
124.1
135.8

84.58
96.39
108.1
119.6
131.1

79.08
90.53
101.8
113.1
124.3

74.40
85.53
96.58
107.6
118.5

68.97
79.71
90.41
101.0
111.7

59.33
69.33
79.33
89.33
99.33

Table A4: Values of 2 corresponding to p-values for the chi-squared distribution

Statistical Formulas:

z=

z=

(for data)

standard error (se) of y =

(1 )

se of p =

(for sample mean)

95% CI: y 1.96

p 0

z=

y 0
s/ n

yd 0

t=

y1 y 2

t=
sp

sp =

n1

95% CI: y d t

( = nd 1)

sd / n

sd
n
1
1
+
n1 n 2

( n 1 1 ) s 12 + ( n 2 1 ) s 22
n1 + n 2 2

b=

( x x )( y y )
(x x)
i

S XY
,
S XX

2
S XY
= 1
S XX S YY

= j =1

(O j E j ) 2
Ej

(y
(y

y$ ) 2

y)

= c 1

a= y bx

S XY =

SXX = (nx - 1)sx2 SYY = (ny - 1)sy2

w =

s
n

n2

p (1 p)
n

95% CI: ( y 1 y 2 ) t s p

( = n1 + n2 2)

y$ i = a + b xi

r2 =

95% CI: y t

(df: = n1)

95% CI: p 1.96

0 (1 0) / n

p
(for sample proportion)
(1 ) / n

p (1 p)
n

estimated se of p =

/ n

z=

s
n

estimated se of y =

y 0

z=

t=

y
/ n

r=

xynx y

S XY

S XX S YY

= i =1
2

95% CI: b tn-2 se (b)

t =

( x x )( y y )
( x x ) ( y y)
i

j =1

(Oij E ij ) 2
E ij

( = n 2)

b
,
se(b)

= (r1)(c1)

a/c
b/d