 Introduction-

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical
action, typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy. Pumps can be classified
into three major groups according to the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift,
displacement, and gravity pumps.

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to
perform mechanical work moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources, including
manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, and come in many sizes, from microscopic
for use in medical applications, to large industrial pumps.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from wells,
aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel
injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers
and other components of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. In the medical
industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine,
and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile
prosthesis.

When a casing contains only one revolving impeller, it is called a single-stage pump. When a
casing contains two or more revolving impellers, it is called a double- or multi-stage pump.

In biology, many different types of chemical and biomechanical pumps have evolved; bio
mimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical pumps.

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  Types-
Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be placed external to the
fluid.

Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive-displacement pumps,

impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. There are
three basic types of pumps: positive-displacement, centrifugal and axial-flow pumps. In
centrifugal pumps the direction of flow of the fluid changes by ninety degrees as it flows over
impeller, while in axial flow pumps the direction of flow is unchanged.[2]

Positive-displacement pumps

Lobe pump internals

A positive-displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing
(displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.

Some positive-displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing
cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands

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and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant through
each cycle of operation.

Positive-displacement pump behavior and safety

Positive-displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal, can theoretically produce the same flow at a
given speed (rpm) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive-displacement pumps are
constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases
prevents a truly constant flow rate.

A positive-displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of
the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive-displacement pump
operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the
discharge line increases until the line bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both.

A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive-displacement pump is therefore
necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer normally has the
option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The internal valve is usually used only as a safety
precaution. An external relief valve in the discharge line, with a return line back to the suction
line or supply tank provides increased safety of human and equipment both.

 Positive-displacement types

A positive-displacement pump can be further classified according to the mechanism used to move
the fluid:

Rotary-type positive displacement: internal or external gear pump, screw pump, lobe pump,
shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller, helical
twisted roots (e.g. the Wendelkolben pump) or liquid-ring pumps

Reciprocating-type positive displacement: piston pumps, plunger pumps or diaphragm pumps

Linear-type positive displacement: rope pumps and chain pumps

Rotary positive-displacement pumps

Rotary vane pump

These pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum that captures and
draws in the liquid.

Advantages: Rotary pumps are very efficient because they can handle highly viscous fluids with
higher flow rates as viscosity increases.

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Drawbacks: The nature of the pump requires very close clearances between the rotating pump
and the outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high
speeds, the fluids cause erosion, which eventually causes enlarged clearances that liquid can pass
through, which reduces efficiency.

 Rotary positive-displacement pumps fall into 5 main types:

 Gear pumps – a simple type of rotary pump where the liquid is pushed around a pair of
gears.

Screw pumps – the shape of the internals of this pump is usually two screws turning against each
other to pump the liquid

 Rotary vane pumps

Hollow disk pumps (also known as eccentric disc pumps or Hollow rotary disc pumps), similar to
scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical rotor encased in a circular housing. As the rotor
orbits and rotates to some degree, it traps fluid between the rotor and the casing, drawing the
fluid through the pump. It is used for highly viscous fluids like petroleum-derived products, and
it can also support high pressures of up to 290 psi.

Vibratory pumps or vibration pumps are similar to linear compressors, having the same operating
principle. They work by using a spring-loaded piston with an electromagnet connected to AC
current through a diode. The spring-loaded piston is the only moving part, and it is placed in the
center of the electromagnet. During the positive cycle of the AC current, the diode allows energy
to pass through the electromagnet, generating a magnetic field that moves the piston backwards,
compressing the spring, and generating suction. During the negative cycle of the AC current, the
diode blocks current flow to the electromagnet, letting the spring uncompressed, moving the
piston forward, and pumping the fluid and generating pressure, like a reciprocating pump. Due to
its low cost, it is widely used in inexpensive espresso machines. However, vibratory pumps
cannot be operated for more than one minute, as they generate large amounts of heat. Linear
compressors do not have this problem, as they can be cooled by the working fluid (which is often
a refrigerant).

Reciprocating positive-displacement pumps

 Simple hand pump

Antique "pitcher" pump (c. 1924) at the Colored School in Alapaha, Georgia, US

See also: Reciprocating pump

Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or
membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction. In order for
suction to take place, the pump must first pull the plunger in an outward motion to decrease
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pressure in the chamber. Once the plunger pushes back, it will increase the pressure chamber and
the inward pressure of the plunger will then open the discharge valve and release the fluid into
the delivery pipe at a high velocity.

Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder, to in some cases quad (four)
cylinders, or more. Many reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two) or triplex (three) cylinder.
They can be either single-acting with suction during one direction of piston motion and discharge
on the other, or double-acting with suction and discharge in both directions. The pumps can be
powered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type of pump was used
extensively in the 19th century—in the early days of steam propulsion—as boiler feed water
pumps. Now reciprocating pumps typically pump highly viscous fluids like concrete and heavy
oils, and serve in special applications that demand low flow rates against high resistance.
Reciprocating hand pumps were widely used to pump water from wells. Common bicycle pumps
and foot pumps for inflation use reciprocating action.

These positive-displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a
decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction
side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is
constant given each cycle of operation and the pump's volumetric efficiency can be achieved
through routine maintenance and inspection of its valves.

 Typical reciprocating pumps are:

Plunger pumps – a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or two open valves, closed
by suction on the way back.

Diaphragm pumps – similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger pressurizes hydraulic oil which
is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to pump
hazardous and toxic fluids.

Piston pumps displacement pumps – usually simple devices for pumping small amounts of liquid
or gel manually. The common hand soap dispenser is such a pump.

Radial piston pumps - a form of hydraulic pump where pistons extend in a radial direction.

Various positive-displacement pumps

The positive-displacement principle applies in these pumps:

1. Rotary lobe pump

2. Progressive cavity pump
3. Rotary gear pump
4. Piston pump

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 5. Diaphragm pump
6. Screw pump
7. Gear pump
8. Hydraulic pump
9. Rotary vane pump
10. Peristaltic pump
11. Rope pump
12. Flexible impeller pump
13. Gear pump

 Gear pump

Main article: Gear pump

This is the simplest form of rotary positive-displacement pumps. It consists of two meshed gears
that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around the outer
periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed part, because the teeth mesh closely in
the center. Gear pumps see wide use in car engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic power
packs.

 Screw pump

Main article: Screw pump

A screw pump is a more complicated type of rotary pump that uses two or three screws with
opposing thread — e.g., one screw turns clockwise and the other counterclockwise. The screws
are mounted on parallel shafts that have gears that mesh so the shafts turn together and
everything stays in place. The screws turn on the shafts and drive fluid through the pump. As
with other forms of rotary pumps, the clearance between moving parts and the pump's casing is
minimal.

 A Roots lobe pump

Main article: Roots-type supercharger

Named after the Roots brothers who invented it, this lobe pump displaces the liquid trapped
between two long helical rotors, each fitted into the other when perpendicular at 90°, rotating
inside a triangular shaped sealing line configuration, both at the point of suction and at the point
of discharge. This design produces a continuous flow with equal volume and no vortex. It can
work at low pulsation rates, and offers gentle performance that some applications require.

Applications include:
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High capacity industrial air compressors.

Roots superchargers on internal combustion engines.

A brand of civil defense siren, the Federal Signal Corporation's Thunderbolt.

 Peristaltic pump

360° Peristaltic Pump

Main article: Peristaltic pump

A peristaltic pump is a type of positive-displacement pump. It contains fluid within a flexible

tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have been made). A
number of rollers, shoes, or wipers attached to a rotor compresses the flexible tube. As the rotor
turns, the part of the tube under compression closes (or occludes), forcing the fluid through the
tube. Additionally, when the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam it draws
(restitution) fluid into the pump. This process is called peristalsis and is used in many biological
systems such as the gastrointestinal tract.

 Impulse pumps

Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas trapped
in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the pump, creating a
pressure that can push part of the liquid upwards.

Conventional impulse pumps include:

Hydraulic ram pumps – kinetic energy of a low-head water supply is stored temporarily in an
airbubble hydraulic accumulator, then used to drive water to a higher head.

Pulser pumps – run with natural resources, by kinetic energy only.

Airlift pumps – run on air inserted into pipe, which pushes the water up when bubbles move
upward

Instead of a gas accumulation and releasing cycle, the pressure can be created by burning of
hydrocarbons. Such combustion driven pumps directly transmit the impulse from a combustion
event through the actuation membrane to the pump fluid. In order to allow this direct
transmission, the pump needs to be almost entirely made of an elastomer (e.g. silicone rubber).
Hence, the combustion causes the membrane to expand and thereby pumps the fluid out of the
adjacent pumping chamber. The first combustion-driven soft pump was developed by ETH
Zurich.

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  Velocity pumps

A centrifugal pump uses an impeller with backward-swept arms

Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is
added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is converted to a gain
in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump
into the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure is explained by the First law
of thermodynamics, or more specifically by Bernoulli's principle.

Dynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in which the velocity gain is
achieved.

 Radial-flow pumps

Such a pump is also referred to as a centrifugal pump. The fluid enters along the axis or center, is
accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft (radially); an example is the
centrifugal fan, which is commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner. Another type of
radialflow pump is a vortex pump. The liquid in them moves in tangential direction around the
working wheel. The conversion from the mechanical energy of motor into the potential energy of
flow comes by means of multiple whirls, which are excited by the impeller in the working
channel of the pump. Generally, a radial-flow pump operates at higher pressures and lower flow
rates than an axial- or a mixed-flow pump.

 Axial-flow pumps

Main article: Axial-flow pump

These are also referred to as All fluid pumps. The fluid is pushed outward or inward to move
fluid axially. They operate at much lower pressures and higher flow rates than radial-flow
(centrifugal) pumps. Axial-flow pumps cannot be run up to speed without special precaution. If at
a low flow rate, the total head rise and high torque associated with this pipe would mean that the
starting torque would have to become a function of acceleration for the whole mass of liquid in
the pipe system. If there is a large amount of fluid in the system, accelerate the pump slowly.

Mixed-flow pumps function as a compromise between radial and axial-flow pumps. The fluid
experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between 0 and 90
degrees from the axial direction. As a consequence mixed-flow pumps operate at higher pressures
than axial-flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than radial-flow pumps. The exit angle
of the flow dictates the pressure head-discharge characteristic in relation to radial and mixed-
flow.

 Gravity pumps
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Gravity pumps include the syphon and Heron's fountain. The hydraulic ram is also sometimes
called a gravity pump; in a gravity pump the water is lifted by gravitational force and so called
gravity pump Steam pumps

Steam pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest. They include any type of
pump powered by a steam engine and also pistonless pumps such as Thomas Savery's or the
Pulsometer steam pump.

Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in low power solar steam pumps for use in
smallholder irrigation in developing countries. Previously small steam engines have not been
viable because of escalating inefficiencies as vapour engines decrease in size. However the use of
modern engineering materials coupled with alternative engine configurations has meant that these
types of system are now a cost-effective opportunity.

 Applications-

Metering pump for gasoline and additives.

Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. Early applications includes the use
of the windmill or watermill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply,
gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, refrigeration (usually called a compressor), chemical
movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine services, etc.

Because of the wide variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes and sizes: from
very large to very small, from handling gas to handling liquid, from high pressure to low
pressure, and from high volume to low volume.

Priming a pump

Typically, a liquid pump can't simply draw air. The feed line of the pump and the internal body
surrounding the pumping mechanism must first be filled with the liquid that requires pumping:
An operator must introduce liquid into the system to initiate the pumping. This is called priming
the pump. Loss of prime is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and
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displacement ratios in pumps for liquids, whether thin or more viscous, usually cannot displace
air due to its compressibility. This is the case with most velocity (rotodynamic) pumps — for
example, centrifugal pumps. For such pumps the position of the pump should always be lower
than the suction point, if not the pump should be manually filled with liquid or a secondary pump
should be used until all air is removed from the suction line and the pump casing.

Positive–displacement pumps, however, tend to have sufficiently tight sealing between the
moving parts and the casing or housing of the pump that they can be described as self-priming.
Such pumps can also serve as priming pumps, so called when they are used to fulfill that need for
other pumps in lieu of action taken by a human operator.

Pumps as public water supplies

Main article: Hand pump

Arabic depiction of a piston pump, by Al-Jazari, c. 1206.[28][29]

First European depiction of a piston pump, by Taccola, c. 1450.[30]

Irrigation is underway by pump-enabled extraction directly from the Gumti, seen in the
background, in Comilla, Bangladesh.

One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump, or 'pitcher pump'.
It was commonly installed over community water wells in the days before piped water supplies.

In parts of the British Isles, it was often called the parish pump. Though such community pumps
are no longer common, people still used the expression parish pump to describe a place or forum
where matters of local interest are discussed.[31]

Because water from pitcher pumps is drawn directly from the soil, it is more prone to
contamination. If such water is not filtered and purified, consumption of it might lead to
gastrointestinal or other water-borne diseases. A notorious case is the 1854 Broad Street cholera
outbreak. At the time it was not known how cholera was transmitted, but physician John Snow
suspected contaminated water and had the handle of the public pump he suspected removed; the
outbreak then subsided.

Modern hand-operated community pumps are considered the most sustainable low-cost option
for safe water supply in resource-poor settings, often in rural areas in developing countries. A
hand pump opens access to deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and also improves the
safety of a well by protecting the water source from contaminated buckets. Pumps such as the
Afridev pump are designed to be cheap to build and install, and easy to maintain with simple
parts. However, scarcity of spare parts for these type of pumps in some regions of Africa has
diminished their utility for these areas.

Sealing multiphase pumping applications

Multiphase pumping applications, also referred to as tri-phase, have grown due to increased oil
drilling activity. In addition, the economics of multiphase production is attractive to upstream
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operations as it leads to simpler, smaller in-field installations, reduced equipment costs and
improved production rates. In essence, the multiphase pump can accommodate all fluid stream
properties with one piece of equipment, which has a smaller footprint. Often, two smaller
multiphase pumps are installed in series rather than having just one massive pump.

For midstream and upstream operations, multiphase pumps can be located onshore or offshore
and can be connected to single or multiple wellheads. Basically, multiphase pumps are used to
transport the untreated flow stream produced from oil wells to downstream processes or
gathering facilities. This means that the pump may handle a flow stream (well stream) from 100
percent gas to 100 percent liquid and every imaginable combination in between. The flow stream
can also contain abrasives such as sand and dirt. Multiphase pumps are designed to operate under
changing or fluctuating process conditions. Multiphase pumping also helps eliminate emissions
of greenhouse gases as operators strive to minimize the flaring of gas and the venting of tanks
where possible.

 Conclusion-

Pumps are fundamental components in industrial operations, facilitating the movement of fluids across
various applications, from chemical processing to water treatment and power generation. The document
provides an in-depth look at different pump types, emphasizing their operational mechanisms and
structural variations. Each type of pump is designed to meet specific requirements based on factors such
as flow rate, pressure, fluid viscosity, and environmental conditions. This classification allows industries
to choose the most suitable pump for their needs, ensuring efficiency, safety, and reliability.

Positive displacement pumps, such as reciprocating piston and diaphragm pumps, are best suited for
applications requiring precise fluid volume control. These pumps operate by trapping a fixed amount of
fluid and forcing it through a discharge system, making them ideal for handling viscous or sensitive
fluids, such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and food products. On the other hand, centrifugal pumps,
including ANSI centrifugal and multistage designs, rely on high-speed rotational motion to impart kinetic
energy to the fluid, making them effective for high-flow, low-viscosity applications, such as water supply,
HVAC systems, and industrial cooling processes.

Axial-flow pumps, which maintain a consistent flow direction, are particularly useful in large-scale
applications where continuous fluid movement is required, such as irrigation systems and flood control.
Additionally, specialized pump designs, such as magnetically driven pumps, offer advantages in handling
hazardous or corrosive fluids by eliminating mechanical seals, thus reducing leakage risks. Understanding
the distinctions among these pump types is crucial for optimizing performance, reducing maintenance
costs, and ensuring operational safety.

In summary, the selection of an industrial pump depends on various factors, including the type of fluid
being transported, pressure requirements, and energy efficiency considerations. The wide range of pump
types available highlights the need for careful evaluation to match the right pump with specific industrial
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processes. By leveraging advancements in pump technology, industries can enhance productivity, improve
environmental sustainability, and ensure long-term reliability in fluid handling operations.

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  REFERENCES –

1."Centrifugal Pumps: Design and Application" – By Val S. Lobanoff and Robert R. Ross

2. "Pump Handbook" – By Igor J. Karassik, Joseph P. Messina, Paul Cooper, and Charles C. Heald

3."Practical Pumping Handbook" – By Ross C. Mackay

 https://www.elprocus.com/different-types-of-pumps-working-and-their-applications/
 https://www.pumpengineering.net/blog/industrial-pump-types-benefits-application/
 https://jaykhodiyarpumps.com/industrial-pump-types-benefits-applications/
 https://jaykhodiyarpumps.com/industrial-pump-types-benefits-applications/

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