AP CHEMISTRY Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

1. For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used and the steps
involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer. Examples and
equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

50 y
Answer the following questions related to the chemical bonding in substances containing .

h
(a) What type of chemical bond is present in the molecule?

05 o
(b) reacts with the element to form an ionic compound. Based on periodic properties, identify a molecule,

6
, that is likely to to react with in a way similar to how reacts with . Justify your choice.

25 .M
(c) A graph of potential energy versus internuclear distance for two atoms is given below. On the same graph,
carefully sketch a curve that corresponds to potential energy versus internuclear distance for two atoms.
22 /M
t
01 is
+2 em
Ch

(d) In the box below, draw a complete Lewis electron-dot diagram for the molecule.

AP Chemistry Page 1 of 24
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

50 yh
05 o
6
25 .M
22 /M
(e) Answer the following based on the diagram you drew above.

(i) What is the hybridization of the atoms in ?

(ii) What is the approximate chlorine-carbon-chlorine bond angle in ?

(iii) Is the molecule polar?

Page 2 of 24 AP Chemistry
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

2. For parts of the free response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used and the
steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer.
Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

50 y
Answer the following questions about hydrogen and oxygen gases.

h
(a) A particle-level representation of is shown in the balloon below on the left. The balloon on the right

05 o
contains the same volume of at the same temperature and pressure. In the balloon on the right, draw a
representation of with the appropriate number and distribution of particles.

6
25 .M
22 /M
t

(b) The graph below shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for . On the same graph, draw the
01 is

distribution curve for at the same temperature.

To generate the and the , a student performs electrolysis of water, represented by the equation
above. The student collects the gases in tubes and then adjusts the position of one of them so that the water levels
inside and outside of the tube are the same, as shown in the following diagram.

AP Chemistry Page 3 of 24
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

50 yh
05 o
6
25 .M
22 /M
(c) Is the gas collected in tube or ? Justify your answer.

(d) What volume should the student report for the gas in tube ?

(e) Is produced at the anode or cathode? Justify your answer in terms of oxidation numbers.

(f) The atmospheric pressure in the lab was at . The vapor pressure of water at is
t

. Calculate the pressure of dry gas in tube .

(g) The value of for the electrolysis of water is . In a second trial of the experiment, the power
source was replaced with a voltmeter. Would the volume of hydrogen gas produced be greater than, less than, or
equal to the volume produced in the original experiment? Justify your answer.
+2 em

(h) The student considers the reverse reaction and proposes a mechanism with a single, elementary step as shown
below.
Ch

Explain, in terms of particle collisions, why this mechanism is unlikely to be correct.

Page 4 of 24 AP Chemistry
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

3. Directions: For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your
answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

50 y
Answer the following questions about some of the properties and reactions of nitrogen.

h
A scientist heats a sample of a pure nonmetal, , in a closed container containing pure nitrogen gas, . The
reaction proceeds to completion. The unbalanced chemical equation for the reaction appears below.

05 o
6
25 .M
(a) Give the correct value of each stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction.
22 /M
A particulate representation from before and after the reaction is shown below. The contents of the container
before the reaction are represented in the box on the left, and the contents of the container after the reaction are
shown in the box on the right.
t
01 is
+2 em
Ch

(b) A student claims that is the limiting reactant. Do you agree or disagree? Justify your answer.

In a different reaction, reacts with a pure metal to form the compound .

(c) Which of the following complete photoelectron spectra could be that of metal ? Justify your choice.

AP Chemistry Page 5 of 24
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

50 yh
05 o
6
25 .M
22 /M
t
01 is
+2 em

(d) A student claims that molecule contains both ionic and polar covalent bonds. Do you agree or disagree
with the student’s claim? Justify your choice.

A new triatomic element, , is discovered and is found to have a molar mass of . At high
temperatures, reacts with (molar mass ) to produce the compound as shown in the
Ch

equation below.

(e) Determine the mass of of .

The reaction above part (e) occurs via a two-step mechanism and has a .

Page 6 of 24 AP Chemistry
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

50 yh
05 o
6
25 .M
456
22 /M
t
01 is

(f) Identify which of the diagrams shown above could represent this reaction. Justify your choice.
+2 em

(g) Using the diagram selected in part (f), determine the activation energy of the first step of the reaction
mechanism in .

(h) Identify the rate-determining step in the diagram selected in part (f). Justify your choice.
Ch

A proposed mechanism for the reaction is shown below.

Step 1:
Step 2:

(i) A student claims that element is an intermediate. Do you agree or disagree with the student’s claim?
Explain your choice.

The table below lists the properties of three nonmetals.

AP Chemistry Page 7 of 24
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

Boiling Point Heat of Vaporization

Substance

50 y
( ) ( )

h
Nitrogen, 77 5.6

05 o
Element 89 6.8

6
Element 165 12.6

25 .M
(j) Which sample, of or of , requires the greatest amount of energy to vaporize at its boiling
point? Justify your answer using information in the table.

(k) Which substance, or , has weaker attractions among its particles? Justify your answer using
22 /M
information from the table.

The plot below shows the distribution of particle speeds for equimolar amounts of and element at the same
temperature.
t
01 is
+2 em
Ch

(l) Based on the data in the plot, is the molar mass of greater than, equal to, or less than the molar mass of ?
Justify your answer in terms of kinetic molecular theory.

Page 8 of 24 AP Chemistry
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

4. Directions: For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your
answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

50 y
Answer the following questions about some of the properties and reactions of nitrogen.

h
A scientist heats a sample of a pure diatomic nonmetal, , in a closed container containing pure nitrogen gas,
. The reaction proceeds to completion. The unbalanced chemical equation for the reaction appears below.

05 o
6
25 .M
(a) Give the correct value of each stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction.
22 /M
A particulate representation from before and after the reaction is shown below. The contents of the container
before the reaction are represented in the box on the left, and the contents of the container after the reaction are
shown in the box on the right.
t
01 is
+2 em
Ch

(b) A student claims that is the limiting reactant. Do you agree or disagree? Justify your answer.

In a different reaction, reacts with a pure metal to form the compound .

(c) Which of the following complete photoelectron spectra could be that of metal ? Justify your choice.

AP Chemistry Page 9 of 24
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

50 yh
05 o
6
25 .M
22 /M
t
01 is
+2 em

(d) A student claims that the bonds in are polar covalent. Do you agree or disagree with the student’s
claim? Justify your choice.

A new monatomic element, , is discovered and is found to have a molar mass of . At high
temperatures, element reacts with (molar mass ) to produce the compound as shown in the
Ch

equation below.

(e) Determine the mass of of .

The reaction described above part (e) occurs via a two-step mechanism and has a .

Page 10 of 24 AP Chemistry
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

50 yh
05 o
6
25 .M
22 /M
t
01 is
+2 em

(f) Identify which of the diagrams shown above could represent this reaction. Justify your choice.

(g) Using the diagram selected in part (f), determine the activation energy of the first step of the reaction
mechanism in .

(h) Identify the rate-determining step in the diagram selected in part (f). Justify your choice.
Ch

A proposed mechanism for the reaction is shown below.

step 1:
step 2:
step 3:

(i) A student claims that the element is a catalyst. Do you agree or disagree with the student’s claim? Explain
your choice.

The table below lists the properties of three nonmetals.

AP Chemistry Page 11 of 24
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

Boiling Point Heat of Vaporization

Substance

50 y
( ) ( )

h
Nitrogen, 77 5.6

05 o
Element 21 0.45

6
Element 165 12.6

25 .M
(j) Which sample, of or of , requires the greatest amount of energy to vaporize at its
boiling point? Justify your answer using information in the table.

(k) Which substance, or , has stronger attractions among its particles? Justify your answer using
22 /M
information from the table.

The plot below shows the distribution of particle speeds for equimolar amounts of and element at the same
temperature.
t
01 is
+2 em
Ch

(l) Based on the data in the plot, is the molar mass of greater than, equal to, or less than the molar mass of ?
Justify your answer in terms of kinetic molecular theory.

Page 12 of 24 AP Chemistry
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

5. Directions: For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your
answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

50 y
Answer the following questions about some of the properties and reactions of nitrogen.

h
A scientist heats a sample of a pure nonmetal, , in a closed container containing pure nitrogen gas, . The
reaction proceeds to completion. The unbalanced chemical equation for the reaction appears below.

05 o
6
25 .M
(a) Give the correct value of each stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction.
22 /M
A particulate representation from before and after the reaction is shown below. The contents of the container
before the reaction are represented in the box on the left, and the contents of the container after the reaction are
shown in the box on the right.
t
01 is
+2 em
Ch

(b) A student claims that is the limiting reactant. Do you agree or disagree? Justify your answer.

In a different reaction, reacts with a pure metal to form the compound .

(c) Which of the following complete photoelectron spectra could be that of metal ? Justify your choice.

AP Chemistry Page 13 of 24
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

50 yh
05 o
6
25 .M
22 /M
t
01 is
+2 em

(d) A student claims that the bonds in are nonpolar covalent. Do you agree or disagree with the student’s
hypothesis? Justify your choice.

A new diatomic element, , is discovered and is found to have a molar mass of . At high
temperatures, elemental reacts with (molar mass ) to produce the compound as shown in
Ch

the equation below.

(e) Determine the mass of of .

The reaction described above part (e) occurs via a two-step mechanism and has a .

Page 14 of 24 AP Chemistry
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

50 yh
05 o
6
25 .M
22 /M
t
01 is
+2 em

(f) Identify which of the diagrams shown above could represent this reaction. Justify your choice.

(g) Using the diagram selected in part (f), determine the activation energy of the first step of the reaction
mechanism in .

(h) Identify the rate-determining step in the diagram selected in part (f). Justify your choice.
Ch

A proposed mechanism for the reaction is shown below.

Step 1:
Step 2:

(i) A student claims that the compound is a catalyst. Do you agree or disagree with the student’s claim?
Explain your choice.

The table below lists the properties of three nonmetals.

AP Chemistry Page 15 of 24
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

Boiling Point Heat of Vaporization

Substance

50 y
( ) ( )

h
Nitrogen, 77 5.6

05 o
Element 89 6.8

6
Element 27 1.7

25 .M
(j) Which sample, of or of , requires the greatest amount of energy to vaporize at its
boiling point? Justify your answer using information in the table.

(k) Which substance, or , has the stronger attractions among its particles? Justify your answer using
22 /M
information from the table.

The plot below shows the distribution of particle speeds for equimolar amounts of and element at the same
temperature.
t
01 is
+2 em
Ch

(l) Based on the data in the plot, is the molar mass of greater than, equal to, or less than the molar mass of ?
Justify your answer in terms of kinetic molecular theory.

Page 16 of 24 AP Chemistry
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

6. Directions: For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your
answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

50 y
Answer the following questions about some of the properties and reactions of nitrogen

h
A scientist heats a sample of a pure nonmetal, , in a closed container containing pure nitrogen gas, . The
reaction proceeds to completion. The unbalanced chemical equation for the reaction appears below.

05 o
6
25 .M
(a) Give the correct value of each stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction.
22 /M
A particulate representation from before and after the reaction is shown below. The contents of the container
before the reaction are represented in the box on the left, and the contents of the container after the reaction are
shown in the box on the right.
t
01 is
+2 em
Ch

(b) A student claims that is the excess reactant. Do you agree or disagree? Justify your answer.

In a different reaction, reacts with a pure metal to form the compound .

(c) Which of the following complete photoelectron spectra could be that of metal ? Justify your choice.

AP Chemistry Page 17 of 24
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

50 yh
05 o
6
25 .M
22 /M
t
01 is
+2 em

(d) A student claims that molecule contains both ionic and nonpolar covalent bonds. Do you agree or
disagree with the student’s claim? Justify your choice.

A new triatomic element, , is discovered and is found to have a molar mass of . At high
temperatures, reacts with (molar mass ) to produce the compound as shown in the
Ch

equation below.

(e) Determine the mass of of .

The reaction above part (e) occurs via a two-step mechanism and has a .

Page 18 of 24 AP Chemistry
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

50 yh
05 o
6
25 .M
22 /M
t
01 is
+2 em

(f) Identify which of the diagrams shown above could represent this reaction. Justify your choice.

(g) Using the diagram selected in part (f), determine the activation energy of the first step of the reaction
mechanism in .
Ch

(h) Identify the rate-determining step in the diagram selected in part (f). Justify your choice.

A proposed mechanism for the reaction is shown below.

step 1:
step 2:

(i) A student claims that the compound is an intermediate. Do you agree or disagree with the student’s claim?
Explain your choice.

The table below lists the properties of three nonmetals.

AP Chemistry Page 19 of 24
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

Boiling Point Heat of Vaporization

Substance

50 y
( ) ( )

h
Nitrogen, 77 5.6

05 o
Element 89 6.8

6
Element 165 12.6

25 .M
(j) Which sample, of or of , requires the greatest amount of energy to vaporize at its
boiling point? Justify your answer using information in the table.

(k) Which substance, or , has weaker attractions among its particles? Justify your answer using
22 /M
information from the table.

The plot below shows the distribution of particle speeds for equimolar amounts of and element at the same
temperature.
t
01 is
+2 em
Ch

(l) Based on the data in the plot, is the molar mass of greater than, equal to, or less than the molar mass of ?
Justify your answer in terms of kinetic molecular theory.

Page 20 of 24 AP Chemistry
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

7. Directions: For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your
answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.

50 y
Answer the following questions about some of the properties and reactions of nitrogen.

h
A scientist heats a sample of a pure nonmetal, , in a closed container containing pure nitrogen gas, . The
reaction proceeds to completion. The unbalanced chemical equation for the reaction appears below.

05 o
6
25 .M
(a) Give the correct value of each stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction.
22 /M
A particulate representation from before and after the reaction is shown below. The contents of the container
before the reaction are represented in the box on the left, and the contents of the container after the reaction are
shown in the box on the right.
t
01 is
+2 em
Ch

(b) A student claims that is the excess reactant. Do you agree or disagree? Justify your answer.

In a different reaction, reacts with a pure metal to form the compound .

(c) Which of the following complete photoelectron spectra could be that of metal ? Justify your choice.

AP Chemistry Page 21 of 24
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

50 yh
05 o
6
25 .M
22 /M
t
01 is
+2 em

(d) A student claims that the bonds in are ionic. Do you agree or disagree with the student’s claim? Justify
your choice.

A new monatomic element, , is discovered and is found to have a molar mass of . At high
temperatures, element reacts with (molar mass ) to produce the compound as shown in the
Ch

equation below.

(e) Determine the mass of of .

The reaction described above part (e) occurs via a two-step mechanism and has a .

Page 22 of 24 AP Chemistry
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

50 yh
05 o
6
25 .M
22 /M
t
01 is
+2 em

(f) Identify which of the diagrams shown above could represent this reaction. Justify your choice.

(g) Using the diagram selected in part (f), determine the activation energy of the first step of the reaction
mechanism in .

(h) Identify the rate-determining step in the diagram selected in part (f). Justify your choice.
Ch

A proposed mechanism for the reaction is shown below.

step 1:
step 2:

(i) A student claims that the compound is a catalyst. Do you agree or disagree with the student’s claim?
Explain your choice.

The table below lists the properties of three nonmetals.

AP Chemistry Page 23 of 24
 Test Booklet

Unit 2 (Section 1 and 2) FRQ

Boiling Point Heat of Vaporization

Substance

50 y
( ) ( )

h
Nitrogen, 77 5.6

05 o
Element 89 6.8

6
Element 165 12.6

25 .M
(j) Which sample, of or of , requires the greatest amount of energy to vaporize at its boiling
point? Justify your answer using information in the table.

(k) Which substance, or , has stronger attractions among its particles? Justify your answer using
22 /M
information from the table.

The plot below shows the distribution of particle speeds for equimolar amounts of elements and at the same
temperature.
t
01 is
+2 em
Ch

(l) Based on the data in the plot, is the molar mass of greater than, equal to, or less than the molar mass of ?
Justify your answer in terms of kinetic molecular theory.

Page 24 of 24 AP Chemistry