Q1. What is a blockchain?

A) A combination of centralized ledgers

B) A type of cryptocurrency

C) An exchange of distributed information

D) A distributed ledger on a peer-to-peer network

Q2. What does a block in a blockchain consist of?

A) Hash point, timestamp, transaction data

B) Hash point, IP of owner, transaction data

C) Blockchain name, IP of owner, transaction data

D) Hash point, time of stamp, IP of owner

Q3. What is a node?

A) The first block of a blockchain

B) A computer on a blockchain

C) A line in a distributed ledger

D) An exchange of cryptocurrencies

Q4. When a record is in a chain, who can access it?

A) Nobody

B) Everybody

C) One person at a time

D) Only the people involved in the transaction

Q5. When a record is submitted in a blockchain, how can you alter it?

A) You need the public and private key to modify the record

B) Once submitted, records cannot be altered

C) Only a miner has the right to modify a record in a certain timeframe

D) Only smart contracts have the right to modify the record

Q6. What are the different types of tokens?

A) Platform, privacy, currency

B) Platform, distributed, currency

C) Network, distributed, currency

D) Platform, privacy, generic

Q7. What is a miner?

A) A cryptographic algorithm

B) A secured distributed ledger

C) A person doing calculation

D) Computers that validate and process blockchain transactions

Q8. What is a fork?

A) The copy of a block

B) The creation of an alternative version of a blockchain

C) The creation of a new distributed ledger

D) The copy of a cryptocurrency wallet

Q9. What is the ledger type used by Bitcoin?

A) Decentralized ledger

B) Distributed ledger

C) Distributed and decentralized ledger

D) None of the above

Q10. What is a smart contract?

A) A smart contract is a computer protocol intended to digitally facilitate, verify, or enforce

the negotiation or performance of a contract

B) Computer code running on top of a blockchain containing a set of rules under which the
parties to that smart contract agree

C) The two definitions hereunder are correct

D) None of the definitions hereunder are correct

Q11. What is Ethereum?

A) The name of a public blockchain

B) The name of a peer-to-peer network

C) A commercial blockchain-based protocol featuring a smart contract manager

D) An open-source blockchain-based distributed computing platform featuring smart

contract functionality

Q12. What is the name of the language used within Ethereum to implement smart
contracts?

A) Python

B) Solidity

C) Java

D) Algol 68

Q13. What is a dApp?

A) A mobile application portable on any mobile operating system

B) A kind of public blockchain

C) A decentralized application

D) A type of smart contract

Q14. What are the main cryptographic concepts in blockchain?

A) Hashing and public key

B) Login and digital signature

C) Hashing and digital signature

D) Pin code and hashing

Q15. Which is NOT part of asymmetric encryption?

A) Hashing

B) Public key

C) Passphrase

D) Private key
Q16. When is there a consensus?

A) When, in a smart contract, the private key and the public key match

B) When the value of a bitcoin proposed by a seller is accepted by a buyer

C) When several nodes (usually most nodes on the network) all have the same blocks
in their locally validated best blockchain

D) When a smart contract executes the rules agreed by all parties

Q17. What are the different types of blockchain?

A) Public, private, generic

B) Public, secret, consortium

C) Generic, secret, consortium

D) Public, private, consortium

Q18. What is a sidechain?

A) Any mechanism that allows tokens to be securely transferred from one blockchain
to another blockchain

B) The copy of all the nodes of a blockchain in a parallel blockchain for security reasons

C) The name of the new blockchain generated by the fork of an existing blockchain

D) None of the above

Q19. What is ERC20?

A) The ISO standard for the implementation of public blockchains

B) The European standard for the implementation of smart contracts

C) The technical standard used for smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain for
implementing tokens

D) The European Central Bank governance standard controlling the value of the bitcoin
Q20. What is a DAO?

A) Decent Algorithms Organization, providing free blockchain algorithms to blockchain

developers

B) Decentralized Autonomous Organization, one of the most complex forms of smart

contracts

C) Dematerialized Assets Opt-in, the option permitting the transfer of cryptocurrencies in a

smart contract

D) Differed Access Option, a mechanism allowing miners to postpone the validation of

blocks

Q21. What is an advantage of a public blockchain?

A) It does not use disinterested third parties to secure blocks, as all participants have a
vested interest.

B) It is more resilient against fraud, because it uses federated nodes to combat fraud.

C) It is open to everyone in the world without permission and licensing requirements.

D) Its networks are built by for-profit companies and the working of the network is
guaranteed.

Q22. What is a blockchain?

A) A centralized database that holds a subset of all transactions on all nodes.

B) A client-server database existing on a limited number of nodes at the same time.

C) A distributed database with a record of all transactions on the network.

D) A standalone database with history of all transactions on various nodes.

Q23. What is the function of a lightweight node within a blockchain network?

A) It stores a complete history of every transaction on the network.

B) It stores purchased cryptocurrency for users of a blockchain network.

C) It verifies transactions by piggybacking on the work of full nodes.

Q24. What is not a classification for a node?

A) Full node

B) Lightweight node

C) Merkle node

D) Miner node

Q25. A bearer instrument used to transfer value between two parties over a blockchain
network. What is this instrument?

A) A DApp

B) A hash

C) A node

D) A token

Q26. What is a key characteristic of a public blockchain?

A) Allowing a user to elect nodes to process transactions

B) Allowing anyone to participate in the blockchain network

C) Allowing control over who can participate and at what level

D) Allowing only trusted parties to operate their blockchain

Q27. What is an example of the use of cryptography in a blockchain?

A) Accessing private or hybrid blockchains by using a private key

B) Creating cryptocurrency as a reward for mining nodes

C) Keeping blockchains secure from 51% attacks by corrupt nodes

D) Securing transfers of cryptocurrency between recipients

Q28. How do blockchains use private and public-key cryptography?

A) Asymmetric encryption allows a sender to transfer cryptocurrency to a public key.

The recipient can then access these funds with their private key and hold it in their
wallet.

B) In public-key cryptography, one key is used to encrypt and decrypt transactions. The
sender uses this key to send cryptocurrency, and the recipient’s wallet holds it after
decryption.

C) Symmetric encryption allows a sender to transfer cryptocurrency to another user. The

recipient can then access their funds when the sender grants access to their private key.

D) The algorithm in the blockchain encrypts and stores private and public keys to all user's
wallets. The user then accesses their funds through their twenty-word passphrase key.

Q29. How do hybrid blockchain networks combat 51% attacks?

A) Through a central controller ensuring the security of each node in the network

B) Through a Proof of Work (PoW) algorithm, which allows miners to secure the network

C) Through incentivization, where miners receive currency for securing the network

D) Through Merkle tree roots, that allow the network to restore itself to its last valid
block

Q30. Which of the following is not an appropriate way of targeting a mobile phone for
hacking?

A) Target mobile hardware vulnerabilities

B) Target apps’ vulnerabilities

C) Setup Keyloggers and spyware in smartphones

D) Snatch the phone

Q31. How can blockchain technology best help secure identity data?
a) By eliminating third parties through providing secured-data storage at a user’s server
b) By encoding all the health data and saving it on a private and permissionless blockchain
c) By protecting data that has been submitted on the internet using a cryptographic
algorithm
d) By providing information personal data without disclosing the actual data that
proves it
Q32. What is the value of using blockchain networks with the Internet of Things (IoT)?
a) Allowing blockchain users to follow self-driving cars and access these cars
b) Avoiding a spoofing attack using the secured identity that is stored on a blockchain
c) Enabling software that programs itself to solve problems without human intervention
d) Solving expensive and complex calculations using Hyperledger Fabric mining

Q33. Blockchain technology has made decentralized marketplaces possible. What is a

benefit of a decentralized marketplace?
a) It is based on open-source technology, so it can be used without any investment.
b) It is not under a paid license to operate and therefore it is managed better.
c) It is relatively cheap due to the use of cryptocurrency and is very accessible.
d) It is tamper-proof, resilient to being shut down, and trustworthy due to smart
contracts.

Q34. How does blockchain improve supply chains?

a) By automatically creating trade agreements between two parties
b) By creating safe centralized marketplaces to trade goods on
c) By stabilizing the national currencies of the countries involved
d) By transferring tokenized ownership through a software system

Q35. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and blockchain company R3

partnered together. What did they achieve together?
a) The creation of smart contracts and stable coins
b) The facilitation of interbank transmission of messages
c) The first interbank payments without limitations of time zones
d) The launch of wire transfers using cryptography

Q36. What is digital fiat currency?

a) A digital form of currency that represents a country’s financial reserves
b) An e-currency that creates a transparent and borderless debt market
c) An online system that enables making transactions without a bank account

Q37. How does blockchain technology benefit the insurance industry?

a) By avoiding compliance requirements of national authorities, which reduces overhead
b) By ensuring accuracy of data and automating micro-insurances, which reduces
costs
c) By introducing flexible premiums to be paid by customers, which increases profits
d) By setting up a digital mode of payment, which simplifies claims settlement
Q38. How does blockchain technology help to protect intellectual property rights (IP)?
a) It allows a user to include IP transactions in smart contracts.
b) It allows a user to record an event and establish the timeline.
c) It allows a user to record the creation of software packages.
d) It allows a user to send a transaction and receive IP ownership.

Q39. What is an example of how a government is actively promoting the use of

blockchain?
a) China has created a regulatory sandbox that allows them to closely monitor the
experiments in blockchain mining and create their own cryptocurrency.
b) Estonia offers e-Residency software, which is available to anyone in the world interested
in operating a business online and from within the European Union.
c) Singapore’s Monetary Authority (MAS) is creating central bank digital money for
payments between banks using distributed ledger technology (DLT).

Q40. Why is blockchain described as the technology that adds a layer of trust to the
internet?
a) It allows individuals and groups to work together without having to trust each other
or establish authority.
b) It creates a dedicated virtual private network (VPN) tunnel between two or more parties
to carry out online fund transfers.
c) It provides a mechanism for the government to create their own digital fiat currency as a
replacement for physical currency.
d) It provides multifactor authentication to create and update records of cryptocurrency
transactions securely.

Q41. What statement best describes a cryptocurrency?

a) Money that can be stored physically or electronically

b) Paper dollars that can only be used for physical transactions

c) A digital or virtual currency that is secured by cryptography

d) Currency that can only be used for cross-border remittances

Q42. What is a blockchain?

a) A digital ledger where data is stored on a network of independent computers

b) A digital ledger that is created and managed by a company but is made available to the
public

c) A government-facilitated platform for currency exchange

d) A type of computer created for bitcoin mining

Q43. A public key is synonymous with...

a) A username on social media

b) A crypto wallet address

c) A hard wallet

d) An email address

Q44. What is a node?

a) A cryptocurrency exchange

b) A computer or device connected to other computers or devices that all hold a copy of a
blockchain

c) A digital crypto wallet

d) All of the above

Q45. How do blockchains function like ledgers?

A) They hold a record of all transactions that have ever occurred on a network.

B) They hold vast amounts of transaction data as a centralized database.

C) They periodically update all balances of each wallet to the blockchain.

Q46. What is the task of miners in a blockchain network?

A) Miners act as a single third party to aggregate records and provide trust in the network by
the miners’ authority.

B) Miners are computers that allow access to the blockchain, ensuring the number of
corrupt nodes will stay low.

C) Miners are nodes that compete for a reward by calculating the correct nonce to
make a transaction possible.

D) Miners determine the consensus rules that should be followed and interfere when these
rules are broken.
Q47. Which description fits only the Proof of Work (PoW) consensus algorithm?

A) A collaborative consensus algorithm, where approved accounts do the validation.

B) A collaborative consensus algorithm that is facilitated by farmers, who offer leftover

memory of their computer to make transactions possible.

C) A consensus algorithm, where the validation is done for the entire transaction flow,
including not only the correctness, but also the sequence of transactions.

D) A low-cost and fast algorithm, where a node needs to deposit cryptocurrency to

guarantee the transaction.

E) A noncompetitive consensus algorithm, where validation is done by elected nodes,

which send cryptocurrency to an address, from which it cannot be retrieved.

F) An algorithm that involves collaborative validation, performed by validators, which are

chosen outside of the consensus.

G) An algorithm that works in a trusted execution environment and proves the time when
the transaction has taken place.

H) An intensive and expensive, competitive algorithm where each mining node on the
blockchain is competing to secure blocks.

Q48. A competitive consensus algorithm that was developed because blockchains

had difficulty meeting the transaction speed demands. Which consensus algorithm is
this?

A) Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)

B) Proof of Burn

C) Proof of Stake (PoS)

D) Proof of Work (PoW)

Q49. Which consensus algorithm is the least energy efficient?

A) Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)

B) Proof of Authority (PoA)

C) Proof of Space (PoSpace)

D) Proof of Work (PoW)

Q50. What is an advantage of using the consensus algorithm Proof of Elapsed Time
(PoET) instead of Proof of Work (PoW)?

A) PoET can often be used in a permissionless blockchain more easily than PoW, because
PoET’s lottery system for node selection is secure.

B) PoET has generally lower transaction costs than PoW, because the hardware needed is
more generic than the hardware needed for PoW.

C) PoET is much more secure than PoW, because PoET supports the trusted execution
environment (TEE) by time-stamping the transactions.

D) PoET is usually faster than PoW, because fewer nodes compete for validation than
in PoW, since PoET randomly selects the nodes.

Q51. An attacker tries to corrupt the transaction history of a blockchain to be able to

spend a token or a cryptocurrency twice. What is the most likely thing this attacker
did?

A) The attacker changed the transaction on his node and propagated it in the network.

B) The attacker edited the smart contract and recovered investor’s cryptocurrency.

C) The attacker gained control of more than 51% of the network’s computing power.

D) The attacker hard-forked the network and created a new blockchain network.

Q52. Blockchain networks are vulnerable to 51% attacks. Which network would
incentivize hackers most to break the network?

A) Bitcoin

B) Fabric

C) Ripple

Q53. One of the greatest threats to the blockchain community is the narcissism of
small differences. What is the result of this narcissism of small differences?

A) One community group makes fun of another community group over small differences,
resulting in greater collaboration.

B) The community cares about and works to resolve small differences that cannot be
perceived by outside groups.

C) The community has developed many similar projects and these fight with one
another over small differences.
D) The community has grown closer and works together in a collaborative fashion to solve
common problems.

Q54. How do fraudsters use a Ponzi scheme?

A) A fraudster convinces a victim to pay for receiving something of greater value later on.

B) A fraudster finds investors, then dumps the tokens of the investors to crash the market.

C) A fraudster pays dividends to initial investors using the funds of subsequent

investors.

D) A fraudster steals credit cards and uses them to buy money, goods or property.

Q55. Which characteristic of a blockchain network is also its protection?

A) The greater the number of full independent nodes, the harder it is to compromise
the data in the blockchain.

B) The lower the number of miners in the blockchain, the higher the incentive is for securing
the network.

C) The more centralized the control of the blockchain is, the harder it is to secure the data
and avoid fraud.

D) The more complicated the Proof of Work (PoW) algorithm is, the more rewarding it is to
secure the network.

Q56. How can information be secured in a blockchain?

A) By using a closed peer-to-peer (P2P) network, sharing information across platforms

B) By using a distribution of cryptocurrencies over miners through the network

C) By using asymmetric cryptography, consisting of a public and private key

D) By using distributed ledger technology (DLT), which records transactions at the source

Q57. In what way do blockchains use a public witness?

A) A digital courthouse or library acts as a public witness to store information to reference.

B) A node on a blockchain network attests to the accuracy and truthfulness of

information.

C) A person sends a transaction over a public network to earn rewards as a public witness.
D) A preferred node can be elected to attest to the accuracy and truthfulness of
information.

Q58. Blockchain enables self-sovereign identity. How does blockchain do this?

A) It enables centralized third parties to offer easy-to-use and valid identity information.

B) It enables each person to have exclusive control of their money, property and
identity.

C) It enables governments to effortlessly issue identities with advanced digital certificates.

D) It enables only internet companies to offer world-class secure personal identity

repositories.

Q59. Public blockchains give an incentive to encourage users to mine blocks and
secure the network. What incentive is this?

A) Public blockchains allow users to create tokens to sell on secondary markets.

B) Public blockchains do not offer rewards, because they are open source.

C) Public blockchains offer cash rewards for running mining nodes.

D) Public blockchains offer rewards for mining in the form of cryptocurrency.

Q60. An organization wants to develop smart contracts, based on blockchain

technology. The organization does not wish to burden employees with maintaining the
security of the blockchain. What blockchain technology fits the organization best?

A) A hybrid blockchain

B) A private blockchain

C) A public blockchain

Q61. What is a key characteristic of the Hyperledger network?

A) It is a public blockchain network and one of the oldest networks, existing since 2009.

B) It is private, open sourced and can run everyone’s own distributed ledger
technology (DLT).

C) It utilizes cryptocurrency as a reward mechanism, which makes the network more

secure.

D) It utilizes the Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus algorithm as its main security measure.
Q62. What is the best use case for smart contracts?

A) Digitalize and automate legally binding contracts using artificial intelligence (AI)

B) Enforce the execution of contracts in the legal system using cryptocurrencies

C) Ensure automatic payments by predetermined actions or events in insurance

contracts

D) Extend the Bitcoin blockchain, the best-known smart contract platform, to the judicial
system

Q63. In which scenario is a smart contract the best solution to the problem?

A) A bartender wants to force customers to pay for their drinks by transferring

cryptocurrency to his wallet.

B) A chief financial officer wants her smart watch to notify her when her partner enters their
front door.

C) An energy company wants to automatically buy power when the price reaches a
predetermined rate.

D) An insurance company wants to pay out a farmer whenever the case manager feels it is
best to do so.

Q64. What are DApps designed to do?

A) Execute smart contracts with the business logic in the front-end of a standalone
application

B) Manage cryptocurrencies only, without any embedded voting system for governance of
the blockchain

C) Run applications on a peer-to-peer (P2P) network expanding smart contracts

beyond simple value transfer

D) Support applications that run on multiple public cloud providers avoiding any vendor
lock-in and fraud

Q65. What is the role of a DAO (decentralized autonomous organization)?

A) Address the principal-agent dilemma with collaboration and acceptance of actions

within agreed rules

B) Embed regulated online smart contracts with the current judicial system, using public
blockchains
C) Offer complex online smart contracts without any link to tangible and intangible offline
assets

D) Provide a private blockchain contract platform on which users can run their online
applications

Q66. How can blockchain technology best help secure identity data?

A) By eliminating third parties through providing secured-data storage at a user’s server

B) By encoding all the health data and save it on a private and permissionless blockchain

C) By protecting data that has been submitted on the internet using a cryptographic
algorithm

D) By providing information personal data without disclosing the actual data that
proves it

Q67. What is the value of using blockchain networks with the Internet of Things (IoT)?

A) Allowing blockchain users to follow self-driving cars and access these cars

B) Avoiding a spoofing attack using the secured identity that is stored on a blockchain

C) Enabling software that programs itself to solve problems without human intervention

D) Solving expensive and complex calculations using Hyperledger Fabric mining

Q68. Blockchain technology has made decentralized marketplaces possible. What is a

benefit of a decentralized marketplace?

A) It is based on open-source technology, so it can be used without any investment.

B) It is not under a paid license to operate and therefore it is managed better.

C) It is relatively cheap due to the use of cryptocurrency and is very accessible.

D) It is tamper-proof, resilient to being shut down and trustworthy due to smart

contracts.

Q69. How does blockchain improve supply chains?

A) By automatically creating trade agreements between two parties

B) By creating safe centralized marketplaces to trade goods on

C) By stabilizing the national currencies of the countries involved

D) By transferring tokenized ownership through a software system

Q70. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and blockchain company R3
partnered together. What did they achieve together?

A) The creation of smart contracts and stable coins

B) The facilitation of interbank transmission of messages

C) The first interbank payments without limitations of time zones

D) The launch of wire transfers using cryptography

Q71. What is digital fiat currency?

A) A digital form of currency that represents a country’s financial reserves

B) An e-currency that creates a transparent and borderless debt market

C) An online system that enables making transactions without a bank account

Q72. How does blockchain technology benefit the insurance industry?

A) By avoiding compliance requirements of national authorities, which reduces overhead

B) By ensuring accuracy of data and automating micro-insurances, which reduces

costs

C) By introducing flexible premiums to be paid by customers, which increases profits

D) By setting up a digital mode of payment, which simplifies claims settlement

Q73. How does blockchain technology help to protect intellectual property rights (IP)?

A) It allows a user to include IP transactions in smart contracts.

B) It allows a user to record an event and establish the timeline.

C) It allows a user to record the creation of software packages.

D) It allows a user to send a transaction and receive IP ownership.

Q74. What is an example of how a government is actively promoting the use of
blockchain?

A) China has created a regulatory sandbox that allows them to closely monitor the
experiments in blockchain mining and create their own cryptocurrency.

B) Estonia offers e-Residency software, which is available to anyone in the world interested
in operating a business online and from within the European Union.

C) Singapore’s Monetary Authority (MAS) is creating central bank digital money for
payments between banks using distributed ledger technology (DLT).

Q75. Why is blockchain described as the technology that adds a layer of trust to the
internet?

A) It allows individuals and groups to work together without having to trust each other
or establish authority.

B) It creates a dedicated virtual private network (VPN) tunnel between two or more parties
to carry out online fund transfers.

C) It provides a mechanism for the government to create their own digital fiat currency as a
replacement for physical currency.

D) It provides multifactor authentication to create and update records of cryptocurrency

transactions securely.

Q76. What is Solidity?

A) Solidity is a machine-level programming language
B) Solidity is an NFT programming language
C) Solidity is a high-level smart contract programming language
D) Solidity is an object-oriented programming language for web development

Q77. Which applications can you design with Solidity?

A) Solidity helps in creating smart contracts
B) You can create dApps with Solidity
C) Solidity can help in creating non-fungible tokens
D) All of the above

Q78. Which technologies can you find in blockchain technology?

A) Asymmetric cryptography
B) Peer-to-peer networking
C) Cryptographic hashing
D) All of the above
Q79. Which programming language is used for writing smart contracts?
A) Solidity
B) Rust
C) Vyper
D) JavaScript
E) All of the above

Q80. What are the types of functions you can find in Solidity?
A) Public and private
B) Internal and external
C) Function and contract
D) None of the above

Q81. Which programming language is similar to Solidity?

A) Python
B) C++
C) JavaScript
D) Ruby

Q82. What can you find in Solidity arrays?

A) Ones and zeroes
B) Numbers
C) Elements
D) Strings

Q83. Which type of testing is recommended for Solidity developers?

A) System testing
B) Unit testing
C) Integration testing
D) None of the above

Q84. How does Solidity enable deleting elements from arrays?

A) Clear function
B) Updating function
C) Deleting an element with the index
D) Reduction of length
Q85. What do dApps work like?
A) Desktop applications
B) Ordinary apps
C) Web apps
D) Contracts

Q86. Which of the following is not an Ethereum test net?

A) Safaricom
B) Kovan
C) Rinkeby
D) Ropsten

Q87. Which of the following options does not qualify as an Ethereum client?
A) Remote client
B) Full client
C) SPV client
D) Light client

Q88. Which virtual machine helps in compiling Solidity code to bytecode?

A) G++
B) EVM
C) JVM
D) GCC

Q89. What are the common data types in Solidity?

A) UINT
B) Strings
C) Address
D) All of the above

Q90. What does the Solidity compiler create during smart contract processing?
A) Application Binary Interface
B) Bytecode
C) Both of the above
D) None of the above