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PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by cysts in the ovaries, hormonal imbalances, and symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, obesity, and infertility. Approximately 10 million women globally suffer from PCOS, with significant prevalence in India, where 20-25% of reproductive-age women are affected. The condition is linked to various risk factors, including insulin resistance and lifestyle choices, and requires awareness and intervention for effective management.

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30 views5 pages

PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by cysts in the ovaries, hormonal imbalances, and symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, obesity, and infertility. Approximately 10 million women globally suffer from PCOS, with significant prevalence in India, where 20-25% of reproductive-age women are affected. The condition is linked to various risk factors, including insulin resistance and lifestyle choices, and requires awareness and intervention for effective management.

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chaudharysahab0248
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PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) is a complex hormonal disorder


that develops in women during reproductive age. In this condition
small cyst (lumps) develop in the overies of women, which
interfere with the process of egg production. The main cause of
PCOS is hormonal imbalance, in which the level of androgen (male
hormones) in women becomes higher than normal.
As result of this condition, women may have irregular menstrual
cycles, ovulation is affected, and a number of other health
problems may arise. PCOS can also cause obesity, hirsutism
(unwanted hair growth in body), acne, and infertility in women.

Defining PCOS....... Years


PCOS was first described in 1935. However, there is a general lack
of understanding of the problem in India and it has not been
noticed for years. It is thought that about 10 million women
worldwide suffer from this disease. According to a study by the
AIIMS Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism,
approximately 20-25% of Indian women of reproductive age have
PCOS. 60% of women with PCOS are overweight and 35-50% have
a fatty liver. About 70% have insulin resistance, 60-70% have high
testosterone levels, and 40-60% have glucose intolerance.

According to a study by the PCOS Society, one in five women in


India have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 1 in 10 women
have PCOS worldwide, a common endocrine system condition in
women of reproductive age. Six out of every ten women with this
condition are diagnosed with PCOS.

Signs of PCOS -
The symptoms and severity of the disorder vary widely, many
parts of it are unknown. Insulin levels are reported to be higher
than normal in women with PCOS. It promotes the conversion of
sugar (glucose) into energy in the body’s cells.
If you do not create enough insulin, blood sugar levels can rise.
This can happen if you are insulin resistant, which means you will
not be able to use the insulin you produce effectively. If you are
insulin resistant, your body may be trying to control your blood
sugar levels by producing a lot of insulin.

High insulin levels cause the ovaries to create more androgens,


such as testosterone. Insulin resistance can also be caused by a
higher than normal BMI. Insulin resistance makes it difficult to lose
weight, which is why women with PCOS often face this problem.

Symptoms of PCOS are:


The signs and symptoms often develop during puberty, such as
during the first menstruation. Sometimes PCOS develops later, for
example, it depends on weight gain. However, the signs and
symptoms may vary from one person to another.

Irregular periods: Rare or irregular menstrual cycles are the


most common symptoms of PCOS. For example, you may have
fewer than nine periods per year, more than 35 days between
periods, and abnormally heavy periods.

Excess androgens: High levels of male hormones can cause


physical signs, such as excess facial and body hair and
occasionally severe acne and baldness.

Polycystic ovaries: Your ovaries can be large and contain


blisters that surround the eggs, and as a result, the ovaries may
not function properly.

PCOS is an urgent public health problem in women, especially


adolescents, and requires careful assessment, rapid intervention,
and appropriate treatment. The need for healthy lifestyle
promotion, regular exercise, and increased PCOS awareness
programs is the need of the moment to enable a holistic solution
to this problem.

Risk factor and preventive measures


Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and
metabolic disorder, typically characterized by anovulation,
infertility, obesity, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovaries.
Lifestyle or diet, environmental pollutants, genetics, gut dysbiosis,
neuroendocrine alterations, and obesity are among the risk
factors that predispose females to PCOS. These factors might
contribute to upsurging metabolic syndrome by causing
hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, hyperandrogenism, impaired
folliculogenesis, and irregular menstrual cycles. Dysbiosis of gut
microbiota may play a pathogenic role in the development of
PCOS. The restoration of gut microbiota by probiotics, prebiotics,
or a fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) might serve as an
innovative, efficient, and noninvasive way to prevent and mitigate
PCOS. This review deliberates on the variety of risk factors
potentially involved in the etiology, prevalence, and modulation of
PCOS, in addition to plausible therapeutic interventions, including
miRNA therapy and the eubiosis of gut microbiota, that may help
treat and manage PCOS.

Pathophysiology of PCOS -
PCOS affects between 8% and 20% of women of reproductive age
annually, according to the diagnostic criteria .The
pathophysiology of this condition is influenced by alterations in
steroidogenesis, ovarian folliculogenesis, neuroendocrine
function, metabolism, insulin production, insulin sensitivity,
adipose cell activity, inflammatory factors, and sympathetic nerve
function . According to Barre et al., the high consumption of
carbohydrates, hyperinsulinemia, hyperandrogenemia, and
persistent low-grade inflammation are the four key contributors to
pathophysiological alterations in PCOS.
This schematic illustration shows the proposed pathophysiology
and features of PCOS. The risk factors like environmental toxins,
genetics, gut dysbiosis, and diet responsible for the
pathophysiology of the PCOS and subsequent development of
clinical, reproductive and metabolic features in PCOS patients. LH:
luteinizing hormone; FSH: Follicle stimulating hormone; SHBG: Sex
hormone binding globulin.

Hyperandrogenism
The biochemical hallmark of PCOS is hyperandrogenemia, which
manifests clinically as hirsutism, acne, and alopecia. Excessive
androgen synthesis by the ovaries as well as the adrenals
contributes to hyperandrogenism. Increased levels of free
(unbound) testosterone, a major hormone contributing to the
pathogenesis of PCOS, are indicative of hyperandrogenism.

Hyperinsulinemia
Insulin is the main hormone in charge of both lipogenesis and
glucose homeostasis.
Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), a key circulatory protein
that regulates testosterone levels, is decreased by insulin.
Therefore, lower SHBG levels would lead to higher levels of free
androgens, which cause clinical symptoms of PCOS, such as
hirsutism, alopecia, and acne.

Psychological impact of PCOS

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