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The second edition of 'Causation in Insurance Contract Law' by Meixian Song provides a comprehensive analysis of causation in insurance and tort claims, emphasizing its critical role in determining coverage. It includes extensive case law, a comparative study of causation tests, and new chapters addressing factual and legal causation, as well as the impact of the Insurance Act 2015 and COVID-19. This book serves as an essential resource for legal practitioners, academics, and students in the fields of insurance and tort law.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
153 views

103600

The second edition of 'Causation in Insurance Contract Law' by Meixian Song provides a comprehensive analysis of causation in insurance and tort claims, emphasizing its critical role in determining coverage. It includes extensive case law, a comparative study of causation tests, and new chapters addressing factual and legal causation, as well as the impact of the Insurance Act 2015 and COVID-19. This book serves as an essential resource for legal practitioners, academics, and students in the fields of insurance and tort law.

Uploaded by

abdowmasey4w
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C A U S AT I O N I N I N S U R A N C E
C O N T R A C T L AW

Causation is a crucial and complex matter in ascertaining whether a particular


loss or damage is covered in an insurance policy or in a tort claim, and is an
issue that cannot be escaped.
Now in its second edition, this unique book assists practitioners in
answering one of the most important questions faced in the handling of
insurance and tort claims. Through extensive case law analysis, this book
scrutinises the causation theory in marine insurance and non-marine
insurance law, and provides a comparative study of the causation test in
tort law. In addition, the author expertly applies causation questions in
concrete scenarios, and ultimately, this book provides a single-volume
solution to a very complex but essential question of insurance law and tort
law. Thoroughly revised and updated throughout to include the Insurance
Act 2015, several landmark cases and potential impacts of the COVID-
19 pandemic, the second edition also features an introduction re-written
to clarify elementary and central questions of causation in insurance law
and tort. Additionally, it also provides three brand new chapters on factual
causation and legal causation, causation and interpretation, and causation
and measure of losses to provide a deeper and more thorough analysis,
comparing academic approaches and juridical approaches to addressing
causation issues in insurance claims.
This book is an invaluable and unique guide for insurance industry
professionals, as well as legal practitioners, academics and students in the
fields of insurance and tort law.

Meixian Song is Associate Professor at Dalian Maritime University and


editor of Lloyd’s Shipping and Trade Law. Meixian was lecturer at the
University of Exeter, then joined the University of Southampton. Meixian’s
research interest lies in maritime law and commercial law. Her recent
research articles were published in Legal Studies, Lloyd’s Maritime and
Commercial Law Quarterly and the Journal of Business Law.
CONTEMPORARY COMMERCIAL LAW

Maritime Law in China Blockchain Technology and the Law


Emerging Issues and Future Developments Opportunities and Risks
Edited by Johanna Hjalmarsson and Jenny Muharem Kianieff
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Illegality in Marine Insurance Law Carlo Corcione
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Shengnan Jia
The Law and Autonomous Vehicles
Matthew Channon, Lucy McCormick and Knock-for-Knock Indemnities
Kyriaki Noussia and the Law
Contractual Limitation and Delictual
FIDIC Yellow Book Liability
A Commentary Edited by Kristoffer Svendsen, Endre
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The Contract of Carriage Managing International Trade Risk


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For more information about this series, please visit:


www​.routledge​.com ​/Contemporary​- Commercial​-Law​/ book​-series​/CCL
C A U S AT I O N I N I N S U R A N C E
C O N T R A C T L AW

SECOND EDITION

MEIXIAN SONG
Designed cover image: Getty

First published 2024


by Informa Law from Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Informa Law from Routledge


605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158

Informa Law from Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
business

© 2024 Meixian Song

The right of Meixian Song to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,


and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data


A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data


Names: Song, Meixian, author.
Title: Causation in insurance contract law / Meixian Song.
Description: Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY:
Routledge, 2024. | Series: Contemporary commercial law |
This was originally based on author’s dissertation (doctoral) --
University of Southhampton, School of Law, 2013, issued under title:
Rules of causation under marine insurance law from the perspective
of marine risks and losses. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023041236 (print) | LCCN 2023041237 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781032153759 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032153766 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781003243847 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Marine insurance law--Law and legislation--England. |
Proximate cause (Law)--England.
Classification: LCC KD1845 .S66 2024 (print) | LCC KD1845 (ebook) |
DDC 346.42/086--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023041236
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023041237

ISBN: 9781032153759 (hbk)


ISBN: 9781032153766 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003243847 (ebk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003243847

Typeset in Times New Roman


by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
This book is dedicated to my grandparents.
CONTENTS

Foreword x
Preface xii
Table of cases  xiv
Table of legislation xxviii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF


INSURANCE CAUSATION 1

Chapter 2 CAUSATION AND INTERPRETATION 10


Introduction 10
2.1 Theoretical accounts of causation in the law 12
2.1.1 Is there common-sense causation? 12
2.1.2 Actual causation 22
2.1.3 The bifurcation of cause-in-fact and cause-in-law 24
2.2 Juridical approaches to causation issues 30
2.2.1 Textual interpretation 31
2.2.2 Contextual interpretation and common-sense principles 33
2.3 The relationship between interpretation and causation 34
Concluding remarks 37

Chapter 3 TESTS OF CAUSATION IN INSURANCE


CONTRACT LAW 40
Introduction 40
3.1 Nature of insurance and insurance causation 42
3.2 Historical development of tests of causation in English
marine insurance case law 43
3.2.1 Prior to the Marine Insurance Act 1906 44
3.2.2 After the Marine Insurance Act 1906 49
3.3 Causal terminology: shades of semantic difference 55
3.3.1 Scalarity of causation 55
3.3.2 Variations of “caused by” 57
3.3.3 Contractual variations as to “proximately” 65

vii
C ontents

3.4 Intervening causes (again) 68


3.5 Counterfactual dependence in insurance causation 70
3.6 The inevitable consequence test 74

Chapter 4 BUT-FOR TEST IN TORT 77


Introduction 77
4.1 How does the basic but-for test operate? 78
4.1.1 One tort 79
4.1.2 Successive torts 80
4.2 When the but-for test fails 84
4.2.1 Material contribution to injury 85
4.2.2 Material increase to risk 87
4.2.3 Loss of chance 92
4.3 Tort and liability insurance 96
4.4 Foreseeability: ending a causal chain 101

Chapter 5 CONCURRENT CAUSES 103


Introduction 103
5.1 Room for concurrent causes 105
5.2 Definitions of concurrent cause 114
5.2.1 Some baselines 115
5.2.2 Two independent perils of equal efficiency? 118
5.2.3 Cumulative damage 123
5.3 Rules established by case law 125
5.3.1 Insured peril concurrent with uninsured peril 126
5.3.2 Insured peril and excluded peril 127
5.3.3 Internal causes and external causes 129
5.4 Insurance recovery of concurrent causes 135
5.4.1 All or nothing 136
5.4.2 Proportionate remedy 140
5.4.3 Anti-concurrent causes clause 142

Chapter 6 DEFINING AND INTERPRETING THE


CAUSE OF LOSS 144
Introduction 144
6.1 All-risk insurance 144
6.2 Marine risks 146
6.2.1 Maritime perils 147
6.2.2 Perils of the sea 151
6.2.3 The Inchmaree Clause – “due diligence proviso” 154
6.2.4 Unseaworthiness as a cause of loss 160

viii
C ontents

6.3 Non-marine risks 165


6.3.1 Life cover: accidents 165
6.3.2 Liability insurance: fault or negligence of the assureds 167
6.3.3 Business interruption cover: the FCA test case and
subsequent decisions 170
6.3.4 Reinsurance: an occurrence 172
6.4 Common exclusions 173
6.4.1 Wilful misconduct of the assureds 174
6.4.2 Delay 177
6.4.3 Nature of the subject matter insured 180
6.5 Apprehension of peril and mitigation measures 188

Chapter 7 CAUSATION AND MACHINERY FOR


QUALIFYING LOSSES 193
Introduction 193
7.1 The machinery of calculating losses 195
7.2 Aggregation of losses 197
7.3 Assessment of quantum in the cases of COVID-19-related
BI cover 201

Chapter 8 BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF 205


8.1 Balance of probabilities in insurance causation 206
8.2 Burden of proof on assured 212
8.3 Burden of proof on insurers 214
8.4 Generic perils: all-risk 215
8.5 Unexplainable losses 217
8.5.1 Unexplainability 217
8.5.2 Presumptions as to burden of proof
in unexplainable losses 225
8.5.3 Mysterious disappearance clauses 227

Chapter 9 CAUSAL NOTIONS UNDER INSURANCE


ACT 2015: BEYOND THE PROXIMATE
CAUSE OF LOSS 230
Introduction 230
9.1 Breaching terms of insurance contracts 232
9.2 Assured’s duty of fair presentation 235
9.3 Fraudulent claims vs collateral lies 237

Index 241

ix
FOREWORD

The first edition of Dr Meixian Song’s Causation in Insurance Contract Law


was rightly greeted with critical acclaim. Although there have been numer-
ous books on causation in the common law, as well as detailed philosophical
analyses of causation, Meixian’s book was the first comprehensive treatise on
causation as it operates in the law of insurance.
The requirement that the assured must demonstrate that the loss was proxi-
mately caused by an insured peril is inherent in any insurance claim and is at
root in most cases a simple question of fact. That said, there have always been
underpinning policy issues. The courts in early marine cases had to decide
whether insurers should be held responsible where the crew of a wooden
ship chose to try to keep warm by starting a small fire, or where the crew
responded to a collision, grounding or threatened taking at sea was itself the
reason for the loss. All of this led to a less than satisfactory codification in the
Marine Insurance Act 1906, the draftsman of which somehow managed to
convert a causation question into a duty to mitigate loss and thereby to create
confusion for over a century. Subsequently, the courts had to deal with the
problem of death or personal injury resulting from a variety of unfortunate
conjunctions of natural causes and unexpected occurrences, and produced a
series of conflicting decisions some of which displayed clear sympathy with
the bereaved.
In recent years the context has changed. Man-made and natural catastro-
phes have required further policy determinations. How was the law to deal
with the horrible and negligently-inflicted disease of mesothelioma when
pinning liability on a single culprit was in many cases beyond the capabilities
of science? The decision in Fairchild to impose liability in tort without proof
of causation led to two decades of insurance – and, inevitably, then rein-
surance – litigation to determine how the liabilities should be treated under
employers’ liability policies not designed to deal with long-tail illnesses and
operative in different years for different potential defendants.
Perhaps the greatest challenge was posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, and
a mass of ongoing case law to try to fit the business interruption losses from

 x
F oreword

a worldwide disaster into policies designed exclusively to respond to local


events. The answer was, controversially, to be found in causation, leading
to the conclusion that a single case of infection on or near the insured prem-
ises was in causation terms as weighty as the millions of infections else-
where. Questions of concurrent causes were thus brought into sharp focus,
raising in particular the “but for” problem that even if there had not been an
insured peril there would still have been a loss: that caused two members of
the Supreme Court in the Arch decision to admit the error of their ways a
decade earlier when as arbitrator and judge they decided in the context of the
New Orleans hurricanes that there should be no cover in such circumstances.
As in Fairchild, the equally important “law of unintended consequences”
was triggered: if there is pandemic cover, what is the response of causation
to losses occurring after the expiry of the contractual indemnity period that
can be traced back to losses within it? We are awaiting an appellate answer
to that question.
The point, then, is that causation cannot be analysed simply by a case-by-
case analysis of individual rulings. Some of course are discrete: for exam-
ple, Meixian discusses the question of whether a bomb dropped on Exeter
in 1942 can be the proximate cause of damage to the university and other
buildings after its discovery and controlled detonation 80 years later. But for
others, there are complex underlying policy issues with wide-ranging con-
sequences. The complexities of causation led the draftsman of Section 11
of the Insurance Act 2015 to bow to pressure from the insurance industry
and to seek to devise a means other than via the mechanism of causation
to allow an assured to recover under the policy despite being in breach of a
clear policy obligation. Nobody disputes that an assured who has failed to
install adequate locks should be precluded from recovery if the building is
hit by a falling plane. But should that also apply where inadequate locks are
not picked but instead subjected to the overzealous treatment afforded to the
“bloody doors” by Michael Caine’s crew in The Italian Job?
All of this and more is analysed, thoroughly, deeply and clearly in Meixian’s
second edition. The book is a thought-provoking treatment of all aspects of
causation in insurance law. There is no shying away from recognising pol-
icy issues and tackling them head-on. The book is a delight to read, full of
insights. Forewords often say that a book should be found on the shelves of
libraries, practitioners and academics. That can be said about Meixian’s book
without a shred of hyperbole. Causation in Insurance Contract Law cannot
be recommended highly enough.
Rob Merkin
15 August 2023

xi
P R E FA C E

The primary purpose of a causation enquiry in insurance cases is to determine


whether and if so to what extent insurers are liable under contracts of insurance.
The works of Hart and Honoré and many other scholars including Stapleton
have contributed to unpacking legal elements of causal notions in general, and
in tort in particular. Although insurance notoriously investigates the “proxi-
mate” cause of loss in order to determine whether insurers are to be liable for
certain losses, the decisions made by English courts are far from reconcilable.
Sir Chalmers, the codifier of the Marine Insurance Act 1906, had suggested that
the problem lies in the inference of matters of fact, and that consequently causal
connection is perceived as a complex and uncertain issue.
In the earlier edition, we considered how The Cendor MOPU [2011] UKSC
5 placed the spotlight on the causation question in insurance law. It illustrates
the significance of dealing with incoherency and uncertainty in the law. In
the past decade, several further landmark cases have been decided by the
Supreme Court, including The Brillante Virtuoso, The B Atlantic and The
FCA test case. As will be seen in the discussion of these decisions in the fol-
lowing, causation remains a complex issue.
Considering the significant developments in case law during the decade
since the first edition of this work was published, the second edition pro-
vides a more careful account of academic and judicial approaches to causa-
tion issues in insurance claims. This book highlights that English courts
have identified contractual limitations and causal requirements as deci-
sive components of an insurer’s liability. This book examines the extent to
which the judicial approaches should draw a clearer line between contract
interpretation and causation issues in insurance contract law. This argu-
ment is informed by academic discussion, in which Hart and Honoré sug-
gested that causal issues should be kept separate from issues of legal policy
such as legal policies concerning the optimal allocation of social risks, the
scope of rules of law and the impact of fairness between the parties in the
particular case. Scholars including Stapleton and Wright go further, claim-
ing that there is a significant and sharp separation between causal enquiry
and non-causal normative assessment. The value judgement embedded in

 xii
P reface

legal causation would require a book of its own. This book aims to unpack
the relationships between interpretation and the causation to the determina-
tion of insurance indemnity. In this second edition, there are major updates
in the chapter entitled Concurrent Causes, and three new chapters entitled
“Causation and interpretation,” “Causation and machinery for qualifying
losses” and “Causal notions under Insurance Act 2015: beyond the proxi-
mate cause of loss.”
Another aim of the second edition is to provide a more detailed account
of the comparison of causation theories in tort law and insurance law. Such
a comparison has been the subject of judicial scrutiny in the UK Supreme
Court decision of the FCA test case. Causation and the allocation of liability
have traditionally been viewed as different in insurance law compared to
criminal or the law of tort. Through the comparison, this book highlights that
it is not necessary to isolate causation in insurance contracts from the central
debate surrounding the common question regarding the roles of causation in
ascertaining and truncating legal liability.
I must express my thanks here to Professor Robert Merkin KC and Dr
Johanna Hjalmarsson for the invaluable support on this edition and guidance
on the first edition.
Meixian Song
July 2023

xiii
TA B L E O F C A S E S

(bold = main textual ref; roman = footnoted)

A/B Karlshamns Oljefabriker v Monarch Steamship Co. Ltd


(1948–1949) 82 LlL Rep. 137 ������������������������������������������������������������� 134
Ace European Group v Chartis Insurance UK Ltd [2013] EWCA
Civ 224; [2012] EWHC 1245 �������������������������������������������������������������� 187
Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd v Crown (1923) 14 LlL Rep. 341 ��������������������� 69
AIG Europe Ltd v Woodman [2017] UKSC 18 ������������������������������������������ 200
Aioi Nissay Dowa Insurance Co. Ltd (formerly Chiyoda Fire and
Marine Insurance Co. Ltd) v Heraldglen Ltd [2013] EWHC
154 (Comm); [2013] Lloyd’s Rep IR 281 �������������������������������������������� 173
Ajum Goolam Hossen & Co. v Union Marine Insurance
Company [1901] AC 362 ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 227
Alexander John Dudgeon v E. Pembroke 1874 LR 9 QB 581;
(1876–1877) LR 2 App Cas 284; (1877) 2 AC 284 �� 16, 46, 109, 110, 160
Aliza Glacial [2002] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 421 ������������������������������������������������������191
Allianz Insurance plc v The University of Exeter [2023] EWHC
630 (TCC) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36
Allied Maples Group Ltd v Simmons & Simmons [1995] 1 WLR
1602 CA ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 95
Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [1972] AC 824 �������������������������������������������������� 17
Alstom Ltd v Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. [2013] FCA 116 ���������������� 4, 186
American Centennial Insurance Co v INSCO Ltd [1996] LRLR 407 ������ 199
AMI Insurance Ltd v Ross John Legg and others [2017]
NZCA 321 ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 56, 104, 138, 139
Andersen v Marten [1907] 2 K.B. 248; [1908] 1 KB 601 [1908] AC 334 ������ 54
Anderson v Minneapolis (1920) 146 Minn. 430, 179 NW 45 �������������������� 120
Anderson v Morice (1874–1875) LR 10 CP 58 ������������������������������������������ 226
Antaios Cia Naviera SA v Salen Rederierna AB [1985] AC 191 ����������������� 32
Anthony Gibson v Robert Small and Others (1853) 4 HL Cas 353 ����������� 160
Arnold v Britton [2015] AC 1619 ����������������������������������������������������������������� 31
Assicurazioni Generali SpA v ARIG [2003] Lloyd’s Rep IR 131 �������������� 236

xiv
T able of cases

Associated Metals & Minerals Corp. v M/V OLYMPIC MENTOR


1997 AMC 1140 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 182
Atlantik Confidence [2016] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 525 ������������������������������������������ 211
Axa Reinsurance (UK) plc v. Field [1996] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 233 ����������������� 197
Axa Versicherung AG v Arab Insurance Group [2017] EWCA Civ 96 ���� 236
AXL Resources Ltd v Antares Underwriting Services Ltd [2010]
EWHC 3244 (Comm)����������������������������������������������������216, 217, 227, 228
AXN & Ors v Worboys & Ors [2012] EWHC 1730 ������������������������������������� 63

Bailey v Ministry of Defence [2008] EWCA Civ 883 ���������������������������������� 86


Baines v Dixon Coles & Gill [2021] EWCA Civ 1211 ������������������������������� 200
Baker v Willoughby [1970] AC 467 ������������������������������������������������������������� 81
Bank of Nova Scotia v Hellenic War Risks Association
(Bermuda) Ltd (The Good Luck) [1992] 1 AC 233 (HL)�������������������� 232
Bank of Queensland Ltd v AIG Australia Ltd [2018] NSWSC 1689 ��������� 201
Banque Bruxelles Lambert S.A. v Eagle Star Insurance Co. Ltd
[1995] QB 375 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69
Barker v Corus UK Ltd [2006] UKHL 20 ������������������������������������������ 90, 219
Barnett v Chelsea & Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428 ����������������������� 85
Beazley Underwriting Ltd v The Travelers Companies
Incorporated [2011] EWHC 1520 (Comm) ����������������������������������� 65, 199
Becker, Gray v London Insurance Corporation [1918] AC 101 �������3, 49, 188
Bell v Lothiansure Ltd 1993 SLT 421 ���������������������������������������������������������170
Betty v Liverpool and London Globe Ins Co Ltd (1962) 310 F 2d
308 (US CA 4th Circ) ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 228
Bird’s Cigarette Manufacturing Co. Ltd v Rouse [1924] 19
LlL Rep. 301 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 129
Blackenhagen v The London Assurance Company 170 ER 1019 �������������� 188
Blower v The Great Western Railway Company (1871–1872) LR
7 CP 655 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 182
Board of Trade v Hain Steamship Co. Ltd [1929] AC 531 �����������������108, 117
Bond Air Services v Hill [1955] 2 QB 417 ������������������������������������������������� 213
Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613 ����������������������������� 84, 85
Borealis AB v Geogas Trading SA [2011] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 482 ���������������������� 69
Boyd v Dubois [1811] 3 Campbell 133, 170 ER 1331 ��������������������������������� 181
Brian Leighton (Garages) Ltd v Allianz Insurance Plc [2023]
EWCA Civ 8 ������������������������������������������������������������������������32, 35, 41, 58
Bridgeman v Allied Mutual Insurance Limited (1999) 10 ANZ
Insurance Cases 61-448 ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 60
Britestone Pte Ltd v Smith & Associates Far East, Ltd ���������������������������� 205
British & Foreign Marine Insurance Co v Samuel Sanday & Co
[1916] 1 AC 650 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 49

xv
T able of cases

British & Foreign Marine Insurance Co. Ltd v Gaunt [1921] 2


AC 41 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 145, 215, 215
British and Foreign Marine Insurance Company Ltd v Gaunt
[1923] 16 LlL Rep. 129 ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 183
British Waterways v Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Plc [2012]
EWHC 460 (Comm) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 62
Brotherton v Aseguradora Colseguros SA (No. 2) [2003] 2 CLC 629 ������210
Brownsville Holdings Ltd v Adamjee Insurance Co Ltd (The
Milasan) [2000] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 458����������������������������������������������208, 210
Brushfield Ltd (t/a The Clarence Hotel) v Arachas
Corporate Brokers Ltd [2021] IEHC 263; [2022] Lloyd’s Rep
IR Plus 18 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������35, 70, 171
Butler v Wildman (1820) 3 B&Ald 398; 106 ER 708 ��������������������������149, 188

Canada Rice Mills Ltd v Union Marine & General Insurance


Co. Ltd [1941] AC 55������������������������������������������������������������ 151, 182, 189
Canada Rice Mills Ltd v Union Marine and General Insurance
Co. Ltd (1940) 67 LlL Rep. 549������������������������������������������������������������216
Canadian Indemnity Company v Walkem Machinery &
Equipment Ltd 1975 CanLII 141 (SCC), [1976] 1 SCR 309 ��������������� 169
Caribbean Sea [1980] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 338 �������������������������������������������������� 155
Carroll v QBE Insurance (Europe) Ltd and others [2020] EWHC 153 ������ 64
Casalino v Insurance Australian Ltd [2007] ACTSC 25 ���������������������������� 63
Caudle & Ors v Sharp [1995] CLC 642 ���������������������������������������������������� 173
Cehave v Bremer [1976] Q.B. 44 ����������������������������������������������������������������� 32
Chaplin v Hicks [1911] 2 KB ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 92
Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd [2009] 1 AC 11 �������������������������� 31
Chester v Afshar [2005] 1 AC 134 ��������������������������������������������������������������� 83
Chubb Insurance Singapore Ltd v Sizer Metals Pte Ltd [2023]
SGHC(A) 17 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 224
Clothing Management Technology Ltd v Beazley Solutions Ltd
(t/a Beazley Marine UK) [2012] EWHC 727 ������������������������������ 148, 190
Compania Maritima San Basilio SA v Oceanus Mutual
Underwriting Association (Bermuda) Ltd (The Eurysthenes)
[1977] QB 49 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������161
Compania Naviera Martiartu v Royal Exchange Assurance
Corporation (1924) 19 LlLRep 95������������������������������������������������������ 207
Compania Naviera Santi S.A. v Indemnity Marine Assurance Co.
Ltd [1960] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 469�������������������������������������������������������������� 213
Compania Naviera Vascongada v British & Foreign Maritime
Insurance Co. Ltd (1936) 54 LlL Rep 35 ��������������������������������������������211

xvi
T able of cases

Continental Illinois National Bank & Trust Co of Chicago and


Xenofon Maritime SA v Alliance Assurance Co Ltd (The
Captain Panagos DP) [1989] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 33 ����������������������������������211
Cook v Lewis [1952] 1 DLR 1 �������������������������������������������������������������� 84, 120
Coxe v Employers Liability Assurance Corp Ltd [1916] 2 KB 629
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56, 60, 65, 66
CT Bowring & Co. Ltd v Amsterdam London Insurance Co Ltd
(1930) 36 LlL Rep. 309 ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 129
Cullen v Butler (1816) 5 M&S 461 ����������������������������������������������������� 149, 151
Cultural Foundation & Anor v Beazley Furlonge Ltd & Ors
[2019] Lloyd’s Rep IR 12 �������������������������������������������������������������������� 124
CV Stealth (No. 2) [2017] EWHC 2808 (Comm) ����������������������������������������� 69

Davidson v Burnand (1868–1869) LR 4 CP 117 ���������������������������������������� 225


Delphine [2001] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 542 ����������������������������������������������������������� 228
De Souza v Home & Overseas Insurance Co. Ltd [1995] LRLR 45 ��������� 166
Derksen v 539938 Ontario Ltd [2001] SCC 72 ���������������������������������� 104, 138
Dhak v Insurance Co. of North America (UK) Ltd [1996] 1 WLR 936 ���� 166
Dixon v Sadler (1839) 5 M&W ������������������������������������������������������������������ 160
Dunthorne v Bentley [1999] Lloyd’s Rep IR 560 ���������������������������������� 63, 64
Durham v BAI (Run Off) Ltd. [2012] UKSC 14; [2012]
1 WLR 867 ������������������������������������������������������������������������97, 98, 99, 100

E. D. Sassoon & Co. v Western Assurance Co. [1912] AC 561 ��������� 134, 153
E.D. Sassoon & Co. Ltd v Yorkshire Insurance Company [1923]
16 LlL Rep. 129 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 183
Elfie A. Issaias v Marine Insurance Co., LTD. (1922) 13 LlL Rep 381 ������218
Environment Agency v Empress Car Co. (Abertillery) Ltd [1998]
UKHL 5, [1999] 2 AC 22���������������������������������������������������������������� 39, 79
Equitas Insurance Ltd v Municipal Mutual Insurance Ltd [2019]
EWCA Civ 718 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 100, 172
EUI Ltd v Bristol Alliance Ltd Partnership [2012] EWCA Civ 1267 ���������174
European Group v Chartis [2012] EWHC 1245 (QB); (Comm) ������� 133, 223
Eurus [1998] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 351 ������������������������������������������������������������������ 70

F. W. Berk & Co. Ltd v Style [1955] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 382 ����������������������������� 187
Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd (2002) UKHL 22;
[2003] 1 AC 32 ����������������������������������������������������������������� 18, 83, 124, 218
Fawcus v Sarefield (1856) 6 E&B 192 ������������������������������������������������������ 160
FCA v Arch [2021] UKSC 1 ����������������������������������������������� 24, 28, 30, 32, 203
Fenton v Thorley & Co Ltd (1903) AC 443 ����������������������������������������������� 169
Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York v Mitchell [1917] AC 592 ���� 67

xvii
T able of cases

Financial Conduct Authority (Appellant) v Arch Insurance


(UK) Ltd and others (Respondents) [2021]
UKSC 1 ������������������������������������������������������3, 56, 103, 114, 170, 194, 195
Financial Conduct Authority v Arch Insurance (UK) Limited and
Others [2020] EWHC 2448 (Comm) ���������������������������������������������34, 113
Fooks v Smith [1924] 2 KB 508 ������������������������������������������������������������� 52, 53

Galloway v Guardian Royal Exchange (UK) Ltd [1999] Lloyd’s


Rep IR 209 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 238
Galoo Ltd (in liquidation) and Others v Bright Grahame Murray
(a firm) and Another [1994] 1 WLR 1360 �������������������������������������������� 19
Garvey et al. v State Farm Fire and Casualty Company, 48 Cal 3d 395 � 139
George Cohen Sons & Co. v Standard Marine Insurance Co. Ltd
(1925) 21 LlL Rep 30 �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 164
Gibbs v Mercantile Mutual Insurance [2003] HCA 39 ����������������������������� 148
Global Process Systems Inc v Syarikat Takaful
Malaysia Bhd (The Cendor Mopu) [2011] UKSC
5; [2011] 1 All ER 869; [2011] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 560����� 3–4, 18, 36, 48, 61,
104, 109–110, 113, 121, 129, 131–134,
135, 139, 144, 151–154, 162, 164, 174,
180–181, 185–186, 188, 215, 216
Glowrange Ltd v CGU Insurance Plc ������������������������������������������������������� 221
Gordon v Rimmington (1807) 1 Camp 123 �������������������������������������������������� 49
Government Office of New South Wales v RJ Green & Lloyd Pty
Ltd [1966] HCA 6 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63
Grant v Sun Shipping Co [1948] AC 549 �������������������������������������������������� 120
Grant, Smith and Company and McDonnell v Seattle
Construction and Dry Dock Company [1920] AC 162 �������������� 148, 152
Gray v Barr [1971] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 1; [1971] 2 QB 554 16, 37, 69, 70, 166, 168
Green v Brown (1743) 2 Str 1199 ������������������������������������������������ 214, 217, 225
Gregg v Scott [2005] 2 WLR 268 HL ��������������������������������������������������������� 93
Greggs plc v Zurich Insurance plc [2022] EWHC 2545 (Comm) �����201, 202
Guaranty National Insurance Co v North River Insurance Co
909 F.2d 133 (5th Cir. 1990) ��������������������������������������������������������������� 128

Hadkinson v Robinson (1803) 3 B&P 388 ������������������������������������������������� 188


Hagedorn v Whitemore 1816, 1 stark, 157 ������������������������������������������103, 105
Hamilton, Fraser & Co. v Pandorf & Co. 12 App Cas 518 ���������������������� 158
Hamlyn v The Crown Accidental Insurance Company [1893]
1 QB 750 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 166
Harrisons v Shipping Controller (The Inkonka) [1921] 1 K.B. 122 ������������ 16

xviii
T able of cases

Helicopter Resources Pty Ltd & Vowell Air Services


(Helicopters) Pty Ltd v Sun Alliance Australia Unreported,
Supreme Court of Victoria, Ormiston J, 26 March 1991 ������������������� 187
HIH Casualty & General Ins Ltd v New Hampshire Ins Co
[2001] EWCA Civ 735 ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 232
Hodge v Anglo-American Oil Co. (1922) 12 L1LRep. 183 �������������������������� 68
Hogan v Bentinck West Hartley Collieries [1949] 1 All ER 588 ���������������� 80
Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd [1970] AC 1004 ���������������������������������� 80
Hornal v Neuberger Products Ltd [1957] 1 Q.B. 247 ����������������������� 207, 208
Hotson v East Berkshire Health Authority [1987] AC 750 HL;
[1987] 2 All ER 909 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 92
Houghton (RA) and Mancon Ltd v Sunderland Marine Mutual
Insurance Co. Ltd (The Ny-Eeasteyr) [1988] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 60 ����������210
Humber Oil Terminal Trustee Ltd v Owners of the Sivand [1998]
2 Lloyd’s Rep 97 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
Hutchinson v Epson & St Helier NHS Trust [2002] EWHC 2363 �������������� 85
Hyper Trust Ltd v FBD Insurance plc [2020] EWHC 2448
(Comm); [2020] Lloyd’s Rep IR 527��������������������������������������������������� 171

IAG New Zealand Ltd v Jackson [2014] Lloyd’s Rep IR 97 ������������������������ 57


Ide v ATB Sales Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 424 ���������������������������������������������� 222
Impress (Worcester) Ltd v Rees [1971] 2 All ER 357 ���������������������������������� 80
International Energy Group Ltd v Zurich Insurance Plc UK
[2013] EWCA Civ 39 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 90
Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building
Society [1998] 1 WLR 896 ������������������������������������������������������������������� 31
Ionides v The Universal Marine Insurance Company (1863) 14
CB (NS) 259 ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 43, 44, 45, 60
Issaias v Marine Insurance Co. Ltd. (1923) 15 LlLEep 186 ��������������207, 210

J.J. Lloyd instruments Ltd. v Northern Star Insurance Co. Ltd (The Miss
Jay Jay) [1987] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 32�����������67, 103, 104, 109–112, 114, 118,
121–122, 124, 126, 127, 131–134, 139, 151, 152, 164, 165
Jacob v Gaviller (1902) 7 Com Cas 116 ���������������������������������������������������� 145
James Yachts v Thames & Mersey Marine Insurance Co. [1977]
1 Lloyd’s Rep 206 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 148
Jobling v Associated Dairies [1982] AC 794 ����������������������������������������������� 82
John Cory & Sons v Albert Edward Burr (1882–1883) LR 8 App
Cas 393 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46, 47, 49
JSM Management Pty Ltd v QBE Insurance (Australia) Ltd
[2011] VSC 339 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������133, 183

xix
T able of cases

Kacianoff v China Traders Insurance Co. Ltd [1914] 3 KB 1121 ������������� 188
Kajima UK Engineering Ltd v Underwater Insurance Co. Ltd
[2008] Lloyd’s Rep IR 391 �������������������������������������������������������������������� 65
Kamilla Hans-Peter Eckhoff KG v AC Oerssleff’s EFTF
A/B (The Kamilla) [2006] EWHC 509 (Comm); [2006] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 238 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 60
Kastor Navigation Co Ltd and Another v AGF M A T and oth-
ers (“Kastor Too”) [2002] EWHC 2601 (Comm), [2003] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 296 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 205
Kastor Navigation Co. Ltd v Axa Global Risks (UK) Ltd (The
Kastor Too) [2004] 2 CLC 68��������������������������������������������������������� 51, 119
Kelly v Norwich Union Fire Insurance Ltd [1990] 1 WLR 139 ���������������� 126
Kish v Taylor [[1912] A.C. 604] ����������������������������������������������������������������� 163
Kitchen v Royal Air Force Association [1958] 1 WLR 563 ������������������������ 95
Knight v Faith (1850) 15 QB 649 ��������������������������������������������������������������� 126
Koebel v Saunders (1864) 17 CB(NS) 71 �������������������������������������������������� 181
Kopitoff v Wilson (1875–1876) LR 1 QBD 377 �������������������������������������������110
Koufos v C Czarnikow Ltd (The Heron II) [1967] 2 Lloyd’s Rep
457; [1969] 1 AC 350
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 102, 198
Kusel v Atkin [1997] CLC 554 ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 51
Kuwait Airways Corp v Kuwait Insurance Co. SAK [1996] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 664; [1999] CLC 934
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������116, 126, 173
Kuwait Airways Corporation v Iraqi Airways Co (Nos 4 and 5)
[2002] UKHL 19 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 7

L’Union Assurances de Paris IARD v Sun Alliance Insurance Ltd


[1995] NSWCA 539 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 102
La Compania Martiatu v Royal Exchange Assurance
Corporation [1923] 1 KB 650 ������������������������������������������������������������ 213
Lamb Head Shipping Co. Ltd v Jennings (The Marel) [1994] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 624 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 221
Latham v Johnson [1913] 1 KB ������������������������������������������������������������������� 68
Lawrence v Aberdein 106 ER 1133; (1821) 5 B & Ald 107 ������������������61, 146
Lawrence v Accident Insurance Co. (1880–1881) LR 7 QBD 216 ������������ 165
LCA Marrickville Pty Ltd v Swiss Re International SE [2022]
FCAFC 17; [2022] ILRP 14����������������������������������������������������������� 33, 203
Leeds Beckett University v Travelers Insurance Co Ltd [2017]
EWHC 558 (TCC) ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 145–146
Lek v Mathews (1927) 29 LlLEep 141 ����������������������������������������������� 207, 212
Levy v Assicurazioni Generali [1940] AC 791 ������������������������������������������ 213

xx
T able of cases

Leyland Shipping Co Ltd v Norwich Union Fire Insurance


Society Ltd [1918] AC 350����������������������������������� 9, 13, 14, 17, 41, 49–50,
69, 75, 103, 107, 109, 111, 115
Liverpool & London War Risks v Ocean S.S. Co [1948] AC 243 ��������� 5, 103
Lloyds TSB General Insurance Holdings & Ors v Lloyds Bank
Group Insurance Co Ltd. [2003] UKHL 48 ���������������������������������������� 60
Lloyds TSB General Insurance Holdings and Others v Lloyds
Bank Group Insurance Company Limited [2001] Lloyd’s Rep
PN 28 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 97, 200
Lloyds TSB General Insurance Holdings v Lloyds Bank Group
Insurance Co Ltd [2002] Lloyd’s Rep IR 113 ����������������������������������41, 60
London & Provincial Leather Processes Ltd v Hudson [1939]
2 KB 724 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������145
Lucena v Craufurd (1802) 3 Bos&Pul 75, Exch ������������������������������������������ 45

Magnus v Buttemer (1852) 138 ER 720 ����������������������������������������������������� 152


Malcolm v Dickson 1951 SC 542 ����������������������������������������������������������������� 44
Mallett v McMonagle [1970] AC 166 ����������������������������������������������������������� 95
Manifest Shipping Co. Ltd v Uni-Polaris Insurance Co. Ltd (The
Star Sea) [2001] UKHL 1 ������������������������������������������������������������ 161, 177
Mann v Lexington Insurance Co. [2001] 1 All ER (Comm) 28 ���������������� 173
Marcel Beller v Hayden [1978] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 472 ����������������������������166, 167
Marina Offshore Pte Ltd v China Insurance Co. (Singapore)
Pte Ltd [2006] SGCA 28. [2007] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 66, [2007]
Lloyd’s Rep IR 383, CA (Sing) �������������������������������������������� 109, 151, 164
Marshall Wells of Can. Ltd. v Winnipeg Supply & Fuel Co.
(1964), 49 WWR 664 �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 169
Martini Investments v McGuin [2001] Lloyd’s Rep IR 374 ����������������������� 109
Masefield AG v Amlin Corporate Member Ltd [2011] 1 Lloyd’s
Rep 630 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 179
Mayban General Assurance BHD v Alstom Power Plants Ltd
[2004] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 609����������������������������������������������� 18, 135, 153, 185
McCarthy v St Paul Insurance Co Ltd [2007] FCAFC 28; 157
FCR 402; 239 ALR 527 ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 137
McGhee v National Coal Board [1973] 1 WLR 1 HL �������������������������87, 218
McGregor v Prudential Insurance Co [1998] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 112 ������������� 209
McWilliams v Sir William Arrol and Co Ltd [1962]
1 WLR 295 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������79, 82, 115
Melinda Holdings SA v Hellenic Mutual War Risks Association
(Bermuda) Ltd [2011] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 141 ���������������������������������������������191
Mercantile Steamship Co. v Tyser (1880–1881) L.R. 7 QBD 73 ����������������� 47

xxi
T able of cases

Merchants’ Marine Insurance Company v Liverpool Marina &


General Insurance Company (1928) 31 LlL Rep. 45 ��������������������� 53, 66
Midland Mainline Ltd v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd [2003]
EWHC 1771 (Comm); [2004] Lloyd’s Rep IR 22 ��������������������������������� 60
Midland Mainline Ltd v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd [2004]
EWCA Civ 1042, [2004] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 604 �������������������������������������� 112
Midland Mainline Ltd v Eagle Star Insurance Co. Ltd [2004] 2
CLC 480 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 108
Milton Keynes v Nulty [2011] EWHC 2847 ����������������������������������������������� 222
Ministeroi Pensions v Chennell [1946] 2 All E.R. 719 ������������������������������� 17
Morley v United Friendly Insurance Plc [1993] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 490 ���������� 34
Mountain v Whittle [1921] 1 AC 615 ������������������������������������������������� 135, 153
Munro Brice & Co. v War Risks Association [1918] 2 KB 78 ������������������ 214

N. E. Neter & Co. Ltd v Licenses & General Insurance Co. Ltd
(1943) 77 LlL Rep 202 ���������������������������������������������������������������� 151–152
N. Michalos & Sons Maritime SA v Prudential Assurance Co.
(The Zinovia) [1984] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 264 ��������������������������������������209, 210
Nacional v Hispanica Aseguradora SA [1978] AC 853 ������������������������������ 60
National Justice Compania Naviera SA v Prudential Assurance
Co Ltd (The Ikarian Reefer) (No. 1) [1995] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 455 ���������� 209
National Oilwell (UK) Ltd v Davy Offshore Ltd [1993] 2 Lloyd’s
Rep 582 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 189
Naviera de Canarias SA v Nacional Hispanica Aseguradora SA
(The Playa de las Nieves) [1978] AC 853, [1977] 1 Lloyd’s
Rep 457 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������179
Navigators Insurance Co Ltd v Atlasnavios-Navegacao Lda
(formerly Bnavios-Navegacao Lda) (The B Atlantic) [2018]
UKSC 26; [2019] AC 136 ���������������������������������������������������� 104, 117, 118
Netherlands v Youell & Others [1998] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 236, [1998]
CLC 44�������������������������������������������������� 159, 175, 176, 177, 189, 190, 191
Nicholson v Atlas Steel Foundry and Engineering Co Ltd ������������������������� 87
Noten v Hardings [1990] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 283 ������������������������������������������������ 16
Novartis Grimsby Ltd v Cookson [2007] EWCA Civ 1261 ������������������������� 86

Orient-Express Hotels Ltd v Assicurazioni General SpA (UK)


(t/a Generali Global Risk) [2010] EWHC 1186 (Comm);
[2010] Lloyd’s Rep IR 531 (“Orient Express”) ��������������71, 119, 120, 196
Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Docks & Engineering Co
(The Wagon Mound (No 1)) [1961] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 1; [1961]
AC 388 (PC); (The Wagon Mound (No 2)) [1966] 1 Lloyd’s
Rep 657; [1967] 1 AC 617 (PC) ��������������������������������������������� 70, 101, 198

xxii
T able of cases

P Samuel & Co. Ltd v Dumas [1924] AC 431 ���������������������111, 127, 176, 177
Pacific Chemicals Pte Ltd v MSIG Insurance (Singapore) Pte
Ltd. [2012] SGHC 198 ���������������������������������������������������������������� 102, 193
Pan Atlantic Co. Ltd v Pine Top Insurance Co. Ltd [1994] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 427 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 236
Parker v National Farmers Union Mutual Insurance Society Ltd
[2013] Lloyd’s Rep IR 253 ������������������������������������������������������������������ 208
Parker v Potts (1815) III Dow 23 ��������������������������������������������������������������� 225
Performance Cars v Abraham [1962] 1 QB 33 CA ������������������������������������� 81
Petroleo Brasileiro SA Petrobras v ENE 1 Kos Ltd (The Kos)
[2012] UKSC 17; [2012] 2 AC 164 ������������������������������������������������������111
Pickup v The Thames and Mersey Marine Insurance Company
(1877–1878) LR 3 QBD 594����������������������������������������������������������������� 226
Piermay Shipping Co. S.A. and Brandt’s Ltd. v Chester (The
Michael) [1979] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 55�������������������������������������������������������� 209
Pink v Fleming (1890) L.R. 25 QBD 396 ����������������������������������������45, 49, 178
Polemis v Furness Withy & Co (1921) 8 LlL Rep 351; [1921]
3 KB 560 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 198
Polladio Holdings Limited v The New India Assurance Company
Limited [2023] NZHC 1147 ���������������������������������������������������������������� 138
Prenn v Simmonds [1976] 1 WLR 1381 ������������������������������������������������������ 32
Promet Engineering (Singapore) Pte Ltd v Sturge (The Nukila)
[1997] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 146 �������������������������������������������������������������148, 155

R (Daly) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001]


2 AC 532 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33
R v Sally Clark [2003] EWCA Crim 1020 ��������������������������������������������������� 15
Rahman v Arearose Ltd [2001] QB 351 ������������������������������������������������������� 82
Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank [2011] 1 WLR 2900; [2011] UKSC 50 ������� 31
Re An Arbitration between Kate Scarr and the General Accident
Assurance Corporation Ltd [1905] 1 KB 387 ������������������������������������ 166
Re B (A Child) [2008] UKHL 35 ������������������������������������������������������� 206, 212
Re H (Minors) (Sexual Abuse: Standard of Proof) [1996]
AC 563 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 206, 208, 212
Re London County Commercial Reinsurance Office Ltd [1922]
2 Ch 67 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������147
Re Polemis (1921) 8 LlL Rep 351; [1921] 3 K.B. 560 �������������������������� 70, 101
Reeves v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2000] 1 AC 360 ������� 17
Regina Fur Company Ltd v Bossom [1958] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 425 ������������������215
Reischer v Borwick [1894] 2 QB 548 �������������������������������������� 48, 54, 75, 105
Rhesa Shipping Company SA v Edmunds (The Popi M)
[1985] 1 WLR 948 ��������������������������������������������������������������� 205, 214, 216

xxiii
T able of cases

Rockliffe Hall Ltd v Travelers Insurance Co Ltd [2021] EWHC


412 (Comm) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35, 171
Romford Ice and Cold Storage Co Ltd v Lister [1956] 2 QB 180 ���������������� 64
Royal Boskalis Westminster & Ors v Mountain [1997] LRLR 523 ���������� 238
Russian Bank for Foreign Trade v Excess Insurance Co. Ltd.,
[1918] 2 K.B. 123 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 180

SA v International General Insurance Co Ltd and Others (The


“Irene EM”) [2013] EWHC 3644 (Comm) ���������������������������������������� 153
Saint Line, Ltd. v Richardsons, Westgarth & Co., Ltd. (1940) 67
LlL Rep 62 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 70
Schloss Brothers v Stevens [1906] 2 KB 665 �������������������������������������������� 145
Scott v Copenhagen Reinsurance Co. (UK) Ltd [2003] EWCA
Civ 688 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 173
Seahawk Liquidating Trust v Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s of
London 810 F3d 986 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 128
Sealion Shipping Ltd v Valiant Insurance Co. (The Toisa Pisces)
[2012] EWHC 50 (Comm)������������������������������������������������������ 51, 157, 215
Seashore Marine SA v Phoenix Assurance Plc (The Vergina)
(No. 1) [2001] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 719; (No. 2) [2001]
1 Lloyd’s Rep 698 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������58, 214
Secunda Marine Services Ltd v Liberty Mutual Insurance
Company [2006] NSCA 82 ����������������������������������������������������������������� 157
Shelbourne & Co. v Law Investment and Insurance Corporation
[1898] 2 QB 626 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 178
Sheldon v Sun Alliance Australia Ltd (1990) 53 SASR 97 ������������������������ 208
Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd. v Gibbs [1983] 2 AC 375 ����������47, 58
Sienkiewicz v Greif (UK) Ltd [2011] UKSC 10 ����������������������������������� 90, 219
Skandia Insurance Co. Ltd v Skoljarev [1979] HCA 45 ���������������������216, 225
Slattery v Mance (1962) 1 QB 676 ������������������������������������������������������������� 205
Smellie v British General Insurance Co [1918] WC & Ins Rep 233 ����������� 62
Smith New Court Securities Ltd v Citibank NA [1997] AC 254 ������������������ 17
Smith v Cornhill Insurance Co. Ltd (1938) 61 LlL Rep. 122 ���������������������� 67
Smith, Hogg v Black Sea & Baltic (1940) 67 LlL Rep 253; [1940]
AC 997 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������133, 162
Southampton Leisure Holdings Plc v Avon Insurance Plc [2004]
EWHC 571 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67
Soya v White [1983] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 122 ������������������������������109, 181, 184, 185
Spinney’s (1948) Ltd v Royal Insurance Co. Ltd [1980] 1 Lloyd’s
Rep 406 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66, 213
Spire Healthcare Limited v Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance
Limited [2022] EWCA Civ 17 ������������������������������������������������������������� 198

xxiv
T able of cases

Standard Life Assurance Ltd v Oak Dedicated Ltd [2008] 1 CLC 59 ������ 169
Stanley v Western Insurance Co. (1868) LR 3 Ex 71 �������������������������������� 124
State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v Slade 747 So2d 293 ������������������������������������143
State Farm Mutual Auto Ins Co. v Partridge 10 Cal3d 102 (1973) ��� 136, 137
Steelton (No. 2) [1979] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 431 ��������������������������������������������������� 70
Stonegate Pub Co Ltd v MS Amlin Corporate Member Ltd and
Others [2022] EWHC 2548 (Comm) �����������������������������������172, 201, 202
Strive Shipping Corporation v Hellenic Mutual War Risks
Association [2002] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 88; [2003]1 CLC 401 ������������� 191, 210
Suez Fortune Investments Ltd & Piraeus Bank AE v Talbot
Underwriting Ltd & Ors, The Brilliante Virtuoso [2019]
EWHC 2599 (Comm) ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 177
Suez Investment Ltd v Talbot Underwriting Ltd (The Brillante
Virtuoso) (No. 2) [2019] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 485 ��������������������������������210, 212
Sun Alliance & London Insurance Group v North West Iron Co.
Ltd (1974) 2 NSWLR 625�������������������������������������������������������������������� 102
Sutherland Professional Funding Ltd v Bakewells (A Firm)
[2011] EWHC 2658 (QB); [2013] Lloyd’s Rep IR 93 ���������������������65, 169
Swiss Re International SE v LCA Marrickville Pty Ltd [2021]
FCA 1206; [2022] ILRP 13�������������������������������������������������������������33, 171
Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad v Global Process Systems Inc.
[2011] UKSC 5, [2011] Bus LR 537 ������������������������� 18, 48, 104, 144, 151
Symington & Co. v Union Insurance Society of Canton Ltd
(1928) 32 LlL Rep. 287 ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 188

Tahir v Haringey Health Authority & Anr [1998] Lloyd’s Rep Med 104 ������� 85
Tatham v Hodgson (1796) 6 TR 656 177 [1921] 2 AC 41 �������������������181, 182
Taylor v Dunbar (1868–1869) LR 4 CP 206 ���������������������������������������� 45, 177
Ted Baker plc and Another v Axa Insurance UK plc and Others
[2017] EWCA Civ 4097; [2017] Lloyd’s Rep IR 682 ������������������ 206, 228
Tektrol Ltd v International Insurance Co. of Hanover Ltd [2005]
2 Lloyd’s Rep 701 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������145
Thames and Mersey Marine Insurance Co. v Hamilton, Fraser &
Co. (The Inchmaree) (1887) 12 App Cas 484 ��������������������� 149, 155, 156
Theodorou v Chester [1951] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 204 ���������������������������������������� 216
Thomas v London and Provincial Marine and General Insurance
Co. Ltd (1914) 30 TLR 595������������������������������������������������������������������ 164
Thomas v Tyne and Wear Steamship Freight Insurance
Association [1917] 1 KB 938 ���������������������������������������������������������������161
Thompson v Hopper (1856) 6 E and B 172; (1858)
El. Bl&El 1038 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������160, 163
Thompson v Whitmore (1810) 3 Taunton 227 �������������������������������������������� 151

xxv
T able of cases

Thurtell v Beaumont (1923) 15 LlLEep 186 ���������������������������������������������� 207


TM Noten BV v Harding [1990] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 283 ����������������7, 131, 184, 185
Toomey v Banco Vitalicio de Espana SA de Seguros y
Reasseguros [2004] EWCA Civ 622 �������������������������������������������������� 232
Toomey v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd [1993] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 429 ����������� 173
Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping Inc (The Achilleas)
[2008] UKHL 40; [2008] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 275; [2009] AC 61 �������������� 198
Trinder, Anderson & Co. v Thames and Mersey Marine
Insurance Company [1898] 2 QB 114 ������������������������������������������156, 174

UK Insurance Ltd v Gentry [2018] EWHC 37 ������������������������������������������ 212


UK Insurance Ltd v Holden [2019] UKSC 16 ��������������������������������������������� 64
Utica National Insurance Co of Texas v American Indem Co 14
SW3d 198 (2004) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 128

Van Berlo v Aim Underwriting Limited Et Al 2014 ONSC 4648,


122 OR (3d) 315 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 169
Various Eateries Trading Ltd v Allianz Insurance plc [2022]
EWHC 2549 (Comm) ������������������������������������������������������������������201, 202
Vastgrand Industrial Ltd v Avon Insurance Plc [2004] HKCU 475 ����������� 66
Vee H Aviation Pty Ltd v Australian Aviation Underwriting Pool
Pty Ltd, 1995 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 102
Versloot Dredging BV v HDI Gerling Industrie Versicherung AG
[2013] EWHC 1666 (Comm); [2016] UKSC 45 ������������������154, 158, 238
Visy Packaging Pty Ltd v Siegwerk Australia Pty Ltd [2013]
FCA 231 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 102, 224

W. v Minister of Pension [1946] 2 AU ER 301 �������������������������������������������� 17


Waddle v Wallsend Shipping Co [1952] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 105 ����������������������� 225
Walker v Maitland (1821) 5 B&Al 171 �������������������������������������������������������� 49
Wasa International Insurance Co. Ltd v Lexington Insurance Co.
[2009] UKHL 40 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 126
Watson v Clark (1813) I Dow 336 �������������������������������������������������������������� 225
Wayne Tank and Pump Co. Ltd V Employers Liability Assurance
Corporation Ltd [1974] QB 57�������������������� 103, 104, 108, 112–114, 116,
118, 121–122, 124, 131, 135–139, 142
West India and Panama Telegraph Company v Home and
Colonial Marine Insurance Company (1880) 6 QBD 51 ����149, 156, 163
Whiting v New Zealand Insurance Co. Ltd [1932] 44 LlLR 179 ��������������� 185
Widefree Ltd v Brit Insurance Ltd [2009] EWHC 3671 (Comm) ������������� 228
Williams v University of Birmingham [2011] EWCA Civ 1242 ������������������� 90
Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority [1988] AC 1074 ����������������������� 84, 89

xxvi
T able of cases

Winspear v Accident Insurance Co. (1880) 6 QBD 42 ������������������������������ 165


Woods v Duncan [1946] A.C 401 ���������������������������������������������������������������� 17
Wright v Cambridge Medical Group [2011] EWCA Civ 669 ���������������������� 94

X. v Minister of Pensions [1947] 1 All ER 38 ��������������������������������������������� 17


Xantho (1887) 12 App Cas 503 ��������������������������������������������������� 149, 151, 152
Yorkshire Dale Steamship Co Ltd v Minister of War Transport
[1942] AC 691 �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17, 49, 117

Young v Sun Alliance and London Insurance Ltd [1976]


3 All E.R. 561 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34

Zurich Insurance PLC UK Branch v International Energy Group


Ltd (IEG) [2015] UKSC 33������������������������������������������������������������ 99, 100
Zurich Insurance PLC v Niramax Group Ltd [2021] EWCA Civ 590 ������ 236

xxvii
T A B L E O F L E G I S L AT I O N

(bold = main textual ref; roman = footnoted)

Compensation Act 2006 91, 97, 99 s 39(4)�������������������������������160


s 3�������������������������������90, 219 s 39(5)���������������133, 161, 163,
Consumer Insurance (Disclosure 164, 165
and Representations) s 55������������������� 9, 40, 41, 105,
Act 2012������������������������������230 133, 163, 165, 174,
Employers’ Liability (Compulsory 198, 228, 231
Insurance) Act 1969��������������97 s 55(1)���������������� 40, 105, 163,
s 1(1)�����������������������������������62 174, 231
Insurance Act 2015��������������������230 s 55(2)���������������� 58, 145, 149,
s 7(3)���������������������������������236 173, 174, 177
s 8�������������������������������������236 s 55(2)(a)������������������ 174, 176,
s 9�������������������������������������232 177, 189, 190
s 10������������������������ 9, 232, 234 s 55(2)(b)������������������� 178, 180
s 10(2)�������������������������������232 s 55(2)(c)��� 109, 110, 133, 180
s 11�������� 9, 160, 232, 234, 235 s 61��������������������������������������41
s 11(3)��������������������������������234 s 67�����������������������������������194
Marine Insurance s 67(1)�������������������������������194
Act 1906�������43–44, 49, 57, 65, s 67(2)�������������������������������194
105–106, 125, ss 68-76�����������������������������194
129, 146, 148, 181, s 77����������������������������� 51, 194
182, 195, 230 s 78���������������������������188, 194
s 2������������������������������������� 149 s 78(4)����������������������� 189, 191
s 3(2)��������������������������������� 147 Sch. 1 r. 7��������������������������151
s 10��������������������������������������63 Sch. 1 r. 12������������������������ 149
s 17������������������������������������236 Road Traffic Act 1972
s 18(2)�������������������������������235 s 5(1)���������������������������������167
s 20(2)�������������������������������235 s 5(2)���������������������������������167
s 33(1)�������������������������������232 Road Traffic Act 1988
s 33(3)�������������������������������165 s 145������������������������������������64
s 39�����������������������������������160 s 145(3)(a)���������������������62, 64

xxviii
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No—it shall live again, and shine
In bliss unknown to beams of thine,
By Him recall’d to breath
Who captive led captivity.
Who robbed the Grave of Victory,
And took the sting from Death!”
The statue represents the Poet in his academic robes of Lord-Rector
and the relieved figure, with the torch, the triumph of immortal Hope,
as described in the following lines:—
“Eternal Hope! when yonder spheres sublime
Peal’d their first notes to sound the march of Time,
Thy joyous youth began, but shall not fade.—
When all the sister planets have decayed,
When wrapped in fire, the realms of ether glow,
And Heaven’s last thunder shakes the world below,
Thou, undismayed, shall o’er the ruins smile,
And light thy torch at Nature’s funeral pile!”
“Pleasures of Hope.”
[For these and the preceding lines, see Campbell’s Poems.]
Affixed to the pillar is a tablet—“Sacred to the memory of Christopher
Anstey, Esq., formerly a scholar at Eton, and fellow of Trinity College,
in Cambridge: a very elegant poet, who held a distinguished pre-
eminence, even among those who excelled in the same kinds of his
art. About the year 1770, he exchanged his residence in
Cambridgeshire for Bath, a place above all that he had long
delighted in. The celebrated poem that he wrote, under the title of
the Bath Guide, is a sufficient testimony; and after having lived there
thirty-six years, died in the year 1805, aged eighty-one, and was
buried in Walcot Church, Bath.”—Horwell, sculptor.
A tablet with a fine medallion,—“Sacred to the memory of Granville
Sharp, ninth son of Dr. Thomas Sharp, Prebendary of the Cathedrals
and Collegiate Churches of York, Durham, and Southwell, and
grandson of Dr. John Sharp, Archbishop of York. Born and educated
in the bosom of the Church of England, he ever cherished for her
institutions the most unshaken regard, whilst his whole soul was in
harmony with the sacred strain—‘Glory to God in the highest, on
earth peace, good will towards men;’ on which his life presented one
beautiful comment of glowing piety and unwearied beneficence.
Freed by competence from the necessity, and by content from the
desire, of lucrative occupation, he was incessant in his labours to
improve the condition of mankind. Founding public happiness on
public virtue, he aimed to rescue his native country from the guilt
and inconsistency of employing the arm of Freedom to rivet the
fetters of Bondage, and established for the Negro Race, in the
person of Somerset (his servant), the long disputed rights of human
nature. Having, in this glorious cause, triumphed over the combined
resistance of Interest, Prejudice, and Pride, he took his post
amongst the foremost of the honourable band associated to deliver
Africa from the rapacity of Europe, by the abolition of the Slave
Trade; nor was death permitted to interrupt his career of usefulness,
till he had witnessed that Act of the British Parliament by which ‘The
Abolition’ was decreed. In his private relations he was equally
exemplary; and having exhibited through life a model of
disinterested virtue, he resigned his pious spirit into the hands of his
Creator, in the exercise of Charity, and Faith, and Hope, on the 6th
day of July, a.d. 1813, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. Reader,
if on perusing this tribute to a private individual, thou shouldest be
disposed to suspect it as partial, or censure it as diffuse, know that it
is not panegyric, but history.—Erected by the African Institution of
London, a.d. 1816.”—Chantrey, sculptor.
Above is a bust of Charles de St. Denis, Lord of St. Evremond.—This
gentleman was of a noble family in Normandy, and was employed in
the army of France, in which he rose to the rank of Marshal; but
retiring to Holland, he was from thence invited by Charles II. into
England, where he lived in the greatest intimacy with the King and
principal nobility, more particularly with the Duchess of Mazarine. He
had a very sprightly turn both in conversation and writing. He lived
to the age of ninety, and was carried off at last by a violent fit of the
stranguary, September 9, 1703. Though he left France, as it may be
imagined, on account of religion, yet in his will he left twenty pounds
to poor Roman Catholics, and twenty pounds to poor French
refugees; besides other legacies to be disposed of to those in
distress, of what religion soever they might be.
Matthew Prior.—The bust was done by order of the King of France.
On one side of the pedestal stands the figure of Thalia, one of the
nine Muses, with a flute in her hand; and on the other, History, with
her book shut; between both is the bust of the deceased, upon a
raised altar of fine marble; on the outermost side of which is a Latin
inscription, importing that while he was busied in writing the history
of his own times, Death interposed, and broke both the thread of his
discourse and of his life, Sept. 18, 1721, in the fifty-seventh year of
his age. Over the bust is a pediment, on the ascending sides of
which are two boys, one with an hour glass in his hand, run out, the
other holding a torch reversed; on the apex of the pediment is an
urn, and on the base of the monument a long inscription, reciting
the principal employments in which he had been engaged;
particularly that, by order of King William and Queen Mary; he
assisted at the Congress of the Confederate Powers of the Hague, in
1690; in 1697 was one of the Plenipotentiaries of the Peace of
Ryswick: and in the following year was of the embassy to France and
also Secretary of State in Ireland. In 1700, he was made one of the
Board of Trade; in 1711, First Commissioner of the Customs; and
lastly, in the same year, was sent by Queen Anne to Louis XIV. of
France, with proposals of peace. All these trusts he executed with
uncommon address and abilities, and had retired from public
business, when a violent cholic, occasioned by a cold, carried him
off; by which the world was deprived of an invaluable treasure,
which he was preparing to lay before the public.—Rysbrack, sculptor.
Bust by Coizevox.
“Sacred to the best of men, William Mason, A.M., a Poet, if any,
elegant, correct, and pious. Died 7th of April, 1797, aged seventy-
two.”—It is a neat piece of sculpture. A medallion of the deceased is
held up by a figure of Poetry, bemoaning the loss.—Bacon, sculptor.
Thomas Shadwell.—This monument was erected by Dr. John Shadwell,
to the memory of his deceased father. The inscription sets forth that
he was descended from an ancient family in Staffordshire, was Poet
Laureate and Historiographer in the reign of William III., and died
November 20, 1692, in the fifty-fifth year of his age. He was author
of several plays, and was satirized by Dryden, under the character of
Ogg, in the second part of Absalom and Architophel. He died at
Chelsea, by taking opium, and was there buried.—Bird, sculptor.
John Milton.—He was a great polemical and political writer, and Latin
Secretary to Oliver Cromwell; but what has immortalized his name,
are those two inimitable pieces, Paradise Lost and Regained. He was
born in London in 1604, and died at Bunhill (perhaps the same as
Bunhill Fields) in 1674, leaving three daughters behind him
unprovided for, and was buried at St. Giles’s, Cripplegate. In 1737,
Mr. Auditor Benson erected this monument to his memory.—
Rysbrack, sculptor.
Under Milton is an elegant monument erected to the memory of Mr.
Gray. This monument seems expressive of the compliment contained
in the epitaph, where the Lyric Muse, in alt-relief, is holding a
medallion of the Poet, and at the same time pointing the finger up to
the bust of Milton, which is directly over it.
“No more the Grecian muse unrival’d reigns;
To Britain let the nations homage pay:
She felt a Homer’s fire in Milton’s strains,
A Pindar’s rapture in the lyre of Gray.”
Died July 30, 1771, aged fifty-four, and was buried at Stoke.—John
Bacon, sculptor.
Samuel Butler.—This tomb, as by the inscription appears, was erected
by John Barber, Esq., Lord Mayor of London, that he who was
destitute of all things when alive, might not want a monument when
dead. He was author of Hudibras, and was a man of consummate
learning, wit, and pleasantry, peculiarly happy in his writings, though
he reaped small advantages from them, and suffered great distress
by reason of his narrow circumstances. He lived, however, to a good
old age, and was buried at the expense of Mr. Longueville, in the
churchyard of St. Paul, Covent Garden. He was born at Strencham,
in Worcestershire, in 1612, and died in London, 1680.
Edmund Spencer.—Beneath Mr. Butler’s, there was a rough decayed
tomb of Purbeck stone, to the memory of Mr. Edmund Spencer, one
of the best English poets, which being much decayed, a subscription
was set on foot, by the liberality of Mr. Mason, in 1778, to restore it.
The subscription succeeded, and the monument was restored as
nearly as possible to the old form, but in statuary marble. His works
abound with innumerable beauties and such a variety of imagery, as
is scarce to be found in any other writer, ancient or modern. On this
monument is this inscription:—“Here lies (expecting the second
coming of our Saviour Christ Jesus) the body of Edmund Spencer,
the Prince of Poets in his time, whose divine spirit needs no other
witness than the works which he left behind him. He was born in
London in 1553, and died in 1598.”
Ben Jonson.—This monument is of fine marble, and is very neatly
ornamented with emblematical figures, alluding, perhaps, to the
malice and envy of his contemporaries. His epitaph—“O Rare Ben
Jonson!”—is cut in the pavement where he is buried in the North
Aisle. He was Poet Laureate to James I., and contemporary with
Shakspeare, to whose writings, when living, he was no friend,
though, when dead, he wrote a Poem prefixed to his Plays, which
does him the amplest justice. His father was a clergyman, and he
was educated at Westminster School while Mr. Carden was Master;
but after his father’s death, his mother marrying a bricklayer, he was
forced from school, and made to lay bricks. There is a story told of
him, that at the building of Lincoln’s Inn, he worked with his trowel
in one hand, and Horace in the other; but Mr. Carden, regarding his
parts, recommended him to Sir Walter Raleigh, whose son he
attended in his travels, and upon his return entered himself at
Cambridge. He died the 16th of August, 1637, aged sixty-three.—
Rysbrack, sculptor.

On the left is a monument to Michael Draiton. The inscription and


epitaph were formerly in letters of gold, but now almost obliterated,
and therefore are here preserved:—“Michael Draiton, Esq., a
memorable Poet of his age, exchanged his laurel for a Crown of
Glory, anno 1631.
“Do, pious marble, let thy readers know
What they, and what their children, owe
To Draiton’s name, whose sacred dust
We recommend unto thy trust:
Protect his mem’ry, and preserve his story;
Remain a lasting monument of his glory;
And when thy ruins shall disclaim
To be the treasure of his name,
His name, that cannot fade, shall be
An everlasting monument to thee.”
This gentleman was both an excellent poet and a learned
antiquarian.
Over the monument to Ben Jonson is a window given by Dr. Rogers;
it represents David and St. John, the poets of the Old and New
Testaments.—Clayton and Bell.
Barton Booth, Esq., elegantly designed and well executed. His bust is
placed between two cherubs, one holding a wreath over his head in
the act of crowning him: the other in a very pensive attitude, holding
a scroll, on which is inscribed his descent from an ancient family in
Lancashire, his admission into Westminster School, under Dr. Busby,
his qualifications as an actor, which procured him both the royal
patronage and the public applause. He died in 1733, in the fifty-
fourth year of his age; and this monument was erected by his
surviving widow in 1772.—W. Tyler, sculptor.
Mr. John Phillips.—The bust of this gentleman, in relief, is here
represented as in an arbour interwoven with laurel branches and
apple trees; and over it is this motto—“Honos erat huic quoque
Pomo;” alluding to the high qualities ascribed to the apple, in that
excellent poem of his called Cider. He was son of Stephen Phillips,
D.D., Archdeacon of Salop; was born at Bampton, in Oxfordshire,
December 30, 1676, and died at Hereford, Feb. 15, 1708, of a
consumption, in the prime of life.
Geoffrey Chaucer.—This has been a very beautiful monument in the
Gothic style, but is now much defaced, and is generally passed over
with a superficial glance, except by those who never suffer anything
curious to escape their notice. Geoffrey Chaucer, to whose name it is
sacred, is called the Father of English Poets, and flourished in the
fourteenth century. He was son of Sir John Chaucer, a citizen of
London, and employed by Edward III. in negociations abroad
relating to trade. He was a great favourite at court, and married the
great John of Gaunt’s wife’s sister. He was born in 1328, and died
Oct. 25, 1400. This monument was erected by Nicholas Bingham, of
Oxford, in 1556.
The memorial window to Chaucer, immediately over his tomb, is
intended to embody his intellectual labour, and his position amongst
his contemporaries. At the base are the Canterbury Pilgrims,
showing the setting out from London, and the arrival at Canterbury.
The medallions above represent Chaucer receiving a commission,
with others, in 1372, from King Edward III. to the Doge of Genoa,
and his reception by the latter. At the apex, the subjects are taken
from the moral poem entitled “The Floure and the Leafe.” “As they
which honour the Flower, a thing fading with every blast, are such as
look after beauty and worldly pleasure; but they that honour the
Leaf, which abideth with the root, notwithstanding the frost and
winter storms, are they which follow virtue and during qualities,
without regard to worldly respects.” On the dexter side, dressed in
white, is the Lady of the Leafe, and attendants; on the sinister side
is the Lady of the Floure, dressed in green. In the spandrils adjoining
are the Arms of Chaucer. On the dexter side, and on the sinister,
Chaucer impaling these of (Roet) his wife. In the tracery above, the
portrait of Chaucer occupies the centre, between that of Edward III.
and Philippa his wife; below them Gower and John of Gaunt, and
above are Wickliffe and Strode, his contemporaries. In the borders
are disposed the following arms, alternately: England, France,
Hainhault, Lancaster, Castile, and Leon. At the base of the window is
the name Geoffrey Chaucer, died a.d. 1400, and four lines selected
from the poem entitled, “Balade of Gode Counsaile.”
“Flee fro the prees, and dwell with soth fastnesse,
Suffise unto thy good though it be small;”
* * * * * *
“That thee is sent receyve in buxomnesse;
The wrastling for this world asketh a fall.”
This window was designed by Mr. J. G. Waller, and executed by
Messrs. Thomas Baillie, and George Mayer, 118, Wardour Street,
London, 1868.
Explanation of the Subjects.—The Pilgrims are arranged in the
following manner:—The Departure from the Tabard, thus:
1. 5. 6.
3. 4. 8. 9.
2. 7.
7. The Serjeant of
1. The Reve. 4. The Knight.
Law.
2. The 5. The
8. The Shipmanne.
Manciple. Yeoman.
9. The Doctor of
3. Chaucer. 6. The Squire.
Physick.
The Arrival at Canterbury, thus:
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
10. The
13. The Monk. 16. The Frankelein.
Somptnour.
14. The
11. The Pardoner. 17. The Plowman.
Prioress.
18. The Clerk of
12. The Parson. 15. The Nun.
Oxenforde.
Arrangement of Portraits in Tracery.

Wickliffe. Strode.
Edward III. Chaucer. Philippa.
Gower. John of Gaunt.

Above is a neat monument to the memory of John Roberts, Esq., the


very faithful Secretary of the Right Honourable Henry Pelham,
Minister of State to George II. This marble was erected by his three
surviving sisters, in 1776.—Hayward, sculptor.
Abraham Cowley.—This monument, though apparently plain, is very
expressive; the chaplet of laurel that begirts his urn, and the fire
issuing from the mouth of the urn, are fine emblems of the glory he
acquired by the spirit of his writings. The Latin inscription and
epitaph on the pedestal is thus translated into English:—“Near this
place lies Abraham Cowley, the Pindar, Horace, and Virgil of England;
and the delight, ornament and admiration of his age:—
“While, Sacred Bard, far worlds thy works proclaim.
And you survive in an immortal fame,
Here may you, bless’d in pleasant quiet, lie!
To guard thy urn may hoary Faith stand by!
And all thy fav’rite tuneful Nine repair
To watch thy dust with a perpetual care!
Sacred for ever may this place be made,
And may no desp’rate hand presume t’ invade
With touch unhallow’d this religious room,
Or dare affront thy venerable tomb!
Unmov’d and undisturb’d, till time shall end,
May Cowley’s dust this marble shrine defend!”
“So wishes, and desires that wish may be sacred to posterity,
George, Duke of Buckingham, who erected this monument to that
incomparable man. He died in the forty-ninth year of his age, and
was carried from Buckingham House, with honourable pomp, his
exequies being attended by persons of illustrious characters of all
degrees, and buried August 3, 1667.” His grave is just before the
monument, as appears by a blue stone, on which is engraven his
name.—John Bushnell, sculptor.
Affixed to the pillar, on the left, is a tablet to the memory of Mrs.
Martha Birch, who was daughter of Samuel Viner, Esq., and first
married to Francis Millington, Esq., afterwards to Peter Birch,
Prebendary of this Abbey. She died May 25, 1703, in the fiftieth year
of her age.
The next monument was erected to the memory of Mr. John Dryden,
by the late Duke of Buckingham, who valued his writings so much
that he thought no inscription necessary to spread his fame.—“J.
Dryden, born 1632, died May 1, 1700. John Sheffield, Duke of
Buckingham, erected this monument, 1720.”—Scheemakers,
sculptor.
Against the screen of the Choir, is the monument of Robert South,
D.D., who is represented in a cumbent posture, in his canonical
habit, with his arm resting on a cushion, and his right hand on a
Death’s head. In his left he holds a book, with his finger between
the leaves, as if just closed from reading; and over his head is a
group of cherubs issued from a mantling, beneath which is a long
Latin inscription, showing that he was scholar to Busby, and student
at Christ Church, Oxford, and Public Orator of that University; that,
by the patronage of Lord Clarendon, he was made Prebendary both
of Westminster and Christ’s, and afterwards Rector of Islip, where he
rebuilt the parsonage-house, and founded and endowed a school.
His sermons have a peculiar turn, and are still much admired. He
died July 8, 1716, aged eighty-two.—Bird, sculptor.
Between this and Dr. Busby, a small portion of Ann of Cleves’
monument is to be perceived. She was sister of the Duke of Cleves,
was contracted in marriage to Henry VIII., and received with great
pomp on Blackheath, January 3, 1539, married to the king on the
9th, and in July following divorced, with liberty to marry again; but
being sensibly touched with the indignity put upon her, she lived
retired in England, with the title of Lady Ann, of Cleves, and saw the
rival who supplanted her suffer a worse fate. She survived the King
four years, and died in 1557.
A still more unfortunate Queen lies near this last, without a
monument; viz., Anne, Queen of Richard III., and daughter of Nevil,
the great Earl of Warwick. This lady was poisoned by that monster of
cruelty, her husband, to make way for his marriage with Elizabeth,
daughter of his brother, Edward IV., and sister of the unhappy
youths he had caused to be murdered in the Tower, which marriage
he never lived to consummate, being slain at the battle of Bosworth
Field.
Above is a tablet to Dr. Vincent, with the inscription thus translated:
—“Here rests whatever is mortal of William Vincent, who having
received his education in this College, returned to it when he had
completed his academical studies, and from the situation of Junior
Usher, arose to that of Head Master; he was at length exalted to the
office of Dean of the Church, for which he entertained the greatest
affection: on the subject of his life, his literary attainments, and his
moral character, let this monumental stone be silent. He owes his
origin to the respectable family of the Vincents, of Shepy, in the
county of Leicester; he was born in London, 2nd November, 1739,
and died on the 21st December, 1815.”
Doctor Richard Busby.—On this fine monument is the effigy of this
learned grammarian in his gown, looking earnestly at the inscription.
In his right hand he holds a pen, and in his left a book open.
Underneath, upon the pedestal, are a variety of books, and at the
top are his family arms. The inscription is very elegantly written, and
highly to his praise; intimating that whatever fame the school of
Westminster boasts, and whatever advantage mankind shall reap
from thence in times to come, are all principally owing to the wise
institutions of this great man. He was born at Lutton, in Lincolnshire,
September 22, 1606; made Master of Westminster College,
December 23, 1640; elected Prebendary of Westminster, July 5th,
1660, and Treasurer of Wells, August 11th, the same year; and died
April 5th, 1695.—Bird, sculptor.
Affixed to the pillars in this cross are two tablets; one to the memory
of Dr. Anthony Horneck, who was born at Wettenburgh, in Zealand,
but educated at Queen’s College, Oxford; was King’s Divinity
Professor and Chaplain, a Prebendary of this Church, and Preacher
at the Savoy. He died of the stone, January 31, 1696, aged fifty-six.
The other to the memory of Dr. Samuel Barton, a Prebendary of this
Church, and a person of admirable genius and learning. He died
September 1715, aged sixty-eight.
In front of Dr. Barrow’s monument, lies the remains of that once
celebrated poet, Sir William Davenant, who, upon the death of Ben
Jonson, succeeded him as Poet Laureate to Charles I., but having
lost his nose by an accident, was cruelly bantered by the wits of the
succeeding reign. He was a vintner’s son at Oxford, whose wife,
being a woman of admirable wit and sprightly conversation, drew
the politest men of that age to their house, among whom
Shakspeare was said to be a frequent visitor. His education was at
Lincoln College, where he became acquainted with Endimion Porter,
Henry Jermain, and Sir John Suckling. He died in 1668, aged sixty-
three.
Not far from Davenant lies Sir Robert Murray, a great Mathematician,
and one of the founders of the Royal Society, of which he was the
first President, and while he lived the very soul of that body. He died
suddenly, July 4, 1673, in the garden at Whitehall, and was buried at
the King’s expense.
In front of Dryden’s monument, is an ancient stone, on which, by
the marks indented, has been the image of a man in armour. This
covers the body of Robert Haule, who, at the battle of Najara, in
Spain, in Richard II.’s time, together with John Shakel, his comrade,
took the Earl of Denia prisoner, who, under pretence of raising
money for his ransom, obtained his liberty, leaving his son as a
hostage in their hands. Upon their coming to England, the Duke of
Lancaster demanded him for the King; but they refused to deliver
him up without the ransom, and were therefore both committed to
the Tower, from whence escaping, they took sanctuary in this Abbey.
Sir Ralp Ferreris and Alan Buxal, the one Governor, the other Captain
of the Tower, with fifty men, pursued them, and having, by fair
promises, gained over Shakel, they attempted to seize Haule by
force, who made a desperate defence, but being overpowered by
numbers, was slain, August 11, 1378, in the choir before the prior’s
stall, commending himself to God, the avenger of wrongs. A servant
of the Abbey fell with him. Shakel they threw into prison, but
afterwards set him at liberty, and the King and Council agreed to pay
the ransom of his prisoner, 500 marks, and 100 marks a-year. Some
years afterwards Shakel died, and was buried here in 1396.
Under the pavement, near Dryden’s tomb, lie the remains of Francis
Beaumont, the dramatic writer, who died in London in 1628, and was
buried here, March 9, without tomb or inscription.
The new stained glass windows at the south end of the Transept of
the Abbey were executed by Messrs. Thomas Ward and J. H. Nixon,
1847: description as follows:—
In the centre of the Rose Window, the name “Jehovah;” in the circle
surrounding the figures of angels.
In the large circle of surrounding lights are thirty-two separate
subjects taken from the principal incidents, miracles, and events in
the life and sufferings of our blessed Redeemer.
The height of the figures are nearly three feet. The subjects selected
for this circle are as follows:
1. The nativity of Jesus Christ.—Luke ii. 7, &c.
2. Simeon’s prophecy.—Luke ii. 25.
3. Jesus reasoning with the doctors.—Luke ii. 46.
4. The baptism of St. John the Baptist.—Matt. iii. 13.
5. The preaching on the Mount.—Matt. v. 1, &c.
6. Water made wine.—John ii. 4.
7. The money changers expelled from the Temple.—Matt. xxi. 12.
8. The woman of Samaria.—John iv. 7.
9. Walking on the sea.—Matt. xiv. 29.
10. Raising of Jairus’ daughter.—Mark v. 41.
11. The pool of Bethesda.—John v. 4, &c.
12. The Centurion’s faith.—Matt. viii. 8, &c.
13. John’s disciples sent to Christ.—Matt. xi. 2, &c.
14. The Magdalen anointing the feet of Christ.—John xii. 3.
15. The Syrophenician woman.—Matt. xv. 15.
16. The feeding of the multitude.—Matt. xiv. 15.
17. The lunatic boy cured.—Matt. xvii. 14, &c.
18. Peter, the fish, and Temple tribute.—Matt. xvii. 27.
19. The blind man healed.—Mark viii. 25.
20. Lazarus raised.—John xi. 43.
21. The entry into Jerusalem.—Matt. xxi. 1.
22. The tribute to Cæsar.—Matt. xxii. 15 and 21.
23. Little children brought to Christ.—Mark x. 13.
24. The young rich man’s question.—Mark x. 17.
25. The widow’s son restored.—Luke vii. 11.
26. The agony in the garden.—Matt. xxvi. 39.
27. Jesus Christ captive before Pilate.—Matt. xxvii. 1, 2, &c.
28. Jesus Christ shown to the people.—John xix. 5.
29. The Crucifixion.—John xix. 25, &c.
30. The Resurrection.—Matt. xxviii. 1, &c.
31. Appearance to Mary Magdalen.—John xx. 11.
32. The Ascension.—Acts i. 9, &c.
The decorations which surround this circle are scrolages and
ornaments of mosaic work on coloured grounds suited to the rest,
among which are also interwoven the following symbols:—
1. I.H.S. at the Nativity.
2. The angel, the symbol of St. Matt.
3. The Paschal Lamb.
4. Cherub’s head.
5. The pelican, as symbol of the Church.
6. Cherub’s head.
7. The lion, the symbol of St. Mark.
8. The triangle, the symbol of the Trinity.
9. The hart, athirst for the water brooks.
10. The ox, the symbol of St. Luke.
11. Cherub’s head.
12. The sacramental cup.
13. Cherub’s head.
14. The dove descending.
15. The eagle, the symbol of St. John.
16. Α.Ω.
In the left quatrefoil, at the corner, are the arms of the Abbacy; in the
right the arms of the reigning sovereign; in the head of the arches
beneath are figures of angels holding scrolls.
The subjects for the twelve lower windows are selected from the Old
Testament, and are as follows:—
1. Noah’s sacrifice.—Gen. viii. 20.
2. Abraham and the angels.—Gen. xviii. 1.
3. Jacob’s dream.—Gen. xxviii. 12.
4. Joseph interpreting Pharoah’s dream.—Gen. xli. 25.
5. The finding of Moses.—Ex. ii. 5.
6. Moses before the burning bush.—Ex. iii. 2.
7. Moses striking the rock.—Ex. xvii. 5.
8. Moses with the tables of the law.—Ex. xx. 20.
9. David chosen from among his brothers, and anointed by Samuel.—
1 Sam. xvi. 13.
10. Dedication of the Temple by Solomon.—1 Kings viii. 22.
11. Elijah’s sacrifice.—1 Kings xviii. 37, &c.
12. Josiah renewing the Covenant.—2 Kings xxii. 3, &c.
Having thus noticed what is usually considered most interesting in
the interior, we will take a glance at the exterior. We have already
observed that the form of the Abbey is that of a cross, in which you
are to consider Henry the Seventh’s Chapel has no part. The south
side answered exactly to the north in the original plan, by attending
to which, you will be able to form a true judgment of the whole. The
cloisters on the south side were added for the conveniency of the
monks, and the contiguous buildings are of a still later date.
What will principally engage your attention, in viewing the outside of
this building (the new towers excepted), is the magnificent portico
leading to the north cross, which, by some, has been styled the
Beautiful, or Solomon’s Gate. This portico is Gothic, and extremely
beautiful; and over it is a most magnificent window of modern
design, admirably executed. The entire height of the north front to
the top of the centre pinnacle is one hundred and seventy feet.
The north side of the Church, between the west front and the
Transept, is supported by nine graduated buttresses; each has a
turreted niche, wherein are placed full length statues of the founders
and principal benefactors of this Church.
The towers at the west end were raised under the directions of Sir
Christopher Wren, and terminate with pinnacles at the height of two
hundred and twenty-five feet. The Exterior length of the Abbey is
four hundred and sixteen feet; including Henry Seventh’s Chapel, five
hundred and thirty feet.

Having now pointed out what is accounted most worthy of


observation in the construction of this ancient Abbey, both without
and within it, we shall next say a word or two of—
Henry Seventh’s Chapel.

his wonder of the world, as it well may be styled, is


adorned without with sixteen Gothic towers, beautifully
ornamented with admirable ingenuity, and jutting from the
building in different angles. It is situated on the east of the Abbey to
which it is so neatly joined, that at a superficial view it appears to be
one and the same building. It is enlightened by a double range of
windows, that throw the light into such a happy disposition, as at
once to please the eye and inspire reverence.
An author some years ago, has very highly, and yet not undeservedly
expressed the beauty of this Chapel in the following words:—“It is the
admiration of the universe; such inimitable perfection appears in
every part of the whole composure, which looks so far exceeding
human excellence, that it appears knit together by the fingers of
angels, pursuant to the direction of Omnipotence.”
And here we cannot help taking notice of a most beautiful window
that was designed for this Chapel. It was made by order of the
magistrates of Dort, in Holland, and designed by them as a present
to Henry VII., but that monarch dying before it was finished, it was
set up in Waltham Abbey, where it remained till the dissolution of that
monastery, when it was removed to New-Hall, in Essex, then in
possession of General Monk, and by him preserved during the civil
wars. Some years ago, John Olmius, Esq., the then possessor of New-
Hall, sold it to Mr. Conyers, of Copt-Hall, who resold it to the
inhabitants of St. Margaret’s parish, in 1758, for four hundred
guineas; and it now adorns St Margaret’s Church. Thus it has arrived
near to the place for which it was originally intended, but is never
likely to reach it. The grand subject is that of our Saviour’s
crucifixion; but there are many subordinate figures: those at the
bottom of the two side panels represent Henry VII., and his Queen,
and were taken from the original pictures sent to Dort for that
purpose. Over the King is the figure of St. George, and above that a
white rose and a red one. Over the figure of the Queen stands that of
St. Katharine of Alexandria; and in the panel over her head appears a
pomegranate vert, in a field of or, the arms of the kingdom of
Grenada.
General Admeasurements of the Exterior of Henry VII.’s Chapel.

Ft. In.
Extreme Length 115 2
Breadth to the Extremities of the Buttress
79 6
Towers
Height of the Buttress Towers 70 8
Do. to the Apex of the Roof 85 6
Do. to the Top of the Western Turrets 101 6
Of the Monuments in the Cloisters.

here are many persons of distinction buried in the Cloisters,


as will appear from the number of inscriptions, many of
which are almost obliterated from wear or time; we shall
therefore only notice a few of the most particular. The most ancient
are in the South Walk of the Cloisters, towards the east end, where
you will see the remains of four Abbots, marked in the pavement by
four stones. The first is inscribed to the Abbot Vitalis, who died in
1082; and was formerly covered with plates of brass. The second is a
stone of grey marble, to the memory of Geslebertus Crispinus, who
died in 1114. The third is a raised stone, of Sussex marble, under
which lies interred the Abbot Laurentius, who died in 1176, and is said
to have been the first who obtained from Pope Alexander III. the
privilege of using the Mitre, Ring, and Glove. The fourth is of black
marble, called Long Meg, from its extraordinary length of eleven feet
ten inches, by five feet ten inches, and covers the ashes of Gervasius
de Blois, natural son of King Stephen, who died 1106. All these seem
to have had their names and dates cut afresh, and are indeed
fragments worthy to be preserved.
In 1349 twenty-six of the monks of this Abbey fell victims to a
dreadful plague which at that period had extended its ravages over
great part of the globe, and are reported by Fuller to have been
buried all in one grave in the South Cloisters, under the remarkable
large stone called Long Meg.
Against the wall is a monument to Peter Francis Courayer, a Roman
Catholic clergyman, born at Vernon, in Normandy, 1681. He was
Canon and Librarian of the Abbey of Geneviève, at Paris. He
translated and published several valuable works. In 1727 he took
refuge in England, and was well received, and presented by the
University of Oxford with the degree of D.D. On his dedicating a book
to Queen Caroline, his pension was augmented to £200 per annum
from £100 which he had obtained before from the court. He died, in
1776, after two days’ illness, at the age of ninety-five.
At the end of this walk is the monument of Daniel Pulteney, who
served the court several years; abroad in the reign of Queen Anne,
and at home in the reign of George I. The following is the inscription:
—“Reader, if thou art a Briton, behold this tomb with reverence and
regret! Here lie the remains of Daniel Pulteney, the kindest relation,
the truest friend, the warmest patriot, the worthiest man! He
exercised virtues in his age, sufficient to have distinguished him even
in the best. Sagacious by nature, industrious by habit, inquisitive with
art, he gained a complete knowledge of the state of Britain, foreign
and domestic; in most, the backward fruit of tedious experience; in
him, the early acquisition of undissipated youth. He served the court
several years; abroad, in the auspicious reign of Queen Anne; at
home, in the reign of that excellent Prince, George I. He served his
country always; at court independent, in the senate unbiassed. At
every age, and at every station, this was the bent of his generous
soul, this the business of his laborious life; public men and public
things he judged by one common standard—the true interest of
Britain; he made no other distinction of party; he abhorred all other.
Gentle, humane, disinterested, benevolent, he created no enemies on
his own account; firm, determined, inflexible, he feared none he
could create in the cause of Britain. Reader, in this misfortune of thy
country, lament thy own; for know, the loss of so much private virtue
is a public calamity.”

EAST WALK.
Near the iron gate is a tablet sacred to the memory of the Rev.
Thomas Vialls, of Twickenham, Middlesex, A.M., many years vicar of
Boldre, in the New Forest, who departed this life May 7, 1831, aged
sixty-two.
To the left is a very beautiful arch, beneath which is a doorway
leading to the Chapter House and Library; in front of which was
buried Abbot Byrcheston, who died of the plague, May 15, 1349; but
no stone left to mark the place of his interment.
Against the wall, in the centre of the East Walk, is a monument to the
memory of George Walsh, Esq., with the following inscription:—“Near
this place are deposited the remains of George Walsh, Esq., late
Lieutenant-General of his Majesty’s Forces, and Colonel of the forty-
ninth Regiment of Foot, who died October 23, 1761, aged seventy-
three.
“The toils of life and pangs of death are o’er,
And care, and pain, and sickness, are no more.”
To the memory of James William Dodd, who for thirty-four years was
one of the Ushers of Westminster School, the duties of which he
discharged with consummate ability. The Westminsters, his pupils,
resident at the boarding-house under his immediate care, have,
bewailing his loss, caused this tablet to be erected. He died on the
29th day of August, 1818, in the fifty-seventh year of his age.
Beneath is a monument to preserve and unite the memory of two
affectionate brothers, valiant soldiers and sincere Christians: Scipio
Duroure, Esq., Adjutant-General of the British Forces, Colonel of the
twelfth Regiment of Foot, and Captain or Keeper of his Majesty’s
Castle of St. Mawes, in Cornwall, who, after forty-one years’ faithful
services, was mortally wounded at the battle of Fontenoy, and died
May 10, 1745, aged fifty-six years, and lies interred on the ramparts
of Aeth, in the low Countries; and Alexander Duroure, Esq., Lieutenant-
General of the British Forces, Colonel of the Fourth, or King’s own
Regiment of Foot, and Captain or Keeper of his Majesty’s Castle of St.
Mawes, in Cornwall, who, after fifty-seven years of faithful services,
died at Toulouse, in France, on the 2nd January, 1795, aged seventy-
four years, and lies interred in this Cloister.
In the next arch has been lately erected a tablet, sacred to the
memory of Walter Hawkes, who, serving in the East Indies, and having
deserved well during the space of more than twenty-seven years,
almost worn out with sickness and wounds, as he was now returning
to his native country, being overtaken by a storm in the Indian
Ocean, was, together with his dearest wife, the partner of his life and
danger, alas! swallowed up, and perished by shipwreck, never to be
too much lamented, the year of our Lord 1808. Struck with so sad a
fate of his companion, William Franklin put up this stone; for both
were King’s scholars in this school, brought up in the same studies,
together endured arduous warfare.

NORTH WALK.
On the left, near the door, is a marble slab to the memory of John
Catling, who died March 3, 1826, in the seventy-ninth year of his age.
He was Verger and Sacrist, successively, of this Collegiate Church
under five Deans, the duties of which he performed with the most
zealous and undivided attention, for the long period of fifty-two
years, respected by his superiors for the fidelity, respectability, and
humility, with which he filled the offices, and beloved by all who knew
him in private life, for the many virtues which adorn the man. Lady
Londonderry was buried underneath it.
A tablet to the memory of Harriet, wife of the Rev. John Bentall, one
of the Ushers of Westminster School. She died August 7, 1838.
The next is an epitaph remarkable for its quaintness, and inscribed to
the memory of William Laurence, in these lines:—
“With diligence and truth most exemplary,
Did William Laurence serve a Prebendary;
And for his pains, now past, before not lost,
Gain’d this remembrance at his master’s cost.
Oh! read these lines again!—you seldom find
A servant faithful, and a master kind.
Short-hand he wrote; his flower in prime did fade,
And hasty death short-hand of him hath made.
Well couth he numbers, and well-measured land;
Thus doth he now that ground whereon you stand,
Wherein he lies so geometrical:
Art maketh some, but thus doth nature all.”
Ob. Dec. 28, 1628, Ætat. 29.
A tablet to the Rev. George Preston, A.M., who was several years
Under-Master of Westminster School. He died September 8, 1841,
aged fifty-two.
Near to this is a tablet lately erected to the memory of William
Markham, D.D., Archbishop of York, who died November, 1807, aged
eighty-eight, and was buried near this spot.
On your left is a tablet to the memory of Edward Augustus Webber, a
King’s scholar, son of James Webber, D.D., Dean of Ripon, and Canon
of this Church; who was drowned in the River Thames, June 11,
1833, aged seventeen, and buried near this spot. The inscription is as
follows:—“H.S.M. Edoardus Augustus Webber, Jacobi Webber, S.T.P.,
ecclesæ Riponensis Decani, et hujusce Præbendarii filius natu
secundus in amne Thamesi, eversa turbine navicula e quatuor mersis
adolicentibus unus periit die 11 Junii, 1833, anum agent 17mo.
Alumno suavissimo desideratissimo, id quod parentes miseri perferre
nequibant, præceptores condiscipulique tranquam fratrem lugertes
ademptum pro more ac pietate Westmonasteriensi exequias
reddiderunt.”
The last worthy of note in this Walk is that to the memory of William
Egerton Gell, Esq., who, after a long and severe affliction, departed
this life on the 17th of May, 1838, aged fifty-six years; in him many
will have to deplore the loss of a generous and kind-hearted friend.
“Comfort the soul of thy servant, for unto thee, O Lord, do I lift up
my soul.”—Cundy, sculptor.

WEST WALK.
On the left door of the Abbey is a monument, erected by John
English Dolben, Esq., “To the memory of Edward Wortley Montague,
who was cast away, on his return to England, in 1777, from the East
Indies, in the twenty-seventh year of his age. In memory of their
friendship, which commenced at Westminster School, continued for
some time at Oxford, not diminished by the greatest distance,
scarcely dissolved by death, and if it please God, to be renewed in
heaven.—J. E. D., to whom the deceased bequeathed his books (and
appointed joint residuary legatee), erected this monument.”
Francis Smedley.—Adjoining the Godolphin monument is a neat tablet
to the memory of the above, who was High Bailiff of Westminster for
twenty-two years. Born September 15, 1791; died February 25, 1859.
The next is a monument that deserves particular attention, as it
commemorates a charity, which otherwise might, in time, like many
others, be perverted or forgotten. The inscription is as follows:
—“Here rest, in hope of a blessed resurrection, Charles Godolphin,
Esq., brother of the Right Honourable Sydney, Earl of Godolphin, Lord
High Treasurer of Great Britain, who died July 16, 1720, aged sixty-
nine; and Mrs. Godolphin, his wife, who died July 29, 1726, aged
sixty-three; whose excellent qualities and endowments can never be
forgotten, particularly the public-spirited zeal with which he served
his country in Parliament, and the indefatigable application, great
skill, and nice integrity, with which he discharged the trust of a
Commissioner of Customs for many years. Nor was she less eminent
for her ingenuity, with sincere love of her friends, and constancy in
religious worship. But as charity and benevolence were the
distinguishing parts of their characters, so were they most
conspicuously displayed by the last act of their lives: a pious and
charitable institution, by him designed and ordered, and by her
completed to the glory of God, and for a bright example to mankind;
the endowment whereof is a rent-charge of one hundred and eighty
pounds a-year, issuing out of lands in Somersetshire, and of which,
one hundred and sixty pounds a year are to be ever applied, from
24th June, 1726, to the educating eight young gentlewomen, who
are so born, and whose parents are of the Church of England, whose
parents or friends will undertake to provide them with decent
apparel; and after the death of the said Mrs. Godolphin, and William
Godolphin, Esq., her nephew, such as have neither father or mother;
which said young gentlewomen are not to be admitted before they
are eight years old, nor to be continued after the age of nineteen,
and are to be brought up in the city of New Sarum, or some other
town in the county of Wilts, under the care of some prudent
governess or schoolmistress, a communicant of the Church of
England; and the overplus, after an allowance of £5. a-year for
collecting the said rent-charge, is to be applied to binding out one or
more poor children apprentices, whose parents are of the Church of
England. In perpetual memory whereof Mrs. Frances Hall, executrix
to her aunt, Mrs. Godolphin, has, according to her will, and by her
order, caused this inscription to be engraven on their monument,
1772.”
The next is a neat tablet, in memory of the Rev. Edward Smedley, A.M.,
Rector of Powderham, and of North Bovey, in the county of Devon,
and from 1774 to 1820, one of the Ushers of Westminster School;
born Nov. 5, 1750, died August 6, 1825. Also of Hannah, his wife,
daughter of George Bellas, Esq.; born August 21, 1754, died October
17, 1824. This tablet is erected by their surviving children.
“To you, dear names, these filial thanks we give,
For more than life, for knowledge how to live—
For many a rule with holy wisdom fraught,
And works embodying the creed you taught;
For faith triumphant, tho’ the lips which told
Its glowing lessons, now, alas! are cold;
Faith, which proclaiming that the dead but sleep,
Invites us home to those whom here we weep.”
—Westmacott, jun., sculptor.
On the left is a tablet with a coat of arms over, and a music-book
under it:—“Near this place are deposited the remains of Benjamin
Cooke, Doctor in Music of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge,
and Organist and Master of the Choristers of this Collegiate Church
for above thirty years. He departed this life on the 14th of September,
1793, and in the fifty-ninth year of his age.”
Enoch Hawkins, Esq., Gentleman of her Majesty’s Chapel Royal, and
Vicar Choral of this Collegiate Church, who died on the 9th January,
1847, aged fifty.
Upon a tablet that has emblems of music,—“To the memory of James
Bartleman, formerly a Chorister and Lay-Clerk of Westminster Abbey,
and Gentleman of his Majesty’s Royal Chapel. He was born the 19th
of September, 1769, died the 15th of April, 1821, and was buried in
this Cloister, near his beloved master, Dr. Cooke.”
In this walk is erected a monument to W. Buchan, M.D., author of the
Domestic Medicine, who died in 1805.
A tablet with inscriptions, to Mr. John Broughton, and his wife
Elizabeth; she died in 1714, and himself in 1789. Also R. Monk, Esq.,
died in 1831; his wife Catherine, 1832.
“William Woollett, born August 22, 1735, died May 22, 1785.” The
genius of engraving is represented handing down to posterity the
works of painting, sculpture, and architecture. A monument with his
bust on the top.
Near to this will be seen a tablet in memory of Elizabeth Woodfall,
younger daughter of the late Henry Sampson Woodfall, having lived
many years in Dean’s Yard, contiguous to the Abbey, and died 12th
February, 1862, at the age of ninety-three.
Having exceeded the bounds at first intended, we shall conclude in
the words of an ingenious writer on the subject of this Abbey:—“I
have wandered,” says he, “with pleasure into the most gloomy
recesses of this last resort of grandeur, to contemplate human life,
and trace mankind through all the wilderness of their frailties and
misfortunes, from their cradles to their graves. I have reflected on
the shortness of our duration here, and that I was but one of the
millions who had been employed in the same manner, in ruminating
on the trophies of mortality before me; that I must moulder to dust in
the same manner, and quit the scene to a new generation, without
leaving the shadow of my existence behind me; that this huge fabric,
the sacred depository of fame and grandeur, would only be the stage
for the same performances; would receive new accessions of noble
dust; would be adorned with other sepulchres of cost and
magnificence; would be crowded with successive admirers; and, at
last, by the unavoidable decays of time, bury the whole collection of
antiquities in general obscurity, and be the monument of its own
ruin.”
The Chapter House and Ancient
House of Commons.

n the left as you enter the Chapter House is a stone coffin


which was found on the removal of the accumulated earth
and rubbish which for many years had hidden the lower
parts of the buttresses of the north side of the building; some ancient
walls of considerable extent were discovered, and about five or six
feet below the surface an ancient stone coffin was brought to light. It
possesses great interest from its being the only Roman remains yet
discovered. One side of it is beautifully wrought, with a sunk panel,
having at each end the conventional Roman ornament called the
Amazon shield, while the panel itself is occupied with the following
inscription, in the best style of the old Roman lettering—

from which it appears to show that it is in memory of one Valerius


Amandinus, and that his two sons made it to his honour. The lid is
wrought with a slight cope, having a Maltese cross, terminating at the
foot with a trefoil. There can be no doubt that the coffin once
contained the body of this Valerius, which was afterwards displaced
for the reception of an ecclesiastic, when the old lid was made in its
present shape. The date of the first interment may be ascribed to the
3rd century, while the latter may belong to the 12th century. The
skeleton within the coffin is in good preservation, considering the
great lapse of time. There was nothing to indicate the rank of the
ecclesiastic, for such he probably was; but he must have been a tall
man, of great vigour, and barely of middle age.
The Chapter House of Westminster was built in 1250, by Henry III.,
on the site of the earlier Chapter House belonging to the Abbey, as
founded by Edward the Confessor. It was, from its beauty, called “The
Incomparable Chapter House.” It has been used for three purposes.
I. It was the chamber in which the Abbot and Monks, in the times of
the ancient monastery, held their “Chapter,” or meeting for discussion
and business; their meetings were held once a week. The Abbot and
the four chief officers of the convent sat in the ornamented stalls
opposite the entrance. The Monks sat on the stone seats round. The
culprits, if there were any, knelt to receive their judgment before the
Abbot’s seat, and were scourged before the central pillar.
II. Almost from the time of its first erection, it was used for the
sittings of the House of Commons. The House of Commons came into
existence in 1265, and at first sat in Westminster Hall with the House
of Lords; but in 1282 they parted, and from that time for nearly 300
years its meetings were held in the precincts of Westminster
Refectory (now destroyed), but usually in the Chapter House, which
was lent to the Commons by the Abbot for that purpose. The Speaker
probably sat in the Abbot’s stall, and the Members of Parliament in
the seats of the Monks, and on the floor of the house. To the central
pillar were attached placards and notices relating to the business or
the conduct of the Members. Here were the debates on all the Acts of
Parliament, passed from the time of Edward I. till the Reformation.
There also were, from time to time, convened other assemblies for
special purposes. Henry V., in 1421, summoned a meeting of 60
Abbots and Priors, and 300 Monks to discuss the reform of the
Benedictine order; and Wolsey, as Cardinal Legate, in 1523,
summoned the convocations of Canterbury and York, in order to be
on a spot beyond the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
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