Savitribai Phule Pune University

Section-I

T. Y. B. C. A. (Science)
SEMESTER V

BCA - 505

Lab Course – I

Java Programming
Assignments

1
 EDITORS:

Section-I: Java Programming

Mrs. Misbah Shaikh

Ms. Shaikh Fatima Rafique
Dr. Girija Dhumal
Prof. Rupali Nankar
Prof.Kamil Khan
Prof.Reshma Nagwade
Prof . Nadaf Farzana
Prof.Deepak Derle

Table of Contents for Section-II

Assignment Number Assignment Name Page Number

Java Tools and IDE, Simple Java programs

Assignment No- 1
Usage of Class and Object
Assignment No- 2

Assignment No- 3 Inheritance and Interfaces

Assignment No- 4 Collections

Assignment No- 5 Exception Handling and I/O

Assignment No- 6 Swings

Assignment No- 7 Applet Programming

Assignment No- 8 JDBC

Assignment No- 9 Servlet

Assignment No- 10 JSP

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Assignment Completion Sheet
Lab Course I

Java Programming Assignments

Sr. Assignment Name Marks (out of 5) Teachers

No. Sign
Java Tools and IDE, Simple Java programs
1

2 Usage of Class and Object

3 Inheritance and Interfaces

4 Collections

5 Exception Handling and I/O

6 Swings

7 Applet Programming

8 JDBC

9 Servlet

10 JSP

Total ( Out of 50 )
Total ( Out of 10 )

This is to certify that Mr./Ms.

Has successfully completed the Advanced Web Technology course work for Lab Course II and has scored _____ Marks
out of 30.

Instructor H.O.D / Coordinator

Internal Examiner External Examiner

3
 Section-I: Java Programming

Assignment 1: Java Tools and IDE, Simple Java programs

Objective:
• Introduction to the java environment
• Use of java tools like java, javac, jdb and javadoc
• Use of IDE – Eclipse (demo)
• Defining simple classes and creating objects.

Reading:
You should read the following topics before starting this exercise
1. Creating, compiling and running a java program.
2. The java virtual machine.
3. Java tools like javac, java, javadoc, javap and jdb.
4. Java keywords
5. Syntax of class.

Ready Reference :
Java Tools
(1) javac:-javac is the java compiler which compiles .java file into .class file(i.e. bytecode). If the
program has syntax errors, javac reports them. If the program is error-free, the output of this command
is one or more .class files.
Syntax:
javac fileName.java
(2) java:- This command starts Java runtime environment, loads the specified .class file and executes
the main method.
Syntax:
javafileName
(3) javadoc:-javadoc is a utility for generating HTML documentation directly fromcomments written in
Java source code.Javadoc comments have a special form but seems like an ordinary multiline comment
to the compiler.
Syntax of the comment:
/**
A sample doc comment
*/
Syntax:
javadoc [options] [packagenames ] [ sourcefiles ] [@files ]
Where,
packagenames: A series of names of packages, separated by spaces
sourcefiles: A series of source file names, separated by spaces
@files: One or more files that contain packagenames and sourcefiles in any order, one name per line.
Javadoc creates the HTML documentation on the basis of the javadoc tags used in the source code
files. These tags are described in the table below:

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Tag Syntax Description

@see @see reference Allows you to refer to the documentation in

other classes.

@author @author Author-information contains author name, and /

authorinformation or authoremail address or any other appropriate
information.

@version @version VersioninformationSpecifies the version of the

program

@since @since version This tag allows you to indicate the version of
this code
that began using a particular feature.

@param @param name This is used for method documentation. Here,

description name is the
identifier in the method parameter list, and
description is
text that can describes the parameter.

@return @return description This describes the return type of a method.

@throws @throws classname This is used when we handle Exceptions. It

description describes a
particular type of exception that can be thrown
from the
method call.

@deprecated @deprecated description The deprecated tag suggests that this feature is
no longer
supported. A method that is marked
@deprecated causes
the compiler to issue a warning if it is used.

(4) jdb: -
jdb helps you find and fix bugs in Java language programs. This debugger has limited functionality.
Syntax:
jdb [ options ] [ class ] [ arguments ]
options : Command-line options.
class : Name of the class to begin debugging.
arguments : Arguments passed to the main() method of class.

After starting the debugger, the jdb commands can be executed. The important jdbcommands are:
i. help, or?: The most important jdb command, help displays the list of recognized commands
with a brief description.
ii. run: After starting jdb, and setting any necessary breakpoints, you can use this command to
start the execution the debugged application.
iii. cont: Continues execution of the debugged application after a breakpoint, exception, orstep.

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 iv. print: Displays Java objects and primitive values. For variables or fields of primitive types, the
actual value is printed. For objects, a short description is printed.

Examples:
printMyClass.myStaticField
printmyObj.myInstanceField
printi + j + k
printmyObj.myMethod()//if myMethod returns non-null
v. dump: For primitive values, this command is identical to print. For objects, it printsthe current
value of each field defined in the object. Static and instance fields areincluded.
vi. next: The next command advances execution to the next line in the current stack frame.
vii. step: The step commands advances execution to the next line whether it is in the current stack
frame or a called method. Breakpoints can be set in jdb at line numbers, constructors, beginning
of a method.
Example:
stop at MyClass:10 //sets breakpoint at instruction at line 10 of the source file
containingMyClass
stop in MyClass.display // sets breakpoint at beginning of method display in MyClass
stop in MyClass.<init> //sets breakpoint at default constructor of MyClass
stop in MyClass.<init(int)> //sets breakpoint at parameterized constructor with int asparameter
(4) javap: -
The javap tool allows you to query any class and find out its list of methods and constants.
javap [ options ] class
Example: javapjava.lang.String
It is a disassembler which allows the bytecodes of a class file to be viewed when used with a classname
and the –c option.
javap -c class

Setting CLASSPATH
The classpath is the path that the Java runtime environment searches for classes and other resource
files. The class path can be set using either the –classpath option or by setting the CLASSPATH
environment variable.
The -classpath option is preferred because you can set it individually for each application without
affecting other applications and without other applications modifying its value. The default value of the
class path is ".", meaning that only the current directory is searched. Specifying either the
CLASSPATH variable or the -cp command line switch overrides this value.
javac –classpath \myProg\myPackage; \myProg\otherclasses
Or
CLASSPATH= classpath1;classpath2...
export CLASSPATH
Example

CLASSPATH=.:/usr/local/classes.jar:/home/user1/myclasses
export CLASSPATH
To retain the existing classpath setting, use $CLASSPATH in the new list.
export CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:/home/user1/myclasses

About Eclipse
Eclipse is a popular IDE (Integrated Development Environment) for java programming. Itcontains a
base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment. Thelatest Eclipse
version 4.5 was released in 2015. The Eclipse IDE is also available as an IDE forother languages,
ranging from C, C++ to Lua, Python, Perl and PHP. It provides an editor,debugger, source control and
other tools.

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The GUI looks as shown:

Steps to run a java program using Eclipse:

1. Select workspace
2. Create a new project
3. Project name appears in package explorer, src folder contains source code files
4. Create class (New->Class)
5. Run your program (right click on the class and select Run As -> Java Application)

Self-Activity (using IDE and editor)

1. Sample program
/* Program to generate documentation*/
/**
This program demonstrates javadoc
*/
public class MyClass
{
intnum;
/**
Default constructor*/
publicMyClass()
{
num=0;
}
/**
Member function
@param x Represents the new value of num
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 @return void No return value
*/
public void assignValue(int x) {
num = x;

Type the following command: javadoc MyClass.java. See the HTML documentation file MyClass.html
2. Sample program
/* Program to define a class and an object of the class* /
public class MyClass
{
intnum;
publicMyClass()
{
num=0;
}
publicMyClass(intnum)
{
this.num = num;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyClass m1 = new MyClass();
if(args.length> 0)
{
int n = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
MyClass m2 = new MyClass(n);
System.out.println(m1.num);
System.out.println(m2.num);
}
else
System.out.println(―Insufficient arguments‖);
}
}

Pass one command line argument to the above program and execute it.

Lab Assignments
SET A
1. Using javap, view the methods of the following classes from the lang package: java.lang.Object ,
java.lang.String and java.util.Scanner.
2. Compile sample program 2. Type the following command and view the bytecodes.
javap -c MyClass

SET B
1. Write a java program to display the system date and time in various formats shown below:
Current date is : 31/07/2015
Current date is : 07-31-2015
Current date is : Friday July 31 2015
Current date and time is : Fri July 31 16:25:56 IST 2015
Current date and time is : 31/07/15 16:25:56 PM +0530
Current time is : 16:25:56
Current week of year is : 31
Current week of month : 5
Current day of the year is : 212
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Note: Use java.util.Date and java.text.SimpleDateFormat class

2. Define a class MyNumber having one private int data member. Write a default constructor to
initialize it to 0 and another constructor to initialize it to a value (Use this). Write methods isNegative,
isPositive, isZero, isOdd, isEven. Create an object in main. Use command line arguments to pass a
value to the object (Hint : convert string argument to integer) and perform the above tests. Provide
javadoc comments for all constructors and methods and generate the html help file.

Signature of the instructor:------------------------- Date:------------------------

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: well done [ ]

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 Assignment 2: Usage of Class and Object

Objectives:
1. Defining a class.
2. Defining a Object
3. Creating an array of objects.
4. Writing constructor for class and overload the constructor
5. Using this keyword
6. Using prdefine classes
7. Defining nested classes ,Inner classes,Anonomous class and object.
8. Defining package and use it.
9. Using finalize() method.

Reading:

You should read the following topics before starting this exercise:
1. Structure of a class in java.
2. Declaring class reference.
3. Creating an object using new.
4. Declaring an array of references.
5. Creating an array of objects.
6. Constructor,overloadind of constructor and use of this keyword
7. Predefine classes-String class
-String Buffer class
-wrapper class
8. Inner class,nested class.local class,Anonamous class and object.
9. package creation,access and use.
10. Garbage collection finalize( ) method.

Ready Reference:
Functions Syntax Example
Class 1. class <class_name> 7. Class Student
2. { //access specifiers 8. {
3. Data member; 9. private:
4. //access specifiers 10. int RollNo;
5. Member Functions; 11. String Name;
6. } 12. Public:
13. Void Accept();
14. Void display();
15. }
Object 1.Class_name object_name=new
1. class Student{
1.By reference class_name;
variable Student s1=new Student(); 2. int id;
3. String name;
4. }
5. class TestStudent2{
6. public static void main(String args[])
7. {
8. Student s1=new Student(); //object creation by references variable
9. s1.id=101;
10. s1.name="Sonoo";
11. System.out.println(s1.id+" "+s1.name);//printing members with a white space
12. }
13. }

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 Output: 101 Sonoo

2.Initialization 16. In this example, we are creating the

1. class Student
Through method two objects of Student class and
2.
initializing the value to these objects {
by invoking the insertRecord method.
3. int rollno;
Here, we are displaying the state
4. String name;
(data) of the objects by invoking the
displayInformation() method. 5. void insertRecord(int r, String n)
6. {
7. rollno=r;
8. name=n;
9. }
10. void displayInformation(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name);}
11. }
12. class TestStudent4{
13. public static void main(String args[]){
14. Student s1=new Student();
15. Student s2=new Student();
16. s1.insertRecord(111,"Karan");
17. s2.insertRecord(222,"Aryan");
18. s1.displayInformation();
19. s2.displayInformation();
20. }
21. } Test

Output:

111 Karan
222 Aryan
Array of object17. class_name obj[ ]
18. =new class_name[max_size]; class Student
19. 20. {
21. int marks;
22. }
23. public class ArrayOfObjects
24. {
25. public static void main(String args[])
26. {
Student std[] = new Student[3];// array of reference variables of Student
27. std[0] = new Student(); // convert each reference variable into Student object
28. std[1] = new Student();
29. std[2] = new Student();
30. std[0].marks = 40; // assign marks to each Student element
31. std[1].marks = 50;
32. std[2].marks = 60;
33.
34. System.out.println("\n students average marks:"
35. + (std[0].marks+std[1].marks+std[2].marks)/3);
36. }
37. }
38. Output:
39. students average marks: 50
40.
Default constructor: Class class_name
import java.io.*;
A constructor 41.
that {
42. is //code class Student
has no parameter
known as default Class_name()//default constructor {
constructor. { //code
int id;
11
 }
String name;
}
Student() //Default constructor
{ System.out.println("Default constructor" );
id=0;
name="";
}
void display()
{
System.out.println(id+" "+name);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Student s1=new Student();
s1.display();
}
}
Output:
Default constructor
0
Parameterized 43. Class class_name
import java.io.*;
constructor 44. {
45. //code class Student
46. Class_name(datatype val { int id;
)//default constructor
String name;
{ //code
} Student(int i,String n) //parameterized constructor
} { System.out.println("Parameterized constructor");
id = i;
name = n; }
void display() { System.out.println(id+" "+name); }
public static void main(String args[])
{ Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");
s1.display(); }
}
Output:
Parameterized constructor
111 karan
Copy constructor There is no copy constructor in java.
import java.io.*;
But, we can copy the values of one
object to another like copy constructor class Student6{
in C++.
int id;
String name;
Student6(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}
Student6(Student6 s){
id = s.id;
name =s.name; }
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");
Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1); //copy the constructor
s1.display();
s2.display();

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 }
}

Output:
111 Karan
111 Karan
Overloading of Constructor overloading is a techniqueimport java.io.*;
constructor in Java in which a class can have any
class Student5{
number of constructors that differ in
parameter lists. The compiler int id;
differentiates these constructors by String name;
taking into account the number of
int age;
parameters in the list and their type.
Student5(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}
Student5(int i,String n,int a){
id = i;
name = n;
age=a;
}
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+age);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Student5 s1 = new Student5(111,"Karan");
Student5 s2 = new Student5(222,"Aryan",25);
s1.display();
s2.display();
}
}
Output:
111 Karan 0
222 Aryan 25
Use of ―this ― This keyword can be used to refer
import java.io.*;
keyword current class instance variable. If there
is ambiguity between the instance class Student{
variables and parameters, this
keyword resolves the problem of int rollno;
ambiguity. String name;
float fee;
Student(int rollno,String name,float fee){
this.rollno=rollno;
this.name=name;
this.fee=fee;
}
void display(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}
}
class TestThis2{
public static void main(String args[]){
Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);
s1.display();
}}
Output:
111 ankit 5000.0
Predefine classes
String class: Method Description

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The String toLowerCase() The java string toLowerCase() method returns the string in lowercase letter. In other words, it converts
java.lang.String all characters of the string into lower case letter.
class provides a lot String toUpperCase() The java string toUpperCase() method returns the string in uppercase letter. In other words, it converts
of methods to work
on string. By the all characters of the string into upper case letter.
help of these String trim() The string trim() method eliminates white spaces before and after string.
methods, we can String startsWith() and The java string startsWith() method checks if this string starts with given prefix. It returns true if this
perform operations endsWith() method string starts with given prefix else returns false.
on string such as The java string endsWith() method checks if this string ends with given suffix. It returns true if this
trimming, string ends with given suffix else returns false.
concatenating,
converting, string charAt() The string charAt() method returns a character at specified index.
comparing, string length() The string length() method returns length of the string.
replacing strings string valueOf() The string valueOf() method coverts given type such as int, long, float, double, boolean, char and char
etc. array into string.
string replace() The string replace() method replaces all occurrence of first sequence of character with second
sequence of character.
string compareTo() The java string compareTo() method compares the given string with current string lexicographically. It
returns positive number, negative number or 0.It compares strings on the basis of Unicode value of
each character in the strings.If first string is lexicographically greater than second string, it returns
positive number (difference of character value). If first string is less than second string
lexicographically, it returns negative number and if first string is lexicographically equal to second
string, it returns 0.
String concat(String The String concat() method concatenates the specified string to the end of current string.
str)

String substring (int The java string substring() method returns a part of the string.We pass begin index and end index
beginIndex) number position in the java substring method where start index is inclusive and end index is exclusive.
In other words, start index starts from 0 whereas end index starts from 1.
String substring(int
beginIndex, int
endIndex)

java string split() The java string split() method splits this string against given regular expression and returns a char
array.

Sample Program:
import java.io.*;
class StringExample {
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1="hello STRING";
String s1upper=s1.toUpperCase();
Output:-
System.out.println(s1upper);
String s1lower=s1.toLowerCase(); HELLO STRING
System.out.println(s1lower);
char ch=s1.charAt(4);//returns the char value at the 4th index hello string
System.out.println(s1);
String s2=" hello string "; hello STRING
System.out.println(s2+"javatpoint");//without trim() hello string javatpoint
System.out.println(s2.trim()+"javatpoint");//with trim()
String s3="java string split method"; hello stringjavatpoint
System.out.println(s3.startsWith("ja")); // it will print true
String s4="java endsWith"; true
System.out.println(s4.endsWith("t"));// it will print false false
System.out.println("string length is: "+s1.length());//print the no. of char in s1
int value=30; string length is: 12
String s5=String.valueOf(value);
System.out.println(s5);//it will print 30 30
String s6="java program"; jeve progrem
String replaceString=s6.replace('a','e');
//replaces all occurrences of 'a' to 'e' -1
System.out.println(replaceString);
String s7="hello"; java string
String s8="hellow";
ll
System.out.println(s7.compareTo(s8));
String s9="java string"; llo STRING
s9.concat("is immutable");
System.out.println(s9); java
System.out.println(s1.substring(2,4));
string
System.out.println(s1.substring(2));
String s10="java string split method "; split
String[] words=s10.split("\\s");
//splits the string based on whitespace method
//using java foreach loop to print elements of string array
for(String w:words){
System.out.println(w);

14
String buffered Important Constructors of StringBuffer class:
class: Java
StringBuffer class Constructor Description
is used to create
mutable StringBuffer() creates an empty string buffer with the initial capacity of 16.
(modifiable) string.
The StringBuffer StringBuffer(String str) creates a string buffer with the specified string.
class in java is same
as String class StringBuffer(int capacity) creates an empty string buffer with the specified capacity as length.
except it is mutable
i.e. it can be
changed. Method Description

append(String s) is used to append the specified string with this string. The append() method is overloaded like
append(char), append(boolean), append(int), append(float), append(double) etc.

insert(int offset, String s) is used to insert the specified string with this string at the specified position. The insert()
method is overloaded like insert(int, char), insert(int, boolean), insert(int, int), insert(int,
float), insert(int, double) etc.

replace(int startIndex, int endIndex, is used to replace the string from specified startIndex and endIndex.
String str)

delete(int startIndex, int endIndex) is used to delete the string from specified startIndex and endIndex.

reverse() is used to reverse the string.

capacity() is used to return the current capacity.

ensureCapacity(int is used to ensure the capacity at least equal to the given minimum.
minimumCapacity)

charAt(int index) is used to return the character at the specified position.

length() is used to return the length of the string i.e. total number of characters.

substring(int beginIndex) is used to return the substring from the specified beginIndex.

substring(int beginIndex, int is used to return the substring from the specified beginIndex and endIndex.
endIndex)

Sample program:
import java.io.*;
class StringBufferExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer("Hello ");
sb.append("Java");//now original string is changed Output:
System.out.println(sb);//prints Hello Java
Hello Java
sb.insert(1,"Java");//now original string is changed
System.out.println(sb);//prints HJavaello HJavaello Java
sb.replace(1,3,"Java");
System.out.println(sb);//prints HJavalo HJavavaello Java
sb.delete(1,3);
System.out.println(sb);//prints Hlo Hvavaello Java
sb.reverse(); avaJ olleavavH
System.out.println(sb);//prints olleH
StringBuffer sb1=new StringBuffer(); 16
System.out.println(sb1.capacity());//default 16
sb1.append("Hello"); 16
System.out.println(sb1.capacity());//now 16 34
sb1.append("java is my favourite language");
System.out.println(sb1.capacity());//now (16*2)+2=34 i.e (oldcapacity*2)+2 34
sb1.ensureCapacity(10);//now no change
System.out.println(sb1.capacity());//now 34 70
sb1.ensureCapacity(50);//now (34*2)+2
System.out.println(sb1.capacity());//now 70
}
}

15
Wrapped class Wrapper class in java provides the mechanism to convert primitive into object and object into primitive.Since J2SE
5.0, autoboxing and unboxing feature converts primitive into object and object into primitive automatically. The automatic conversion
of primitive into object is known as autoboxing and vice-versa unboxing.
The eight classes of java.lang package are known as wrapper classes in java. The list of eight wrapper classes are given below:
Primitive Type Wrapper class
boolean Boolean
char Character
byte Byte
short Short
int Integer
long Long
float Float
double Double

To convert the argument from String to any type, use Wrapper classes.

Method Purpose

Byte.parseByte Returns byte equivalent of a String

Short.parseShort Returns the short equivalent of a String

Integer.parseInt Returns the int equivalent of a String

Long.parseLong Returns the long equivalent of a String

Float.parseFloat Returns the float equivalent of a String

Double.parseDouble Returns the double equivalent of a String

//Java program to demonstrate Wrapping

public class WrapperExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
//Converting int into Integer
int a=20;
Integer i=Integer.valueOf(a);//converting int into Integer
Integer j=a;//autoboxing, now compiler will write Integer.valueOf(a) internally
System.out.println(a+" "+i+" "+j);
}}
Output:
20 20 20
//program for unwrapping
public class WrapperExample2{
public static void main(String args[]){
//Converting Integer to int
Integer a=new Integer(3);
int i=a.intValue();//converting Integer to int

16
 int j=a;//unboxing, now compiler will write a.intValue() internally
System.out.println(a+" "+i+" "+j);
}}
Output:
333
Inner class We use inner classes to logically
1. class TestMemberOuter1{
group classes and interfaces in one
2.
place so that it can be more readable private int data=30;
and maintainable. Additionally, it3.can class Inner{
access all the members of outer class
4. void msg(){System.out.println("data is "+data);}
including private data members and
methods. 5. }
Syntax of Inner class 6. public static void main(String args[]){
1. class Java_Outer_class{
7. TestMemberOuter1 obj=new TestMemberOuter1();
2. //code
3. class Java_Inner_class{ 8. TestMemberOuter1.Inner in=obj.new Inner();
4. //code 9. in.msg();
5. } }
10. }
11. }
6. Output:
data is 30
Nested class Inner class is a part of nested class.
There are two types of nested classes non-static and static nested classes.The non-static nested classes
Non-static nested classes are known as
inner classes. are also known as inner classes.
o Non-static nested class (inner class)

1. Member inner class

2. Anonymous inner class

3. Local inner class

o Static nested class
Local class A class i.e. created inside a method is
1. public class localInner1{
called local inner class in java. If you
want to invoke the methods of 2. local private int data=30;//instance variable
inner class, you must instantiate3.this void display(){
class inside the method.
4. class Local{
5. void msg(){System.out.println(data);}
6. }
7. Local l=new Local();
8. l.msg();
9. }
10. public static void main(String args[]){
11. localInner1 obj=new localInner1();
12. obj.display();
13. }
14. }
Output: 30
Anonymous Inner Class: An inner class declared without
a class name is known as an anonymous inner class. 12.In abstract class AnonymousInner {
case of anonymous inner classes, we declare and
13. public abstract void mymethod();
instantiate them at the same time. Generally, they are used
whenever you need to override the method of a class or14.an }
interface. The syntax of an anonymous inner class is as
15. public class Outer_class {
follows Syntax
AnonymousInner an_inner = new AnonymousInner() {16. public static void main(String args[]) {
public void my_method() {
........ 17. AnonymousInner inner = new AnonymousInner() {
........ 18. public void mymethod() {
} };
19. System.out.println("This is an example of anonymous inner class");
20. }
21. };
22. inner.mymethod();
}
}
Output:

17
 This is an example of anonymous inner class
Anonymous Object Anonymous simply means nameless. import java.io.*;
An object which has no reference is
known as anonymous object. It can be class Calculation{
used at the time of object creation
only. void fact(int n){
New Calculation();//anonymous objec int fact=1;
t
Calling method through anonymous for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){
object fact=fact*I;
new Calculation().fact(5);
}
System.out.println(―factorial is ―+fact);
}
public static void main(String args[]){
new Calculation().fact(5);//calling method with anonymous object
}
}
Output:
Factorial is 120

Package Creating a package

creation,access,use To create a user defined package, the package statement should be written in the source code file. This statement should be
written as the first line of the program. Save the program in a directory of the same name as the package.
package packageName;
Accessing a package
To access classes from a package, use the import statement.
import packageName.*; //imports all classes
import packageName.className; //imports specified class
Note that the package can have a hierarchy of subpackages. In that case, the package name should be qualified using its parent
packages. Example: project.sourcecode.java
Here, the package named project contains one subpackage named sourcecode which contains a subpackage named java.
Access Rules
The access rules for members of a class are given in the table below.
Accessible to public protected none private

Same class Yes Yes Yes Yes

Class in same package Yes Yes Yes No

Subclass (in other package) Yes Yes No No

Non subclass in Other package Yes No No No

Sample program for package:

1. //save by A.java
2. package pack;
3. public class A{ Compile the package by javac -d . A.java
4. public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
5. }
1. //save by B.java
2. package mypack;
3. import pack.*;
4.
5. class B{
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. A obj = new A();
8. obj.msg();
9. }
10. }
6. Output: Hello
Garbage collection In java, garbage means unreferenced objects.Garbage Collection is process of reclaiming the runtime unused memory automatically. In
finalized method other words, it is a way to destroy the unused objects.
finalize() method:The finalize() method is invoked each time before the object is garbage collected. This method can be used to perform
cleanup processing. This method is defined in Object class as:
protected void finalize(){}
import java.util.*;

18
 public class ObjectDemo extends GregorianCalendar {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
// create a new ObjectDemo object
ObjectDemo cal = new ObjectDemo();

// print current time

System.out.println("" + cal.getTime());

// finalize cal
System.out.println("Finalizing...");
cal.finalize();
System.out.println("Finalized.");

} catch (Throwable ex) {

ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Output:
Sat dec 22 00:27:21 EEST 2017
Finalizing...
Finalized.
Lab Assignments

SET A
Run all the sample program.

1. Write a java program which accepts 3int values and prints the maximum and minimum.
2. Write a java program which accepts an integer arrary and print the data and sort the data in descending order.
3. Write a java program which define class Employee with data member as name and salary.program store the
information of 5 Employees.display the name who earn maximum salary.(Use arrary of object)
4. Define a Student class (roll number, name, percentage). Define a default and parameterized constructor.
Keep a count of objects created. Create objects using parameterized constructor and display the object count
after each object is created. (Use static member and method). Also display the contents of each object.
5. Write a java program which accepts a string and a characters to be search from the user the program should
display the totalno of character in string.
6. Define a class person(pid,pname,age,gender). Define the default and parametrized constructor.Overlaod the
constructor.Accept the 5 person details and display it.(use this keyword.)

SET B
1. Create a package named Series having three different classes to print series:

a. Prime numbers b. Fibonacci series c. Squares of numbers Write a program to generate ‗n‘ terms
of the above series.

2. Write a Java program to create a Package ―SY‖ which has a class SYMarks (members – ComputerTotal,
MathsTotal, and ElectronicsTotal). Create another package TY which has a class TYMarks (members –
Theory, Practicals). Create n objects of Student class (having rollNumber, name, SYMarks and TYMarks).
Add the marks of SY and TY computer subjects and calculate the Grade (‗A‘ for >= 70, ‗B‘ for >= 60 ‗C‘ for
>= 50 , Pass Class for > =40 else ‗FAIL‘) and display the result of the student in proper format.
3. Writa a java program that take input as aperson name in the format of first middle last name and then print it
in the form last first and middle,where in the middle name first character is capital letter.
4. Write a package game which will have 2 classes Indoor and Outdoor.Use a function display to generate the
list of player for the specific game.use default and parametrized constructor.
5. Define class student(rno,name,marks1,marks2) .Define result class(total,percentage) inside the student
class.accept the student details and display the Marksheet with
Rno,name,marks1,Marks2,toatl,percentage.(use inner class concept.)

19
 SET C:
1. Define a class Employee(id,name,department,salary).define default and parametrized constuctor also
overlaod the constructor.Create the inner class manager(bonus ).define the accept and display in both the
class.create the n object of manager and display the details of manager having maximum
salary.(sal=sal+bouns)

Signature of the instructor:------------------------- Date:------------------------

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: well done [ ]

20
 Assignment 3 – Inheritance and Interfaces

Objectives:

• To implement inheritance in java.

• To define abstract classes.
• To define and use interfaces.
• Use predefined interfaces like Cloneable

Reading :

You should read the following topics before starting this exercise:
1. Concept of inheritance.
2. Use of extends keyword.
3. Concept of abstract class.
4. Defining an interface.
5. Use of implements keyword.

Ready Reference :

Inheriting a class : The syntax to create a subclass is :

classSubClassName extends SuperClassName
{
//class body
}
Example:
class Manager extends Employee
{ //code }

Types of Inheritance

Access in subclass
The following members can be accessed in a subclass:
i) public or protected superclass members.
ii) Members with no specifier if subclass is in same package.

The ―super‖ keyword

It is used for three purposes:
i) Invoking superclass constructor - super(arguments)
ii) Accessing superclass members – super.member
iii) Invoking superclass methods – super.method(arguments)

21
Example:
class A
{
protectedintnum;
A(intnum) { this.num = num; }
}
class B extends A
{
intnum;
B(int a, int b)
{
super(a); //should be the first line in the subclass constructor
this.num = b;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println("In A, num = " + super.num);
System.out.println("In B, num = " + num);
}
}

Overriding methods
Redefining superclass methods in a subclass is called overriding. The signature of the subclass
method should be the same as the superclass method.
class A
{
void method1(intnum) {//code}
}
class B extends A
{
void method1(int x) { //code }
}

Dynamic binding
When over-riding is used, the method call is resolved during run-time i.e. depending on the object
type, the corresponding method will be invoked.

Example:
A ref;
ref = new A();
ref.method1(10); //calls method of class A
ref = new B();
ref.method1(20); //calls method of class B

Abstract class
An abstract class is a class which cannot be instantiated. It is only used to create subclasses. A class
which has abstract methods must be declared abstract. An abstract class can have data members,
constructors, method definitions and method declarations.
abstract class ClassName
{
...
}
Abstract method
An abstract method is a method which has no definition. The definition is provided by the subclass.
abstractreturnType method(arguments);

22
Interface
An interface is a pure abstract class i.e. it has only abstract methods and final variables. An interface
can be implemented by multiple classes.
interfaceInterfaceName
{
//abstract methods
//final variables
}
Example:
interfaceMyInterface
{
void method1();
void method2();
int size= 10; //final and static
}
classMyClass implements MyInterface
{
//define method1 and method2
}

Self Activity

1. Sample program to demonstrate inheritance and interfaces

interface Shape
{
double area();
}
class Circle implements Shape
{
double radius;
Circle(double radius)
{
this.radius=radius;
}
public double area()
{
returnjava.util.Math.PI * radius* radius;
}
}
class Cylinder extends Circle
{
double height;
Cylinder(double radius, double height)
{
super(radius);
this.height=height;
}
public double area() //overriding
{
returnjava.util.Math.PI * radius* radius *height;
} }

public class Test

{
public static void main(String[] args)
23
 {
Shape s;
s = new Circle(5.2);
System.out.println("Area of circle = " + s.area());
s = new Cylinder(5, 2.5);
System.out.println("Area of cylinder = " + s.area());
} }

Lab Assignments

SET A

1. Define a class Employee having private members – id, name, department, salary. Define
default and parameterized constructors. Create a subclass called ―Manager‖ with private
member bonus. Define methods accept and display in both the classes. Create n objects of the
Manager class and display the details of the manager having the maximum total salary
(salary+bonus)

2. Create an abstract class Shape with methods calc_area and calc_volume. Derive three
classesSphere(radius) , Cone(radius, height) and Cylinder(radius, height), Box(length, breadth,
height)from it. Calculate area and volume of all. (Use Method overriding).
SET B

1. Define an abstract class ―Staff‖ with members name and address. Define two sub-classes of
this class – ―FullTimeStaff‖ (department, salary) and ―PartTimeStaff‖ (number-of-hours, rate-
perhour). Define appropriate constructors. Create n objects which could be of either
FullTimeStaffor PartTimeStaff class by asking the user‘s choice. Display details of all
―FullTimeStaff‖ objects and all ―PartTimeStaff‖ objects.

2. Write a Java program to create a super class Vehicle having members Company and
price.Derive 2 different classes LightMotorVehicle (members – mileage) and
HeavyMotorVehicle(members – capacity-in-tons). Accept the information for n vehicles and
display the informationin appropriate form. While taking data, ask the user about the type of
vehicle first.

SET C

1. Create an interface ―CreditCardInterface‖ with methods :viewCreditAmount(),

useCard(),payCredit() and increaseLimit(). Create a class SilverCardCustomer (name,
cardnumber (16digits), creditAmount – initialized to 0, creditLimit - set to 50,000 ) which
implements the aboveinterface. Inherit class GoldCardCustomer from SilverCardCustomer
having the same methodsbut creditLimit of 1,00,000. Create an object of each class and
perform operations. Displayappropriate messages for success or failure of transactions. (Use
method overriding)
i. useCard() method increases the creditAmount by a specific amount uptocreditLimit
ii. payCredit() reduces the creditAmount by a specific amount.
iii. increaseLimit() increases the creditLimit for GoldCardCustomers (only 3 times, not
more than 5000Rs. each time)

Signature of the instructor:------------------------- Date:------------------------

Assignment Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

24
 Assignment 4 – Collections

Objectives
• Study the Collections framework in java
• Use various collections

Collection:
A collection is an object that represents a group of objects. A collection — sometimes called a
container — is simply an object that groups multiple elements into a single unit. Collections are used
to store, retrieve, manipulate, and communicate aggregate data.

Interface Name Description

Collection The most general collection interface type. A collection represents a group
of objects known as its elements. The Java platform doesn't provide any
direct implementations of this interface.
List Represents an ordered collection. Lists can contain
duplicate elements.
Set Represents an unordered collection that does not permit duplicate elements.
SortedSet Represents a set whose elements are maintained in a sorted order.
Queue A collection used to hold multiple elements prior to processing. A Queue
provides additional insertion, extraction and inspection operations.
Map Represents key-value pairs. A Map cannot contain duplicate keys; each key can
map to at most one value. Does not extend collection.
SortedMap Represents a Map that maintains its mappings in ascending key order.

The Collection interface:

Method Explanation
boolean add(Object Method adds objects in the collection.
element)
boolean remove(Object Method removes objects in the collection.
element)
The Collection interface also supports query operations:
int size() Returns the size of the collection.
boolean isEmpty() Returns true if the collection is empty or false.
Boolean contains(Object Returns true if the collection contains the element passed in argument .
element)
Other operations are tasks done on groups of elements or the entire collection at once:

boolean The containsAll() method allows you to discover if the current collection contains
containsAll(Collection all the elements of another collection, a subset.
collection)
boolean addAll(Collection collection)

void removeAll(Collection collection)

25
List interface:
Method Description
void add(int index, Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list (optional
Object element) operation).
Boolean addAll(int Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list at the
index, Collection c) specified position (optional operation).

Object get(int index) Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
int indexOf(Object o) Returns the index in this list of the first occurrence of the specified element,
or -1 if this list does not contain this element.

int Returns the index in this list of the last occurrence of the specified element,
lastIndexOf(Object o) or -1 if this list does not contain this element.

ListIterator Returns a list iterator of the elements in this list (in proper sequence).
listIterator() ListIterator

listIterator(int index) Returns a list iterator of the elements in this list (in proper sequence),
starting at the specified position in this list.

Object Removes the element at the specified position in this list (optional
remove(int index) operation).
Object set(int index, Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified
Object element) element (optional operation).

int size() Returns the number of elements in this list.

List Returns a view of the portion of this list between the specified
subList(int fromIndex, fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive.
int toIndex)

Set Interface and SortedSet Interface:

Method Description
Comparator comparator() Returns the comparator associated with this
sorted set, or null if it uses its elements'
natural ordering.
Object first() Returns the first (lowest) element currently in
this sorted set.
SortedSet headset(Object Returns a view of the portion of this sorted set
toElement)
whose elements are strictly less than
toElement.
Object last() Returns the last (highest) element currently in
this sorted set.
SortedSet subset(Object Returns a view of the portion of this sorted set
fromElement, Object toElement)
whose elements range from fromElement,
inclusive, to toElement, exclusive.
SortedSet tailSet(Object Returns a view of the portion of this sorted
fromElement
set whose elements are greater than or equal
to fromElement.

26
Map Interface:
Method Description
void clear() Removes all mappings from this map
boolean Returns true if this map contains a mapping for
containsKey(Object key)
the specified key.
boolean Returns true if this map maps one or more keys
containsValue(Object
value) to the specified value.
Set entrySet() Returns a set view of the mappings contained in
this map.
boolean equals(Object o) Compares the specified object with this map for
equality.
Object get(Object key) Returns the value to which this map maps the
specified key.
int hashCode() Returns the hash code value for this map.
boolean isEmpty() Returns true if this map contains no key-value
mappings
Set keySet() Returns a set view of the keys contained in this
map.
Object put(Object key, Associates the specified value with the specified
Object value)
key in this map
void putAll(Map t) Copies all of the mappings from the specified
map to this map
Object remove(Object Removes the mapping for this key from this map
key)
if it is present (optional operation).
int size() Returns the number of key-value mappings in this
map.
Collection values() Returns a collection view of the values contained
in this map

List Implementations:
There are two general-purpose List implementations — ArrayList and LinkedList.
1. ArrayList: Resizable-array implementation of the List interface. Implements all optional list
operations, and permits all elements, including null. Each ArrayList instance has a capacity. The
capacity is the size of the array used to store the elements in the list. It is always at least as large as the
list size.
2. LinkedList: The LinkedList class implements the List interface. All of the operations perform
as could be expected for a doubly-linked list. Operations that index into the list will traverse the list
from the beginning or the end, whichever is closer to the specified index.

ArrayList Method name Description

Inserts all of the elements in the specified Collection into this list,
addAll(int index, Collection c)
starting at the specified position.
Increases the capacity of this ArrayList instance, if necessary, to
ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements specified
by the minimum capacity argument.
removeRange(int fromIndex, Removes from this List all of the elements whose index is
int toIndex) between fromIndex, inclusive and toIndex, exclusive.
Trims the capacity of this ArrayList instance to be the list's current
trimToSize()
size.
LinkedList Method name Description
addFirst(Object o) Inserts the given element at the beginning of this list.
addLast(Object o) Appends the given element to the end of this list.
Object getFirst() Returns the first element in the list
Object getLast() Returns the last element in the list
Object removeFirst() Removes and returns the first element from this list.
Object removeLast() Removes and returns the last element from this list.

27
 ListIterator Returns a list-iterator of the elements in this list (in proper
listIterator(int index) sequence), starting at the specified position in the list.

Set Implementations:

There are three general-purpose Set implementations — HashSet, TreeSet, and

LinkedHashSet.
1. TreeSet: The elements are internally stored in a search tree. It is useful when you need to
extract elements from a collection in a sorted manner.
2. HashSet: It creates a collection the uses a hash table for storage. The advantage of
HashSet is that it performs basic operations (add, remove, contains and size) in constant time
and is faster than TreeSet
3. LinkedHashSet: The only difference is that the LinkedHashSet maintains the order of the
items added to the Set, The elements are stored in a doubly linked list.

Iterator:

The Iterator interface provides methods using which we can traverse any collection. This
interface is implemented by all collection classes.

hasNext() true if there is a next element in the collection.

next() Returns the next object.

remove() Removes the most recent element that was returned by next()

ListIterator

Forward iteration
hasNext() true if there is a next element in the collection.
next() Returns the next object.
Backward iteration
hasPrevious() true if there is a previous element.
previous() Returns the previous element.

Getting the index of an element

nextIndex() Returns index of element that would be returned by subsequent call to next().

previousIndex() Returns index of element that would be returned by subsequent call to previous().

Optional modification methods.

add(obj) Inserts obj in collection before the next element to be returned by next() and after
an element that would be returned by previous().
set() Replaces the most recent element that was returned by next or previous().
remove() Removes the most recent element that was returned by next() or previous().

HashTable

The important methods of the HashTable class are

Method name Description

void clear() Clears this hashtable so that it contains no keys.
boolean contains(Object Tests if some key maps into the specified value in this hashtable.
value)
boolean Tests if the specified object is a key in this hashtable.
containsKey(Object key)
containsValue(Object value) Returns true if this Hashtable maps one or more keys to this value.

28
 Enumeration elements() Returns an enumeration of the values in this hashtable.
Set entrySet() Returns a Set view of the entries contained in this Hashtable.
Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped in this
Object get(Object key)
hashtable.
Returns the hash code value for this Map as per the definition in the
int hashCode()
Map interface.
Boolean isEmpty() Tests if this hashtable maps no keys to values.
Enumeration keys() Returns an enumeration of the keys in this hashtable.
Set keySet() Returns a Set view of the keys contained in this Hashtable.
Object put(Object key, Maps the specified key to the specified value in this hashtable.
Object value)
Copies all of the mappings from the specified Map to this Hashtable
void putAll(Map m) These mappings will replace any mappings that this Hashtable had
for any of the keys currently in the specified Map.
Increases the capacity of and internally reorganizes this hashtable,
void rehash()
in order to accommodate and access its entries more efficiently.
Object remove(Object key) Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this hashtable.
int size() Returns the number of keys in this hashtable.
Collection values() Returns a Collection view of the values contained in this Hashtable.

Sample Program

/* Program to demonstrate ArrayList and LinkedList */

import java.util.*;
class ArrayLinkedListDemo {
public static void main(String args[])
{
ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); LinkedList l1 = new LinkedList();
System.out.println("Initial size of al: " + al.size());
// add elements to the array list al.add("A");
al.add("B");
al.add("C");
al.add(2, "AA"); System.out.println("Contents of al: " + al);

al.remove("B"); al.remove(1);
System.out.println("Contents of al: " + al); l1.add("A");
l1.add("B");
l1.add(new Integer(10));
System.out.println("The contents of list is " + l1); l1.addFirst(―AA‖);
l1.addLast("c");
l1.add(2,"D");
l1.add(1,"E");
l1.remove(3);
System.out.println("The contents of list is " + l1);
}
}

2.Sample program

/* Program to demonstrate iterator */

import java.util.*; public class IteratorDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList a1 = new ArrayList();
al.add("C"); al.add("A"); al.add("E"); al.add("B"); al.add("D"); al.add("F");
Iterator itr = a1.iterator(); //obtain iterator while(itr.hasNext())
29
{
String elt = (String)itr.next(); System.out.println("Element = " + elt);
}
LinkedList l = new LinkedList();
l.add("A"); l.add("B"); l.add("C"); l.add("D"); ListIterator litr = l.listIterator();
while(litr.hasNext())
{
String elt = (String)litr.next(); System.out.println(elt);
}
System.out.println("Traversing Backwards : "); while(litr.hasPrevious())
System.out.println(litr.previous());
}
}

3.Sample program

/* Program to demonstrate HashTable*/

import java.util.*; public class HashtableDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Hashtable hashtable = new Hashtable(); String str, name = null;
hashtable.put( "A", 75.2 ); // adding value into hashtable hashtable.put( "B", 65.9 );
hashtable.put( "C", 95.1 );
hashtable.put( "D", 85.7 );

System.out.println("Retriving all keys from the Hashtable"); Enumeration keys = hashtable.keys();

while( keys. hasMoreElements() )
System.out.println( keys.nextElement() );

System.out.println("Retriving all values from the table"); Enumeration values = hashtable.elements();

while( values. hasMoreElements() )
System.out.println( values.nextElement() );
}
}

Lab Assignments

SET A

1. Accept ‗n‘ integers from the user and store them in a collection. Display them in the sorted
order. The collection should not accept duplicate elements. (Use a suitable collection). Search for an
particular element using predefined search method in the Collection framework.

2. Create a Hash table containing Employee name and Salary. Display the details of the hash
table. Also search for a specific Employee and display Salary of that Employee.

SET B

1. Construct a linked List containing names of colors: red, blue, yellow and orange. Then extend
your program to do the following:
i. Display the contents of the List using an Iterator;
ii. Display the contents of the List in reverse order using a ListIterator;

30
iii. Create another list containing pink and green. Insert the elements of this list between blue and
yellow.

2 Create a java application to store city names and their STD codes using an appropriate collection.
The GUI ahould allow the following operations:
i. Add a new city and its code (No duplicates)
ii. Remove a city from the collection
iii. Search for a cityname and display the code

SET C

1. Read a text file, specified by the first command line argument, into a list. The program should then
display a menu which performs the following operations on the list:
1. Insert line 2. Delete line 3. Append line 4. Modify line 5. Exit
When the user selects Exit, save the contents of the list to the file and end the program.

Signature of the instructor:------------------------- Date:------------------------

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

31
 Assignment 5 – Exception Handling and I/O

Exception Handling:
Exception Handling is the mechanism to handle runtime malfunctions. We need to handle such
exceptions to prevent abrupt termination of program. The term exception means exceptional condition,
it is a problem that may arise during the execution of program. A bunch of things can lead to
exceptions, including programmer error, hardware failures, files that need to be opened cannot be
found, resource exhaustion etc.
Exception:
A Java Exception is an object that describes the exception that occurs in a program. When an
exceptional events occurs in java, an exception is said to be thrown. The code that's responsible for
doing something about the exception is called an exception handler.
Exception class Hierarchy:
All exception types are subclasses of class Throwable, which is at the top of exception class
hierarchy.

 Exception class is for exceptional conditions that program should catch. This class is extended
to create user specific exception classes.
 RuntimeException is a subclass of Exception. Exceptions under this class are automatically
defined for programs.
 Exceptions of type Error are used by the Java run-time system to indicate errors having to do
with the run-time environment, itself. Stack overflow is an example of such an error.

Exception are categorized into 3 category.

 Checked Exception

The exception that can be predicted by the programmer at the compile time.Example : File that
need to be opened is not found. These type of exceptions must be checked at compile time.

32
 Checked Exceptions:

1.Exception
2.IOException
3.FileNotFoundException
4.ParseException
5.ClassNotFoundException
6.CloneNotSupportedException
7.InstantiationException
8.InterruptedException
9.NoSuchMethodException
10.NoSuchFieldException

 Unchecked Exception

Unchecked exceptions are the class that extends Runtime Exception. Unchecked exception are
ignored at compile time. Example : Arithmetic Exception, Null Pointer Exception, Array Index out
of Bound exception. Unchecked exceptions are checked at runtime.

Unchecked Exceptions:

1.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
2.ClassCastException
3.IllegalArgumentException
4.IllegalStateException
5.NullPointerException
6.NumberFormatException
7.AssertionError
8.ExceptionInInitializerError
9.StackOverflowError
10.NoClassDefFoundError

Uncaught Exceptions:
When we don't handle the exceptions, they lead to unexpected program termination. Lets take an
example for better understanding.

classUncaughtException
{
publicstaticvoidmain(String args[])
{
int a =0;
int b =7/a;// Divide by zero, will lead to exception
}
}

33
Exception Handling Mechanism
In java, exception handling is done using five keywords,

1. try
2. catch
3. throw
4. throws
5. finally

Exception handling is done by transferring the execution of a program to an appropriate exception

handler when exception occurs.

Using try and catch:

Try is used to guard a block of code in which exception may occur.
Example using Try and catch
classExcp
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
inta,b,c;
try
{
a=0;
b=10;
c=b/a;
System.out.println("This line will not be executed");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("Divided by zero");
}
System.out.println("After exception is handled");
}
}

Output:
Divided by zero
After exception is handled

34
An exception will thrown by this program as we are trying to divide a number by zero
inside try block. The program control is transferred outside try block. Thus the line "This line will not
be executed" is never parsed by the compiler. The exception thrown is handled in catch block.

Once the exception is handled, the program control is continue with the next line in the program i.e
after catch block. Thus the line "After exception is handled" is printed.
Multiple catch blocks:
A try block can be followed by multiple catch blocks..
Example for Multiple Catch blocks:

classExcep
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
intarr[]={1,2};
arr[2]=3/0;
}
catch(ArithmeticExceptionae)
{
System.out.println("divide by zero");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println("array index out of bound exception");
}
}
}
Output:
divide by zero

Note: Although both ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException and ArithmeticExceptionoccured, but since

first catch is of Arithmetic Exception, It will be caught there and program control will be continued
after the catch block.

Note: At a time, only one exception is processed and only one respective catch block is executed.
Example for Unreachable Catch block:

classExcep
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
intarr[]={1,2};
arr[2]=3/0;
}
catch(Exception e) //This block handles all Exception
{
System.out.println("Generic exception");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) //This block is unreachable
35
 {
System.out.println("array index out of bound exception");
}
}
}
Output:
Generic exception

Nested try statement:

try statement can be nested inside another block of try.

classExcep
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
intarr[]={5,0,1,2};
try
{
int x=arr[3]/arr[1];
}
catch(ArithmeticExceptionae)
{
System.out.println("divide by zero");
}
arr[4]=3;
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println("array index out of bound exception");
}
}
}
Output:
divide by zero
array index out of bound exception
throw Keyword:
throw keyword is used to throw an exception explicitly. Only object of Throwable class or its sub
classes can be thrown. Program execution stops on encountering throw statement, and the closest
catch statement is checked for matching type of exception.
Syntax :
throwThrowableInstance
Creating Instance of Throwable class:
There are two possible ways to create an instance of class Throwable,

1. Using a parameter in catch block.

2. Creating instance with new operator.

newNullPointerException("test"); //This constructs an instance of NullPointerException with name

test.
Example demonstrating throw Keyword:
class Test
{
static void avg()
36
 {
try
{
throw new ArithmeticException("demo");
}

catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("Exception caught");
}
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
avg();
}
}

In the above example the avg() method throw an instance of ArithmeticException, which is
successfully handled using the catch statement and thus, the program outputs "Exception caught".

throws Keyword:
Any method that is capable of causing exceptions must list all the exceptions possible during its
execution, so that anyone calling that method gets a prior knowledge about which exceptions are to be
handled. A method can do so by using the throws keyword.
Syntax :

Typemethod_name(parameter_list)throwsexception_list

//definition of method

Example demonstrating throws Keyword:

class Test
{
static void check() throws ArithmeticException
{
System.out.println("Inside check function");
throw new ArithmeticException("demo");
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
try
{
check();
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("caught" + e);
}
37
 }
}

Output:Inside check function

caughtjava.lang.ArithmeticException: demo

finally clause
A finally keyword is used to create a block of code that follows a try block. A finally block of code is
always executed whether an exception has occurred or not.

Example demonstrating finally Clause:

Class ExceptionTest
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a[]= new int[2];
System.out.println("out of try");
try
{
System.out.println("Access invalid element"+ a[3]);
/* the above statement will throw ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException */
}
finally
{
System.out.println("finally is always executed.");
}
}
}

Output:
Out of try
finally is always executed.
Exception in thread main java. Lang. exception array Index out of bound exception.

You can see in above example even if exception is thrown by the program, which is not handled by
catch block, still finally block will get executed.

38
User defined Exception subclass:
You can also create your own exception sub class simply by extending java Exception class. You can
define a constructor for your Exception sub class (not compulsory) and you can override
the toString()function to display your customized message on catch.

classMyException extends Exception

privateint ex;

MyException(int a)

ex=a;

public String toString()

return "MyException[" + ex +"] is less than zero";

class Test

static void sum(inta,int b) throws MyException

if(a<0)

throw new MyException(a); //calling constructor of user-defined exception class

39
 }

else

System.out.println(a+b);

public static void main(String[] args)

try

sum(-10, 10);

catch(MyException me)

System.out.println(me); //it calls the toString() method of user-defined Exception

Output:MyException[-10] is less than zero

Assertion:
Assertion is a statement in java. It can be used to test your assumptions about the program.
While executing assertion, it is believed to be true. If it fails, JVM will throw an error named
AssertionError. It is mainly used for testing purpose.

Advantage of Assertion:
It provides an effective way to detect and correct programming errors.

Syntax of using Assertion:

There are two ways to use assertion. First way is:
assert expression;
40
and second way is:

assert expression1 : expression2;

Simple Example of Assertion in java:

importjava.util.Scanner;

classAssertionExample{
public static void main( String args[] ){

Scanner scanner = new Scanner( System.in );

System.out.print("Enter ur age ");

int value = scanner.nextInt();

assert value>=18:" Not valid";

System.out.println("value is "+value);
}
}
Output: Enter ur age 11
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.AssertionError: Not valid
Lab Assignments:
Set A:
1.Write a java program to accept a number from the user, if number is zero then throw user defined
exception ―Number is 0‖ otherwise check whether no is prime or not (Use static keyword).
2. Define a class MyDate(Day,Month,year) with method to accept and display a MyDate object.
Accept date as dd, mm, yyyy. Throw user defined exception ―InvalidDateExeption‖ if the date is
invalid.
3.Write a Java program to accept user name and password, If the user name and password are not
same,then generate user –defined Exception ―Incorrect PasswordException‖.
4.Write a java program to accept Employee name from the user and check whether it is validor not. If
it is not valid then throw user defined Exception ―Name is Invalid‖ otherwise display it.
5.Define Exception VowelException,BlankException,ExitException.Write another class Test which
reads a character from command line. If it is a vowel, throw VowelException,if it is blank throw
BlankException and for a character ‗X‘ throw an ExitException and terminate program.For any other
character , display ―Valid Character‖.

Set B:

1.Write a class Student with attributes roll no, name, age and course. Initialize values through
parameterized constructor. If age of student is not in between 15 and 21 then generate user-defined
exception ―Age Not Within The Range‖.If name contains numbers or special symbols raise exception
―Name not valid‖.
2.Define a class saving account (acno, name, balance) .define appropriate and operation withdraw(),
deposit(), and viewbalance(). The minimum balance must be 500. Create an object and perform
operation. Raise user defined ―InsufficientFundException‖ when balance is not sufficient for withdraw
operation.
3.Define a class cricket player(name, no_ofinings, no_of_times_notout, total_runs, bat_avg).create an
array of ‗n‘ player objects.Calculate the batting average for each player using a static method avg().
Handle appropriate exception while calculating average. Define static method ‗sortPlayer‘ which sorts
the array on the basis of average. Display the player details in sorted order.
4.Write a program which accept two integers and an arithmetic operator from the command line and
performs the operation.Fire the following user defined exceptions:
41
 i.If the no of arguments are less than 3 then,fire ―IllegalNumberOfArgument‖.
ii.If the operator is nor an Arithmetic operator,throw ―InvalidOperatorExceptio‖.
iii.If result is –Ve ,then throw ―NegativeResultException‖

Assignment 5.1: I/O and File Handling

Introduction to java.io package:

Java I/O (Input and Output) is used to process the input and produce the output.Java uses the concept
of stream to make I/O operation fast. The java.io package contains all the classes required for input
and output operations.We can perform file handling in java by Java I/O API.

Stream

A stream is a sequence of data.In Java a stream is composed of bytes. It's called a stream because it is
like a stream of water that continues to flow.In java, 3 streams are created for us automatically. All
these streams are attached with console.

1) System.out: standard output stream

2) System.in: standard input stream

3) System.err: standard error stream

Let's see the code to print output and error message to the console.

1. System.out.println("simple message");
2. System.err.println("error message");

Let's see the code to get input from console.

1. int i=System.in.read();//returns ASCII code of 1st character

2. System.out.println((char)i);//will print the character

IO Stream
Java performs I/O through Streams. A Stream is linked to a physical layer by java I/O system to make
input and output operation in java. In general, a stream means continuous flow of data. Streams are
clean way to deal with input/output without having every part of your code understand the physical.

Java encapsulates Stream under java.io package. Java defines two types of streams. They are,

1. Byte Stream : It provides a convenient means for handling input and output of byte.
2. Character Stream : It provides a convenient means for handling input and output of
characters. Character stream uses Unicode and therefore can be internationalized.

42
Byte Stream Classes

Byte stream is defined by using two abstract class at the top of hierarchy, they are InputStream and
OutputStream.

These two abstract classes have several concrete classes that handle various devices such as disk files,
network connection etc.
Some important Byte stream classes.

Stream class Description

BufferedInputStream Used for Buffered Input Stream.

BufferedOutputStream Used for Buffered Output Stream.

DataInputStream Contains method for reading java standard datatype

DataOutputStream An output stream that contain method for writing java standard data type

FileInputStream Input stream that reads from a file

FileOutputStream Output stream that write to a file.

InputStream Abstract class that describe stream input.

OutputStream Abstract class that describe stream output.

PrintStream Output Stream that contain print() and println() method

These classes define several key methods. Two most important are

43
1. read() : reads byte of data.
2. write() : Writes byte of data.

Character Stream Classes

Character stream is also defined by using two abstract class at the top of hierarchy, they are Reader
and Writer.

These two abstract classes have several concrete classes that handle unicode character.
Some important Charcter stream classes.

Stream class Description

BufferedReader Handles buffered input stream.

BufferedWriter Handles buffered output stream.

FileReader Input stream that reads from file.

FileWriter Output stream that writes to file.

InputStreamReader Input stream that translate byte to character

OutputStreamReader Output stream that translate character to byte.

PrintWriter Output Stream that contain print() and println() method.

Reader Abstract class that define character stream input

Writer Abstract class that define character stream output

44
Reading Console Input

We use the object of BufferedReader class to take inputs from the keyboard.

Reading Characters

read() method is used with BufferedReader object to read characters. As this function returns integer
type value has we need to use typecasting to convert it into char type.

intread()throwsIOException

Below is a simple example explaining character input.

classCharRead

publicstaticvoidmain( String args[])

BufferedReaderbr=newBufferedreader(newInputstreamReader(System.in));

char c =(char)br.read();//Reading character

Reading Strings

45
To read string we have to use readLine() function with BufferedReader class's object.

String readLine()throwsIOException
Program to take String input from Keyboard in Java

import java.io.*;
classMyInput
{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)
{
String text;
InputStreamReaderisr=newInputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReaderbr=newBufferedReader(isr);
text=br.readLine();//Reading String
System.out.println(text);
}
}

Program to read from a file using BufferedReader class

import java. Io *;
classReadTest
{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)
{
try
{
File fl=newFile("myfile.txt");
BufferedReaderbr=newBufferedReader(newFileReader(fl));
String str;
while((str=br.readLine())!=null)
{
System.out.println(str);
}
br.close();
fl.close();
}
catch(IOException e)
{e.printStackTrace();}
}
}

Program to write to a File using FileWriter class

import java. Io *;
classWriteTest
{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)
{
try
{
File fl=newFile("myfile.txt");
String str="Write this string to my file";
FileWriterfw=newFileWriter(fl);
fw.write(str);

46
fw.close();
fl.close();
}
catch(IOException e)
{e.printStackTrace();}
}
}

Object Serialization Reader and Writer:

Serialization is a process of converting an object into a sequence of bytes which can be persisted to a
disk or database or can be sent through streams. The reverse process of creating object from sequence
of bytes is called deserialization.

A class must implement Serializable interface present in java.io package in order to serialize its
object successfully. Serializable is a marker interface that adds serializablebehaviour to the class
implementing it.

Java provides Serializable API encapsulated under java.io package for serializing and deserializing
objects which include,
• java.io.serializable
• java.io.Externalizable

• ObjectInputStream
• andObjectOutputStream etc.
Marker interface

Marker Interface is a special interface in Java without any field and method. Marker interface is used
to inform compiler that the class implementing it has some special behaviour or meaning. Some
example of Marker interface are,

 java.io.serializable
 java.lang.Cloneable
 java.rmi.Remote
 java.util.RandomAccess

All these interfaces does not have any method and field. They only add special behavior to the classes
implementing them. However marker interfaces have been deprecated since Java 5, they were
replaced by Annotations. Annotations are used in place of Marker Interface that play the exact same
role as marker interfaces did before.
Signature of writeObject() and readObject()

writeObject() method of ObjectOutputStream class serializes an object and send it to the output
stream.
47
publicfinalvoidwriteObject(object x)throwsIOException

readObject() method of ObjectInputStream class references object out of stream and deserialize it.

publicfinal Object readObject()throwsIOException,ClassNotFoundException

while serializing if you do not want any field to be part of object state then declare it either static or
transient based on your need and it will not be included during java serialization process.

Serializing an Object

import java.io.*;
classstudentinfoimplementsSerializable
{
String name;
int rid;
static String contact;
studentinfo(string n,int r, string c)
{
this.name = n;
this.rid= r;
this.contact= c;
}
}

classTest
{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)
{
try
{
Studentinfosi=newstudentinfo("Abhi",104,"110044");
FileOutputStreamfos=newFileOutputStream("student.ser");
Objectoutputstreamoos=newObjectOutputStream(fos);
oos.writeObject(si);
oos.close();
fos.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
48
}
}
}
Object of Studentinfo class is serialized using writeObject() method and written to student.serfile.
Deserialization of Object

import java.io *;
classDeserializationTest
{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)
{
studentinfosi=null ;
try
{
FileInputStreamfis=newFileInputStream("student.ser");
ObjectOutputStreamois=newObjectOutputStream(fis);
si=(studentinfo)ois.readObject();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();}
System.out.println(si.name);
System.out.println(si.rid);
System.out.println(si.contact);
}
}
Output:
Abhi
104
null
Contact field is null because,it was marked as static and as we have discussed earlier static fields does
not get serialized.
NOTE: Static members are never serialized because they are connected to class not object of class.

Lab Assignments:
Set A:

1.Write a java program that displays the number of characters, lines & words from a file.

2.Write a java program to read the characters from a file, if a character is alphabet then reverse its
case, if not then display its category on the Screen. (whether it is Digit or Space)

3.Write a java program to display the contents of a file in reverse order

Set B:

1.Write a Java program to create 2 files F1 and F2.Copy the contents of file F1 by changing the
case into file F2.
F2 = F1
Also copy the contents of F1 and F2 in F3.
F3 = F1+F2
Display the contents of F3.
49
Use Command Line Arguments.

2. Write a Java program to accept list of files as command line arguments. Display the name
and size of all the files. Delete all files with extension as ‗.html‘ from the current directory.
Appropriate error messages should be printed.(Use vector Array)

3.Write a java program to copy the contents of one file into the another file, while copying change the
case of alphabets and replace all the digits by ‗*‘ in target file.

Signature of the instructor:------------------------- Date:------------------------

Assignment Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

50
 Assignment 6 - Swings

MVC(Model View Controller) Architecture :-

Swing API architecture follows loosely based MVC architecture in the following manner.
• Model - Model represents component's data.
• View represents visual representation of the component's data.
• Controller takes the input from the user on the view and reflects the changes in
Component's data.
• Swing component has Model as a seperate element, while the View and Controller part are
clubbed in the User Interface elements. Because of which, Swing has a pluggable look-and-
feel architecture.

Swing Classes:

The following table lists some important Swing classes and their description.
Class Description
1. Box Container that uses a BoxLayout
2. JApplet Base class for Swing applets
3. JButton Selectable component that supports text/image display
4. JCheckBox Selectable component that displays state to user
5. JCheckBoxMenuItem Selectable component for a menu; displays state to user
6. JColorChooser For selecting colors
7. JComboBox For selecting from a drop-down list of choices
8. JComponent Base class for Swing components
9. JDialog Base class for pop-up subwindows
10. JEditorPane For editing and display of formatted content
11. JFileChooser For selecting files and directories
12. JFormattedTextField For editing and display of a single line of formatted text
13. JFrame Base class for top-level windows
14. JInternalFrame Base class for top-level internal windows
15. JLabel For displaying text/images
16. JList For selecting from a scrollable list of choices
17. JMenu Selectable component for holding menu items;
supports text/image display.
18. JMenuBar For holding menus.
19. JMenuItem Selectable component that supports text/image is
Display.
20. JOptionPane For creating pop-up messages
21. JPanel Basic component container
22. JPasswordField For editing and display of a password
23. JPopupMenu For holding menu items and popping up over Components.
24. JProgressBar For showing the progress of an operation to the user
25. JRadioButton Selectable component that displays state to user; included in
ButtonGroup to ensure that only one button is selected.
26. JRadioButtonMenuItem Selectable component for menus; displays state to user;
a. inlcuded in ButtonGroup to ensure that only one
button is
b. selected
27. JTable For display of tabular data
28. JTextArea For editing and display of single-attributed textual content
29. JTextField For editing and display of single-attributed textual content
on a single line
30. JTextPane For editing and display of multi-attributed textual content
31. JToggleButton Selectable component that supports text/image display;
selection triggers component to stay ―in‖ JToolBar
Draggable container
51
Important Containers:
1. JFrame – This is a top-level container which can hold components and containers
like panels.

Constructors-
JFrame()
JFrame(String title)

Methods-

setSize(int width, int height) -Specifies size of the frame in pixels

setLocation(int x, int y) -Specifies upper left corner
setVisible(boolean visible) -Set true to display the frame
setTitle(String title) -Sets the frame title
setDefaultCloseOperation(int mode) -Specifies the operation when frame is closed.

The modes are:

JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE JFrame.DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE
JFrame.HIDE_ON_CLOSE JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE

pack() -Sets frame size to minimum size required to hold components

2. JPanel –
This is a middle-level container which can hold components and can be
added to other containers like frame and panels.
Constructors-
public javax.swing.JPanel(java.awt.LayoutManager, boolean);
public javax.swing.JPanel(java.awt.LayoutManager);
public javax.swing.JPanel(boolean);
public javax.swing.JPanel();

Some Important Components :

1.JLabel
With the JLabel class, you can display unselectable text and images.

Constructors-
JLabel(Icon i) JLabel(Icon I , int n)
JLabel(String s) JLabel(String s, Icon i, int n)
JLabel(String s, int n) JLabel()
The int argument specifies the horizontal alignment of the label's contents within
its drawing area; defined in the SwingConstants interface (which JLabel implements):
LEFT (default), CENTER, RIGHT, LEADING, or TRAILING.

Methods-
1. Set or get the text displayed by the label.
void setText(String) String getText()
2. Set or get the image displayed by the label.
void setIcon (Icon) Icon getIcon()
3. Set or get the image displayed by the label when it's disabled. If you don't specify a
disabled image, then the look-and-feel creates one by manipulating the default image.
void setDisabledIcon(Icon) Icon getDisabledIcon()
4. Set or get where in the label its contents should be placed. For vertical alignment:
TOP, CENTER (the default), and BOTTOM.
52
 void setHorizontalAlignment(int) void setVerticalAlignment(int)
int getHorizontalAlignment() int getVerticalAlignment()

2. JButton
A Swing button can display both text and an image. The underlined letter in each
button's text shows the mnemonic which is the keyboard alternative.
Constructors-

JButton(Icon I)
JButton(String s)
JButton(String s, Icon I)

Methods
void setDisabledIcon(Icon) void setPressedIcon(Icon)
void setSelectedIcon(Icon) void setRolloverIcon(Icon)
String getText() void setText(String)

3.JCheckBox
Class- JCheckBox

Constructors-
JCheckBox(Icon i) JCheckBox(Icon i,booean state)
JCheckBox(String s) JCheckBox(String s, boolean state)
JCheckBox(String s, Icon i) JCheckBox(String s, Icon I, boolean state)

Methods-
void setSelected(boolean state) String getText()
void setText(String s)

4. JRadioButton
Class- JRadioButton
Constructors-
JRadioButton (String s) JRadioButton(String s, boolean state)
JRadioButton(Icon i) JRadioButton(Icon i, boolean state)
JRadioButton(String s, Icon i)
JRadioButton(String s, Icon i, Boolean state)
JRadioButton()
To create a button group- ButtonGroup()

Adds a button to the group, or removes a button from the group-

void add(AbstractButton)
void remove(AbstractButton)

5. JComboBox
Class- JComboBox
Constructors- JComboBox()
Methods -
Void addItem(Object) Object getItemAt(int)
Object getSelectedItem() int getItemCount()

6. JList
Constructor- JList(ListModel)

Methods
boolean isSelectedIndex(int) void setSelectedIndex(int)
53
void setSelectedIndices(int[]) void setSelectedValue(Object, boolean)
void setSelectedInterval(int, int) int getSelectedIndex()
int getMinSelectionIndex() int getMaxSelectionIndex()
int[] getSelectedIndices() Object getSelectedValue()
Object[] getSelectedValues()

7.JFileChooser-
represents a dialog window from which the user can select file.

Constructor-
JFileChooser() - Constructs a JFileChooser pointing to the user's default directory.
JFileChooser(File currentDirectory) - Constructs a JFileChooser using the given File as
thepath.
JFileChooser(String currentDirectoryPath) - Constructs a JFileChooser using the given path.

Methods –
boolean accept (File f) – Returns true if file should be displayed.
String getDialogTitle() – Gets the string that goes in the JFileChooser titlebar.
SetMultiSelectionEnables(true) – allow multiple selection.

8. JColorChooser –
create a color chooser dialog box so that user can select any color

Constructor-
JColorChooser() - create a color chooser panel with white color initially.
JColorChooser( color initialcolor) – create a color chooser panel with the specified color
initially.

Methods-
void addChooserPanel(AbstractColorChooserPanel panel) - It is used to add a color chooser
panel to the color chooser.

Static Color ShowDialog(Component c, String title,Color initialColor) – show the color chooser
dialog box.

9. JMenu –

Constructors –
JMenu() - Creates a menu
JMenu(String) - Creates a menu. The string specifies the text to display
for the menu.

Methods –
Inserts a menu item or separator into the menu at the
specified position. –
JMenuItem insert(JMenuItem, int)
JMenuItem insert(Action, int)
void insert(String, int)
void insertSeparator(int)

Removes the specified item(s) from the menu.

void remove(JMenuItem)
54
void remove(int)
void removeAll()

10. Text classes

All text related classes are inherited from JTextComponent class
a. JTextField
Creates a text field. The int argument specifies the desired width in columns. The
String argument contains the field's initial text. The Document argument provides a
custom document for the field.

Constructors
JTextField() JTextField(String)
JTextField(String, int) JTextField(int)
JTextField(Document, String, int)

b. JPasswordField

Constructors-
JPasswordField() JPasswordField(String)
JPasswordField(String, int) JPasswordField(int)
JPasswordField(Document, String, int)

Methods-
1. Set or get the text displayed by the text field.
void setText(String) String getText()
2. Set or get the text displayed by the text field.
char[] getPassword()
3. Set or get whether the user can edit the text in the text field.
void setEditable(boolean) boolean isEditable()
4. Set or get the number of columns displayed by the text field. This is really just a hint
for computing the field's preferred width.
void setColumns(int);
int getColumns()
5. Get the width of the text field's columns. This value is established implicitly by the
font. int getColumnWidth()
6. Set or get the echo character i.e. the character displayed instead of the actual
characters typed by the user.
void setEchoChar(char) char getEchoChar()

c. JTextArea
Represents a text area which can hold multiple lines of text
Constructors-
JTextArea (int row, int cols)
JTextArea (String s, int row, int cols)
Methods -
void setColumns (int cols) void setRows (int rows)
void append(String s) void setLineWrap (boolean)

8. Dialog Boxes
Swing has a JOptionPane class, that lets you put a simple dialog box.
Methods in JOption Class
1. static void showMessageDialog()- Shows a message with ok button.
2. static int showConfirmDialog()- shows a message & gets users options
from set of options.
3. static int showOptionDialog- shows a message & get users options from
set of options.
55
4. String showInputDialog()- shows a message with one line of user input.

Sample Example of swing using JButton

/*1.Java JButton Example */

import javax.swing.*;

public class ButtonExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame f=new JFrame("Button Example");
JButton b=new JButton("Click Here");
b.setBounds(50,100,95,30);
f.add(b);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}

/*2. java JPasswordField Example*/

import javax.swing.*;
public class PasswordFieldExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame f=new JFrame("Password Field Example");
JPasswordField value = new JPasswordField();
JLabel l1=new JLabel("Password:");
l1.setBounds(20,100, 80,30);
value.setBounds(100,100,100,30);
f.add(value); f.add(l1);
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
1. }
2. }

Set A:
1. Write a program to create following GUI using Swing.

56
b)Write a java program to create the following GUI using Swing components.

Set B
1. Write a program to create the following GUI.

2. Write a java program to design a following GUI (Use Swing).

57
Set C

Write a java program to design a following GUI (Use Swing).

Signature of the instructor:------------------------- Date:------------------------

Assignment Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

58
 Assignment No. 7: Applet Programming

Objectives :
Applets are small java programs which are executed and displayed in a java compatible
web browser.

Reading :

You should read the following topics before starting this exercise:
1. Applet tag,Applet class,Applet methods
2. Applet fundamentals, Applet lifecycle execution, Creating and running applets
3. Applets: Event handling using applets.

Ready Reference :

Creating an applet
All applets are subclasses of the java.applet.Applet class. You can also create an
applet by extending the javax.swing.JApplet class.

The syntax is:

class MyApplet extends Applet
{
//applet methods
}

Applet methods:
Method Purpose
init( ) Automatically called to perform initialization of the applet.
Executed only once.
start( ) Called every time the applet moves into sight on the Web
browser to allow the applet
to start up its normal operations
stop( ) Called every time the applet moves out of sight on the Web
browser to allow the applet
to shut off expensive operations.
destroy( ) Called when the applet is being unloaded from the page to
perform final release of
resources when the applet is no longer used
paint() Called each time the applets output needs to be redrawn

Running an applet

1. Compile the applet code using javac.

2. Use the java tool – appletviewer to view the applet (embed the APPLET tag in
comments in the code)
3. Use the APPLET tag in an HTML page and load the applet in a browser

Using appletviewer:
1. Write the HTML APPLET tag in comments in the source file.
2. Compile the applet source code using javac.
3. Use appletviewer ClassName.class to view the applet.

59
Using browser:
1. Create an HTML file containing the APPLET tag.
2. Compile the applet source code using javac.
3. In the web browser, open the HTML file.

The APPLET tag

< APPLET
[CODEBASE = appletURL]
CODE = appletClassFile
[ALT = alternateText]
[ARCHIVE = archiveFile]
[NAME = appletInstanceName]
WIDTH = pixels
HEIGHT = pixels
[ALIGN = alignment]
[VSPACE = pixels]
[HSPACE = pixels]
>
[< PARAM NAME = AttributeName VALUE = AttributeValue />]
</APPLET>

Attribute Value Description

align URL Deprecated − Defines the text alignment around the

applet

alt URL Alternate text to be displayed in case browser does not

support applet

archive URL Applet path when it is stored in a Java Archive ie. jar file

code URL A URL that points to the class of the applet

codebase URL Indicates the base URL of the applet if the code attribute
is relative

height pixels Height to display the applet

hspace pixels Deprecated − Defines the left and right spacing around
the applet

name name Defines a unique name for the applet

60
object name Specifies the resource that contains a serialized
representation of the applet's state.

title test Additional information to be displayed in tool tip of the

mouse

vspace pixels Deprecated − Amount of white space to be

inserted above and below the object.

width pixels Width to display the applet.

The mandatory attributes are CODE, HEIGHT and WIDTH.

Here is an example of a simple APPLET tag:

1. <applet code = MyApplet width=200 height=200 archive=‖files.jar‖></applet>

2. <applet code = ―simple.class‖ width=200 height=200 codebase=‖example/‖> </applet>
3. <applet code="MyApplet.class" width=100 height=140></applet>

Passing parameters to applets

Param Tag :
The PARAM <param> tag is a sub tag of the <applet> tag. The <param> tag contains two attributes
: name and value which are used to specify the name of the parameter and the value of the parameter
respectively. For example, the param tags for passing name and age parameters looks as shown below:

<param name=‖name‖ value=‖Ramesh‖ />

<param name=‖age‖ value=‖25″ />
Now, these two parameters can be accessed in the applet program using the getParameter() method of
the Applet class.

String getParameter(String param-name)

Example:
<APPLET NAME = ―MyApplet.class‖ WIDTH = 100 HEIGHT = 100>
<PARAM NAME = ―ImageSource‖ VALUE = ―project/images/‖>
<PARAM NAME = ―BackgroundColor‖ VALUE = ―0xc0c0c0‖>
<PARAM NAME = ―FontColor‖ VALUE = ―Red‖>
</APPLET>

Event Handling
Any program that uses GUI (graphical user interface) such as Java application written for windows, is
event driven. Event describes the change in state of any object. For Example : Pressing a button,
Entering a character in Textbox, Clicking or Dragging a mouse, etc.

Event handling has three main components,

 Events : An event is a change in state of an object.

61
 Events Source : Event source is an object that generates an event.
 Listeners : A listener is an object that listens to the event. A listener gets notified when an
event occurs.

Events are supported by a number of Java packages, like java.util, java.awt and java.awt.event.
Important Event Classes and Interface

Event Classes Description Listener Interface

ActionEvent generated when button is pressed, menu-item is ActionListener

selected, list-item is double clicked

MouseEvent generated when mouse is dragged, MouseListener

moved,clicked,pressed or released and also when
it enters or exit a component

KeyEvent generated when input is received from keyboard KeyListener

ItemEvent generated when check-box or list item is clicked ItemListener

TextEvent generated when value of textarea or textfield is TextListener

changed

MouseWheelEvent generated when mouse wheel is moved MouseWheelListener

WindowEvent generated when window is activated, deactivated, WindowListener

deiconified, iconified, opened or closed

ComponentEvent generated when component is hidden, moved, ComponentEventListener

resized or set visible

ContainerEvent generated when component is added or removed ContainerListener

from container

AdjustmentEvent generated when scroll bar is manipulated AdjustmentListener

FocusEvent generated when component gains or loses FocusListener

keyboard focus

62
Self Activity :
Steps to handle events:

1. Implement appropriate interface in the class.

2. Register the component with the listener.

1.Demo Example:

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class EventApplet extends Applet implements ActionListener{
Button b;
TextField tf;

public void init(){

tf=new TextField();
tf.setBounds(30,40,150,20);

b=new Button("Click");
b.setBounds(80,150,60,50);

add(b);add(tf);
b.addActionListener(this);

setLayout(null);
}

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){

tf.setText("Welcome");
}
}

MyApplet.html
<html>
<body>
<applet code="EventApplet.class" width="300" height="300">
</applet>
</body>
</html>

63
Lab Assignments

SET A

1. Create an applet to display a message at the center of the applet. The message is
passed as a parameter to the applet.

2.Create an applet to set Status Message in Applet Window like

3. Design following applet in Java

SET B
1. Design following applet in Java and add checkbox event and display appropriate messages
using label

64
2.Design applet in Java to handle the Mouse Events such as MOUSE_MOVED and MOUSE_CLICK
and display the position of the Mouse_Click in a TextField.

SET C
1 Write Java program to implement a shape selector from a given set of shapes(triangle, circle and
line)
2. Write java program to make a Calculator in Java Using applet. Handle appropriate event.

Signature of the instructor:_ _ Date: _

Assignment Evaluation

0:Not Done [ ] 2:Late Complete [ ] 4:Complete [ ]

1:Incomplete[ ] 3:Needs Improvement [ ] 5:Well Done[ ]

65
 Assignment 8: JDBC

JDBC
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API is a Java API that can access any kind of tabular data,
especially data stored in a Relational Database. JDBC works with Java on a variety of platforms,
such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX.
-JDBC Driver
JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with the database.
There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:
1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver-Type 1
2. Native-API driver (partially java driver)-Type 2
3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)-Type 3
4. Thin driver (fully java driver)-Type 4
For databases Java uses java.sql package. This package contains following set of classes and
interfaces.

Classes/interface Description

java.sql.BLOB Provide support for BLOB(Binary Large Object) SQL type.

java.sql.Connection creates a connection with specific database
java.sql.CallableStatement Execute stored procedures
java.sql.CLOB Provide support for CLOB(Character Large Object) SQL
type.
java.sql.Date Provide support for Date SQL type.
java.sql.Driver create an instance of a driver with the DriverManager.
java.sql.DriverManager This class manages database drivers.
java.sql.PreparedStatement Used to create and execute parameterized query.
java.sql.ResultSet It is an interface that provide methods to access the result
row-by-row.
java.sql.Savepoint Specify savepoint in transaction.
java.sql.SQLException Encapsulate all JDBC related exception.
java.sql.Statement This interface is used to execute SQL statements.

For postgresql, use the driver:

org.postgresql.Driver

Steps to connect to the database in java

There are 5 steps to connect any java application with the database in java using JDBC. They are as
follows:
o Register the driver class

o Creating connection
o Creating statement
o Executing queries
o Closing connection
66
 1) Register the driver Class:

The forName() method of Class class is used to register the driver class. This method is
used to dynamically load the driver class.

Syntax of forName() method

1.
public static void forName(String className)throws ClassNotFoundException
1.

2) Create the connection object

The getConnection() method of DriverManager class is used to establish connection with

the database.

Syntax of getConnection() method

1) public static Connection getConnection(String url)throws SQLException

2) public static Connection getConnection(String url,String name,String password)
1. throws SQLException

Commonly used methods of Connection interface:

Methods Description

createStatement() Creates a statement object that can be used

to execute SQL queries.
createStatement(int resultSetType, int Creates a Statement object that will
resultSetConcurrency) generate ResultSet objects with the given
type and concurrency.

setAutoCommit(boolean status) is used to set the commit status.By default it

is true.
commit() saves the changes made since the previous
commit/rollback permanent
Rollback() Drops all changes made since the previous
commit/rollback.
Close() closes the connection and Releases a JDBC
resources immediately.

3) Create the Statement object

The createStatement() method of Connection interface is used to create statement. The

object of statement is responsible to execute queries with the database.
67
 Syntax of createStatement() method

1. public Statement createStatement()throws SQLException

1. eg. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();

4) Execute the query

The executeQuery() method of Statement interface is used to execute queries to the database. This
method returns the object of ResultSet that can be used to get all the records of a table.

Syntax of executeQuery() method

public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql)throws SQLException

eg. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from tblemp");

while(rs.next())
{
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));
}

5) Close the connection object

By closing connection object statement and ResultSet will be closed automatically. The close()
method of Connection interface is used to close the connection.

Syntax of close() method

public void close()throws SQLException

Major Classes and Interfaces of JDBC:

DriverManager Class:
This class will attempt to load the driver classes referenced in the jdbc.drivers system property.
Statement Interface:
Object of this interface is used for firing a static SQL or PL/SQL queries returning the results it has
produced.
CallableStatement interface:
This interface is used to execute SQL stored procedures.
The stored procedures are a group of queries with variables in it.
Defined as:
CallableStatement cs=con.prepareCall();
The developer can prepare stored procedure for multiple uses and hence it allows variable
declaration also.
Executing a SQL statement with the Statement object, and returning a jdbc resultSet.

68
To execute a query, call an execute method from Statement such as the following:

o execute: Use this method if the query could return one or more ResultSet objects.
o executeQuery: Returns one ResultSet object.

o executeUpdate: Returns an integer representing the number of rows affected by the

SQL statement. Use this method if you are using INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE
SQL statements.
ResultSet interface:
In case of select query, it returns set of selected records, a ReultSet object maintains cursor pointing
to its current row of data.
Defined as:
public interface ResultSet extends Wrapper, AutoCloseable

Methods of this interface:

Method Description
boolean absolute(int row) Mopves the cursor to the specified row number.
Returns false if no such row is found.

void afterLast() Moves the cursor to the end of these ResultSet

object, i.e. just after the last row.

void beforeFirst() Moves the cursor to the front of this Resultset

object, i.e. just before the first row.

void close() Immediately releases invoking ResultSet

object‘s database and JDBC resources.
void deleteRow() Deletes the current row from invoking Resultset
object and also from the database.

MetaData
MetaData is data of data, i.e. we can get further information from the data.
(1) In case of ResultSet, we have metadata of retrieved ResultSet called as ResultSetMetaData
(2) In case of Database, we have metadata of database called as DatabaseMetaData.

1) ResultsetMetaData Interface:
This interface provides an object that can be used to get information about the types and properties of
the columns in a ResultSet object.
Defined as:
public interface ResultSetMetaData extends Wrapper

Methods of this interface:

Method Description

int getColumnCount() Retuirns the number of columns available in

ResultSet object.

String getColumnType(int col_num) Returns the SQL type of the column.

getPrecision(int col_num) Returns the max size for the column.

Boolean isAutoIncrement(int col_num) Checks & returns whether the specified

69
 column is set for auto increment or not.

String getTableName(int col_num) Returns the table name to which the

specified column belongs.

boolean isNullable() Checks and returns whether the specified

column is allowed to keep null or not.

boolean isReadOnly() Checks and returns whether specified

column is read only or not.

2) DatabaseMetaData Interface:
An instance of this interface provides comprehensive information about the database.
Defined as:
public interface DatabaseMetaData extends Wrapper

Methods of this interface:

Method Description
boolean allProceduresAreCallable() Retrieves whether all the stored procedures
are callable or not.

Boolean allTablesAreSelectable() Retrieves whether the user can fire SELECT

query on all connected tables.

int getDatabaseMinorVersion() Retrives the minor version of connected

database.

int getDatabaseMajorVersion() Retrives the major version of connected

database.

String getDatabaseProductName() Retrieves the name of this database product.

String getDatabaseProductVersion() Retrieves the product version of the

connected database.

ResultSetInterface:-
Method Description

boolean next() is used to move the cursor to the one row next from the current
position.

boolean previous() is used to move the cursor to the one row previous from the current
position.

boolean first() is used to move the cursor to the first row in result set object.

70
 boolean last() is used to move the cursor to the last row in result set object.

boolean absolute(int row) is used to move the cursor to the specified row number in the
ResultSet object.

boolean relative(int row) is used to move the cursor to the relative row number in the
ResultSet object, it may be positive or negative.

Sample Programs:- 1.Program to insert data into employee table

import java.sql.*;
class Demo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
Connection
con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://127.0.0.1:5432/dbbca","postgres","123");
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate("insert into tblemp(uname,upass)values('admin','admin')");
stmt.close();
con.close();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.out.println(ex);
}
}
}

2. Program to update data from employee table

import java.sql.*;
class Demoup
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
Connection
con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://127.0.0.1:5432/dbbca","postgres","123");
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate("update tblemp set uname='swapnil' where uname='admin'");
stmt.close();
con.close();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.out.println(ex);
71
}
}
}

3. Program to insert data into employee table

import java.sql.*;
class Demodelete
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
Connection
con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://127.0.0.1:5432/dbbca","postgres","12
3");
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate("delete from tblemp where id=1");
stmt.close();
con.close();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.out.println(ex);
}
}
}

4. Program to display details of employee.

import java.sql.*;
class Demodisp
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
Connection
con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://127.0.0.1:5432/dbbca","postgres","123");
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs;
rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from tblemp");
while(rs.next())
{
System.out.println("Name="+rs.getString("uname"));
}
stmt.close();
con.close();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.out.println(ex);
}
72
}
}

5.Program to display information of employee(id,name,salary).

import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;
class JDBCDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws SQLException
{
Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
ResultSet rs = null;
try
{
Connection
con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:postgresql://127.0.0.1:5432/dbbca","postgres","12
3");
if(conn==null)
System.out.println("Connection failed ");
else
{
System.out.println(―Connection successful..‖);
stmt = conn.createStatement();
rs = stmt.executeQuery("Select * from emp");
while(rs.next())
{
System.out.print("ID = " + rs.getInt(1));
System.out.println("Name = " + rs.getString(2));
System.out.println("Salary = " + rs.getInt(3));
}
conn.close();
}
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.out.println(ex);
}
}
}// end of class

SET A
Lab Assignments
1. Create a student table with fields roll number, name, percentage. Insert values in the table.
Display all the details of the student table in a tabular format on the screen (using swing).

2. Write a program to display information about the database and list all the tables in the database.
(Use DatabaseMetaData).

73
SET B
1. Write a program to display information about all columns in the student table. (Use
ResultSetMetaData).

2. Write a menu driven program (Command line interface) to perform the following operations on
student table. 1. Insert 2. Modify 3. Delete 4. Search 5. View All 6. Exit

SET C
1. Create a table student with fields roll number, name, percentage using Postgresql. Insert values in
the table. Display all the details of the student table in a tabular format on the screen. (Using Swing)

Signature of the instructor:_ _ Date: _

Assignment Evaluation

0:Not Done [ ] 2:Late Complete [ ] 3.4:Complete [ ]

1:Incomplete[ ]

74
 Assignment 9: Servlets

What are Servlets?

Java Servlets are programs that run on a Web or Application server and act as a middle layer
between a requests coming from a Web browser or other HTTP client and databases or
applications on the HTTP server.
Using Servlets, you can collect input from users through web page forms, present records
from a database or another source, and create web pages dynamically.
Servlets Architecture
The following diagram shows the position of Servlets in a Web Application.

Servlets Packages
Java Servlets are Java classes run by a web server that has an interpreter that supports the
Java Servlet specification.
Servlets can be created using the javax.servlet and javax.servlet.httppackages, which are a
standard part of the Java's enterprise edition, an expanded version of the Java class library
that supports large-scale development projects.

How to Create a Java Servlet Using Tomcat and Linux Install

and Configure Tomcat on Linux

Visit http://tomcat.apache.org/ and download a binary core archive of the latest

stable version. To install Tomcat extract the archive at appropriate location.
Example
[kamil@localhost Download]$ wget http://apache.skknet.net/tomcat/tomcat-
6/v6.0.20/bin/apache-tomcat-6.0.20.tar.gz
[kamil@localhost Download]$ tar -xzf apache-tomcat-6.0.20.tar.gz
By default the Tomcat server is using port 8080. To change this or any other setting edit
the XML configuration files at conf directory. To add a user with rights for admistration
of the Tomcat server open file tomcat-users.xml and modify it as it is shown:

75
 <tomcat-users>
<user username="admin" password="secret"
roles="admin,manager"/>
</tomcat-users>

The example demonstrates how to add an user with name 'admin' and password 'secret'.
The Tomcat server has to be restarted in order to recognize the new user.

Creating a Servlet
The servlet is a JAVA server application which dynamically process requests and
construct responses. To create a HTTP servelet follow five simple steps:

1. Create Directory Structure

Enter Tomcat's main directory and navigate to webapps. Create a new directory for your
servlet using the mkdir command. After this create directoris WEB-INF and classes
(subdirectory of WEB-INF). The WEB-INF directory contains configuration information
about the web application. The subdirectory class should include the source code of the
servlet.
[kamil@localhost apache-tomcat-6.0.20]$ cd webapps/
[kamil@localhost webapps]$ mkdir hello [kamil@localhost
webapps]$ cd hello [kamil@localhost hello]$ mkdir WEB-INF
[kamil@localhost hello]$ cd WEB-INF [kamil@localhost
WEB-INF]$ mkdir classes
2. Configuration
The servlet must have a configuration XML file at directory WEB-INF. Create a text file
with name web.xml. The file have to uses the XML schema. The name of the root tag
have to be web-app and should contain subelements servlet (contains information about
name and main class of the servlet) and servlet-mapping (URL pattern to execute the
servlet). Example configration:
<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>HelloWorld</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>HelloWorld</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>HelloWorld</servlet-name> <url-
pattern>/HelloWorld</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

76
By default the Tomcat uses port 8080 and this servlet can be access with URL:
http://localhost:8080/HelloWorld.
3. The Code
The name of the main class must be same as described at web.xml (configured at step2 )
and should be saved as a file at directory classes (created at step 1). The class should
extend the abstact class HttpServlet and to override method doGet. The packages for
input/output operations, servlet exception and HTTP request/responses have to be
included. Example shows how to return HTML as a response:
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class HelloWorld extends HttpServlet {

static final long serialVersionUID = 42L; public void
doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws IOException, ServletException
{
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter Printer = response.getWriter();
Printer.println("<html>");
Printer.println("<head>");
Printer.println("\t<title>Kamil Khan Example</title>");
Printer.println("</head>");
Printer.println("<body>");
Printer.println("<b>Hello World!</b>");
Printer.println("</body>");
Printer.println("</html>");
return;
}
}
Please note the static field serialVersionUID which should be declared because the
main class is serializable and in order to avoid the warning:
WARNING in HelloWorld.java (at line 5) public class
HelloWorld extends HttpServlet
^^^^^^^^^^
The serializable class HelloWorld does not declare a static final
serialVersionUID field of type long ----------

77
 4. Build the Servlet
Before executing a servlet it has to be build using the source code, j2ee.jar and servlet-
api.jar. The Servlet API is part of the of Tomcat and can be found at lib (subdirectory of
the Tomcat main directory). To build the class HelloWorld, created at the previos steps
under console execute:
[kamil@localhost classes]$ javac -classpath %J2EE_HOME%\lib\j2ee.jar - classpath
../../../../lib/servlet-api.jar HelloWorld.java [kamil@localhost classes]$
On success no warnings or errors will occur.
5. Run the Servlet
Start Tomcat server (if not started) and using a web browser open the URL configured
at step 2 (example: http://localhost:8080/HelloWorld).
[kamil@localhost bin]$ ./startup.sh
Using CATALINA_BASE: /home/kamil/apache-tomcat-6.0.20
Using CATALINA_HOME: /home/kamil/apache-tomcat-6.0.20
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /home/kamil/apache-tomcat-6.0.20/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr

SERVLET LIFE CYCLE

A servlet life cycle can be defined as the entire process from its creation till the destruction.
The following are the paths followed by a servlet
• The servlet is initialized by calling the init () method.
• The servlet calls service() method to process a client's request.
• The servlet is terminated by calling the destroy() method.
• Finally, servlet is garbage collected by the garbage collector of the JVM.
The Init() Method
When a user invokes a servlet, a single instance of each servlet gets created,
with each user request resulting in a new thread that is handed off to doGet or
doPost as appropriate. The init() method simply creates or loads some data
that will be used throughout the life of the servlet.
The init method definition looks like this:

public void init() throws ServletException { //

Initialization code...
}

78
The Service() Method
Each time the server receives a request for a servlet, the server spawns a new
thread and calls service. The service() method checks the HTTP request type
(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.) and calls doGet, doPost, doPut, doDelete,
etc. methods as appropriate.

Here is the signature of this method:

public void service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException{

}
The doGet() Method

A GET request results from a normal request for a URL or from an HTML form that has no
METHOD specified and it should be handled by doGet() method.

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException { //
Servlet code }

The doPost() Method

A POST request results from an HTML form that specifically lists POST as the METHOD
and it should be handled by doPost() method.

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException {
// Servlet code
}

After the destroy() method is called, the servlet object is marked for garbage collection.
The destroy method definition looks like this:
public void destroy() {
// Finalization code...
}

79
Sample Code
 Import required java libraries
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*; import
javax.servlet.http.*;

 Extend HttpServlet class

public class HelloWorld extends HttpServlet {

private String message;

public void init() throws ServletException
{
1) Do required initialization message = "Arun Gangarde";
}

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException
{
// Set response content type response.setContentType("text/html");
// Actual logic goes here.
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.println("<h1>" + message + "</h1>"); }
public void destroy()
{
// do nothing.
}
}

Reading Form Data using Servlet

Servlets handles form data parsing automatically using the following methods depending on
the situation:

getParameter(): You call request.getParameter() method to get the value of a form

parameter.

getParameterValues(): Call this method if the parameter appears more than once
and returns multiple values, for example checkbox.

getParameterNames(): Call this method if you want a complete list of all

parameters in the current request.

80
GET Method Example using URL

Here is a simple URL which will pass two values to HelloForm program using GET method.

http://localhost:8080/HelloForm?first_name=KAMIL &last_name=KHAN

Given below is the HelloForm.java servlet program to handle input given by web browser.
We are going to use getParameter() method which makes it very easy to access passed
information:
// Import required java libraries
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*; import
javax.servlet.http.*;
// Extend HttpServlet class
public class HelloForm extends HttpServlet {

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException {
// Set response content type response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
String title = "Using GET Method to Read Form Data";

String docType ="<!doctype html public \"-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 " +

"transitional//en\">\n";

out.println(docType +"<html>\n" +"<head><title>" + title +

"</title></head>\n" + "<body bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n" +"<h1
align=\"center\">" + title + "</h1>\n" + "<ul>\n" +
" <li><b>First Name</b>: "+ request.getParameter("first_name") + "\n" + "
<li><b>Last Name</b>: "+ request.getParameter("last_name") + "\n" +
"</ul>\n" +"</body></html>");
}
}
Assuming your environment is set up properly, compile HelloForm.java as follows:

$ javac HelloForm.java

81
If everything goes fine, above compilation would produce HelloForm.class file. Next you
would have to copy this class file in <Tomcat-installation-directory>/webapps/ROOT/WEB-
INF/classes and create following entries in web.xml file located in <Tomcat-installation-
directory>/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/

<servlet>
<servlet-name>HelloForm</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>HelloForm</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>HelloForm</servlet-name> <url-
pattern>/HelloForm</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

Now type http://localhost:8080/HelloForm?first_name=ZARA&last_name=ALI in your

browser's Location:box and make sure you already started tomcat server, before firing above
command in the browser. This would generate following result:

Using GET Method to Read Form Data First

Name: KAMIL

Last Name: KHAN

HTTP Header Request Example

Following is the example which uses getHeaderNames() method of HttpServletRequest to
read the HTTP header information. This method returns an Enumeration that contains the
header information associated with the current HTTP request. Once we have an Enumeration,
we can loop down the Enumeration in the standard manner, using hasMoreElements()
method to determine when to stop and using nextElement() method to get each parameter
name.

82
There are following methods which can be used to read HTTP header in your servlet
program. These methods are available with HttpServletRequest object.
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.util.*;

// Extend HttpServlet class

public class DisplayHeader extends HttpServlet {

// Method to handle GET method request. public void

doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws
ServletException, IOException
{ // Set response content type response.setContentType("text/html");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

String title = "HTTP Header Request Example"; String
docType =
"<!doctype html public \"-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 " +
"transitional//en\">\n";
out.println(docType +
"<html>\n" +
"<head><title>" + title + "</title></head>\n"+ "<body
bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n" +
"<h1 align=\"center\">" + title + "</h1>\n" +
"<table width=\"100%\" border=\"1\" align=\"center\">\n" + "<tr
bgcolor=\"#949494\">\n" +
"<th>Header Name</th><th>Header Value(s)</th>\n"+ "</tr>\n");

Enumeration headerNames = request.getHeaderNames();

while(headerNames.hasMoreElements()) {
String paramName = (String)headerNames.nextElement();
out.print("<tr><td>" + paramName + "</td>\n");
String paramValue = request.getHeader(paramName);
out.println("<td> " + paramValue + "</td></tr>\n"); }
out.println("</table>\n</body></html>");
}// Method to handle POST method request. public void
doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response); }}

83
HTTP Header Response – Example

You already have seen setContentType() method working in previous examples and
following example would also use same method, additionally we would use
setIntHeader() method to set Refresh header.
// Import required java libraries
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*; import
javax.servlet.http.*; import
java.util.*; //Extend HttpServlet
class

public class Refresh extends HttpServlet {

//Method to handle GET method request.

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
//Set refresh, autoload time as 5 seconds response.setIntHeader("Refresh", 5); Set
response content type response.setContentType("text/html"); // Get current time
Calendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(); String
am_pm;

int hour = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR);

int minute = calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE);
int second = calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND);
if(calendar.get(Calendar.AM_PM) == 0)
am_pm = "AM";
else
am_pm = "PM";

String CT = hour+":"+ minute +":"+ second +" "+ am_pm;

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

String title = "Auto Refresh Header Setting"; String

docType =
"<!doctype html public \"-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 " +"transitional//en\">\n";
out.println(docType +"<html>\n" +"<head><title>" + title + "</title></head>\n"+
"<body bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n" +"<h1 align=\"center\">" + title + "</h1>\n" +
"<p>Current Time is: " + CT + "</p>\n");

84
 //Method to handle POST method request.
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);

SET A
1) Write a SERVLET program in java to display current Date and Time on Browser.
2) Write a SERVLET program in java to accept details of student (SeatNo, Stud_Name,
Class, Total_Marks). Calculate percentage and grade obtained and display details on page.
3) Write a SERVLET application to accept username and password, search them into
database, if found then display appropriate message on the browser otherwise display error
message.
4) Write SERVLET Program in java to accept number from user and display Fibonacci
series.

SET B
1) Write a SERVLET program to Design an HTML page containing 4 option buttons
(Painting, Drawing, Singing and swimming) and 2 buttons reset and submit. When the user
clicks submit, the server responds by adding cookie containing the selected hobby and sends
the HTML page to the client. Program should not allow duplicate cookies to be written.
2) Write a SERVLET program to change inactive time interval of session.

3) Write a SERVLET program which counts how many times a user has visited a web page.
If user is visiting the page for the first time, display a welcome message. If the user is
revisiting the page, display the number of times visited. (Use cookies)
4) Write a servlet program to display the details of Product (ProdCode, PName, Price) on
the browser in tabular format. (Use database)

85
SET C
1) Write a SERVLET program that provides information about a HTTP request from a
client, such as IP address and browser type. The servlet also provides information about the
server on which the servlet is running, such as the operating system type, and the names of
currently loaded servlets.

Signature of the instructor:_ _ Date: _

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ]
4: complete[]
5:Well Done[]

86
 Assignment 10: JSP

JavaServer Pages (JSPs) are similar to HTML files, but provide the ability to display dynamic
content within Web pages. JSP technology was developed by Sun Microsystems to separate the
development of dynamic Web page content from static HTML page design.

How JavaServer Pages work

JavaServer Pages are made operable by having their contents (HTML tags, JSP tags and scripts)
translated into a servlet by the application server. This process is responsible for translating both
the dynamic and static elements declared within the JSP file into Java servlet code that delivers
the translated contents through the Web server output stream to the browser.

Because JSPs are server-side technology, the processing of both the static and dynamic elements
of the page occurs in the server. The architecture of a JSP/servlet-enabled Web site is often
referred to as thin-client because most of the business logic is executed on the server.

The following process outlines the tasks performed on a JSP file on the first invocation of the
file or when the underlying JSP file is changed by the developer:

 The Web browser makes a request to the JSP page.

 The JSP engine parses the contents of the JSP file.

 The JSP engine creates temporary servlet source code based on the contents of the JSP.
The generated servlet is responsible for rendering the static elements of the JSP specified
at design time in addition to creating the dynamic elements of the page.

 The servlet source code is compiled by the Java compiler into a servlet class file.

 The servlet is instantiated. The init and service methods of the servlet are called, and the
servlet logic is executed.

 The combination of static HTML and graphics combined with the dynamic elements
specified in the original JSP page definition are sent to the Web browser through the
output stream of the servlet‘s response object.

87
 Components of JavaServer Pages

JavaServer Pages are composed of standard HTML tags and JSP tags. The available JSP
tags defined in the JSP 1.0 specification are categorized as follows:
 Directives
 Declarations
 Scriptlets
 Comments
 Expressions
This section describes each of these categories in more detail.

HTML tags
JavaServer Pages support all HTML tags. For a listing of HTML tags,
refer to your HTML manual.
JSP directives
A JSP directive is a global definition sent to the JSP engine that remains
valid regardless of any specific requests made to the JSP page. A
directive always appears at the top of the JSP file, before any other JSP
tags. This is due to the way the JSP parsing engine produces servlet
code from the JSP file.

The syntax of a directive is:

<%@ directive directive_attr_name = value %>
Directives are grouped as follows:
page
The page directive defines page dependent attributes to the JSP engine.
Table 1. Attributes of the page directive

88
Attribute Name Description

language Identifies the scripting language used in scriptlets in the JSP file or any of its
included files. JSP supports only the value of ―java‖. WebSphere extensions
provide support for other scripting languages.
<%@ page language = "java" %>

extends The fully-qualified name of the superclass for which this JSP
page will be derived. Using this attribute can effect the JSP
engine‘s ability to select specialized superclasses based on the
JSP file content, and should be used with care.

import When the language attribute of "java" is defined, the import

attribute specifies the additional files containing the types used
within the scripting environment.
<%@ page import = "java.util.*" %>
session If true, specifies that the page will participate in an HTTP
"true" | "false" session and enables the JSP file access to the implicit session
object. The default value is true.

buffer Indicates the buffer size for the JspWriter. If none, the output
"none" | from the JSP is written directly to the ServletResponse
"sizekb" PrintWriter object. Any other value results in the JspWriter
buffering the output up to the specified size. The buffer is
flushed in accordance with the value of the autoFlush attribute.
The default buffer size is no less than 8kb.
autoFlush If true, the buffer will be flushed automatically. If false, an
"true" | "false" exception is raised when the buffer becomes full.
The default value is true.
isThreadSafe If true, the JSP processor may send multiple outstanding client
"true" | "false" requests to the page concurrently. If false, the JSP processor
sends outstanding client requests to the page consecutively, in
the same order in which they were received.
The default is true.
info Allows the definition of a string value that can be retrieved
using Servlet.getServletInfo().
errorPage Specifies the URL to be directed to for error handling if an
exception is thrown and not caught within the page
implementation. In the JSP 1.0 specification, this URL must
point to a JSP page.
isErrorPage Identifies that the JSP page refers to a URL identified in another JSP‘s errorPage
"true" | "false" attribute. When this value is true, the
implicit variable exception is defined, and its value set to
reference the Throwable object of the JSP source file which
causes the error.

89
include
The include directive allows substitution of text or code to occur at translation time.
You can use the include directive to provide a standard header on each JSP page, for
example:
<%@ include file="copyright.html" %>
The include directive has the attributes shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Attributes for the include directive
Attribute
Name Description

Directs the JSP engine to substitute the text or code

file specified by
file or URL reference. The URL reference can be
another JSP
file.

taglib
The taglib directive allows custom extensions to be made to the tags known to the JSP
engine. This tag is an advanced feature. Refer to the Sun JavaServer Page 1.0 specification
for more information about this tag.

Declarations
A declaration block contains Java variables and methods that are called from an expression
block within the JSP file. Code within a declaration block is usually written in Java,
however, the WebSphere application server supports declaration blocks containing other
script syntax. Code within a declaration block is often used to perform additional
processing on the dynamic data generated by a JavaBean property.
The syntax of a declaration is:
<%! declaration(s) %>
For example:
<%!
private int getDateCount = 0;
private String getDate(GregorianCalendar gc1)
{ ...method body here...}
%>

90
 Scriptlets
JSP supports embedding of Java code fragments within a JSP by using a scriptlet block.
Scriptlets are used to embed small code blocks within the JSP page, rather than to declare
entire methods as performed in a declarations block. The syntax for a scriptlet is:
<% scriptlet %>
The following example uses a scriptlet to output an HTML message based on the time of day.
You can see that the HTML elements appear outside the script declarations.

<% if (Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.AM_PM)
== Calendar.AM)
{%>
How are you this morning ?
<% } else
{ %>
How are you this afternoon ?
<% } %>

Comments
You can use two types of comments within a JSP. The first comment style, known as an
output comment, enables the comment to appear in the output stream on the browser. This
comment is an HTML formatted comment whose syntax is:
<!-- comments ... -->

The second comment style is used to fully exclude the commented block from the output and
is commonly used when uncommenting a block of code that so that the commented block is
never delivered to the browser. The syntax is:
<%-- comment text --%>
You can also create comments containing dynamic content by embedding a scriptlet tag
inside a comment tag. For example:
<!-- comment text <%= expression %> more comment text ->

Expressions
Expressions are scriptlet fragments whose results can be converted to String objects and
subsequently fed to the output stream for display in a browser. The syntax for an expression
is:
<%= expression %>
The following example calls the incrementCounter method declared in the declarations
block and prints the result.
<%= incrementCounter() %>
All primitive types such as short, int, and long can be automatically converted to Strings.
Your own classes must provide a toString method for String conversion.
<html>
<title>Date Display</title>
<body>
<!-- D I R E C T I V E S -->
<%@ page language = "java" %>
<%@ page import = "java.util.*" %>
<%@ page contentType = "TEXT/HTML" %>
<!-- S C R I P T L E T S-->
<H3>
<% if (Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.AM_PM) == Calendar.AM)
{%>
How are you this morning,
<%} else {%>
91
 How are you this afternoon,
<% }
%>
WebSphere 3 User ?
</H3>
<HR>
<!-- accessing implicit objects -->
<% out.println("Here is the <b>Date DisplayJSP</b>");
%>
<!-- DECLARATIONS -->
<%!
private int calledCount = 0;
private String getDate(GregorianCalendar gcalendar) {
StringBuffer dateStr = new StringBuffer();
dateStr.append(gcalendar.get(Calendar.DATE));
dateStr.append("/");
dateStr.append(gcalendar.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1);
dateStr.append("/");
dateStr.append(gcalendar.get(Calendar.YEAR));
return (dateStr.toString());
}
private int incrementCounter() {
return (++calledCount);
}
%>
<H1> Today's Date is: <%= getDate(new GregorianCalendar()) %> </H1>
<H1> This page has been called: <%= incrementCounter() %>
time(s)</H1> </body>
</html>

Calling a servlet from a JSP

You can invoke a servlet from a JSP either as an action on a form, or directly through the
jsp:include or jsp:forward tags.
Form action
Typically, you want to call a servlet as a result of an action performed on a JavaServer Page.
For example, you may want to process some data entered by the user in an HTML form
when they click on the Submit button.
To invoke a servlet within the HTML <FORM> tag, the syntax is:
<FORM METHOD="POST|GET" ACTION="application_URI/JSP_URL">
<!-- Other tags such as text boxes and buttons go here -->
</FORM>

For example:
<HTML>
<HEAD> <TITLE> Call Servlet from JSP </TITLE> </HEAD>
<CENTER>
<H1> Call Servlet from JSP </H1>
<FORM method="POST"
action="/itsoservjsp/servlet/itso.servjsp.jspsamples.DateDisplayServlet">

<H2> DateDisplay Servlet Launcher </H2>Click the button below to display the current date
<P> <INPUT type="submit" name="CALL_SERVLET" value="Call the Servlet">
</FORM>
</CENTER>
</BODY></HTML>
92
JSP include tag
You can include the output of a servlet in a JSP using the jsp.include tag:
<jsp:include page="/servlet/itso.servjsp.servletapi.SHTMLServlet" />
<HTML><BODY>
<H2> JSP to Servlet </H2>
<HR>
<jsp:include
page="/servlet/itso.servjsp.servletapi.SHTMLServlet" />
<HR>

<H2>End of servlet include</H2>

</HTML></BODY>

When you run this JSP the output of the servlet is imbedded in the JSP output.
JSP forward tag
You can forward processing from a JSP to a servlet using the jsp.forward tag:
<jsp:forward page="/servlet/itso.servjsp.servletapi.SHTMLServlet" />

<HTML><BODY>
<H2> JSP to Servlet </H2>
<HR>
<jsp:forward
page="/servlet/itso.servjsp.servletapi.SHTMLServlet" />
<HR>

<H2>End of servlet include</H2>

</HTML></BODY>

Calling a JSP from a servlet

DateDisplayServlet‘s doPost method, which is called when the Submit
button is clicked. The servlet simply calls the sendRedirect method of the
HttpServletResponse object, directing the response to the DateDisplay.jsp.
This example simply demonstrates the redirection capability of the
response object. In reality, the doPost method could invoke other methods
which process the form data, instantiate other beans that perform the
business logic, and finally redirect the user to the JSP.
import javax.servlet.http.*;

93
 public class DateDisplayServlet extends HttpServlet {

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse

resp)
throws javax.servlet.ServletException,
java.io.IOException {
Redirect to the
DateDisplay JSP page
resp.sendRedirect("/Date
Display.jsp");

alternate call to JSP

getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/DateDisplay.jsp
").forward(req,resp);
}
DateDisplayServlet demonstrating simple redirection
You can also use the RequestDispatcher object (see ―Request dispatching‖
on page 81) to invoke a JSP:
getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/DateDisplay.jsp").forward(req,
resp);
SET A
1) Write a JSP script to accept username, store it into the session, compare it with
password in another jsp file, if username matches with password then display
appropriate message in html file.

2) Write a JSP program to create a shopping mall. User must be allowed to do purchase
from two pages. Each page should have a page total. The third page should display a
bill, which consists of a page total of whatever the purchase has been done and print
the total
3) Create a JSP page to accept a number from an user and display it in words:
Example: 123 – One Two Three.

3) Write a JSP program to check whether given number is Armstrong or not. (Use
Include directive).

SET B
1) Write a JSP program to accept the details of Account (ANo, Type, Bal) and store it into
database and display it in tabular form. (Use PreparedStatement interface)
2) Write a JSP page, which accepts user name in a text box and greets the user according
to the time on server machine.
3) Write a JSP program to display the details of Hospital (HNo, HName, Address) in
tabular form on browser
4) Write a JSP script to accept the details of Student (RNo, SName, Gender, Comp_Know
, Class) and display it on the browser. Use appropriate controls for accepting data.

SET C
1) Write a JSP script to check whether given mail ID is valid or not. (Mail ID should
contain one @ symbol)
2) Write a JSP script to accept UserName and his NickName through html page and then
displays username when visit count to page is odd and displays nickname when the
visit count to the page is even.

94
Signature of the instructor:_ _ Date: _

Assignment Evaluation

0:Not Done [ ] 2:Late Complete [ ] 4:Complete [ ]

1:Incomplete[ ] 3:Needs Improvement [ ] 5:Well Done[ ]

95
 Savitribai Phule Pune University

Section-II

T. Y. B. C. A. (Science)
SEMESTER V

BCA - 506

Lab Course – II

Advanced Web Technology

Assignments
EDITORS:

Section-II: Advanced Web Technology

 Mrs. Veena Kiran Gandhi

 Mr. Salauddin Sajjan
 Mrs. Summaiya Tamboli
 Mr. Mohsin Tamboli
 Ms. Farzana Peer Mohammed
Table of Contents for Section-II

Assignment No- 1 Introduction to Classes & objects Page No -5

Assignment No- 2 Inheritance ,Interface and Page No-10
Introspection
Assignment No- 3 PHP Global Variables & Form Page No-16
Methods
Assignment No- 4 Self Referencing Pages, Sticky forms Page No-20
with Multi-value Parameters
Assignment No- 5 File uploads and Form Validation Page No-24
Assignment No- 6 Cookies &Sessions Page No-28
Assignment No- 7 Database Page No-31
Assignment No- 8 XML Page No-36
Assignment No- 9 AJAX Page No-43
 Assignment Completion Sheet

Lab Course II

Advanced Web Technology Assignments

Sr. Teachers
Assignment Name Marks (out of 5)
No. Sign

1 Introduction to Classes & objects

2 Inheritance ,Interface and Introspection

3 PHP Global Variables & Form Methods

4
Self Referencing Pages, Sticky forms with
Multi-value Parameters

5 File uploads and Form Validation

6 Cookies &Sessions
7 Database
8 XML
9 AJAX
Total ( Out of 45 )

Total (Out of 10)

This is to certify that Mr./Ms.

Has successfully completed the Advanced Web Technology

course work for Lab Course II and has scored _ Marks out of
30.

Instructor H.O.D / Coordinator

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 Section-II: Advanced Web Technology

Assignment 1: Introduction to Object Oriented Programming in PHP

By Ms. Farzana Peer Mohammed

Introduction:
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming model that is based on the concept of
classes and objects. As opposed to procedural programming where the focus is on writing
procedures or functions that perform operations on the data, in object-oriented programming the
focus is on the creations of objects which contain both data and functions together.

Object Oriented Concepts:

Before we go in detail, let’s define important terms related to Object Oriented Programming.

 Class: Class is a programmer-defined data type, which includes local methods and local variables.
A class may contain its own constants, variables (called "properties"), and functions (called
"methods").
 Object: An individual instance of data structure defined by a class. You define a class once and
then make many objects that belong to it. Objects are also known as instance.
 Member Variable: These are the variables defined inside a class. This data will be invisible to the
outside of the class and can be accessed via member functions. These variables are called attribute of
the object once an object is created.
 Member function: These are the function defined inside a class and are used to access object data.

 Constructor: Constructor Functions are special type of functions which are called automatically
whenever an object is created. It is a special function that initializes the properties of the class.
 Destructor: Like a constructor function you can define a destructor function using
function __destruct (). You can release all the resources with-in a destructor.
 Encapsulation: Encapsulation means hiding or wrapping the code and data into a single unit to
protect the data from outside world. It is used to protect class’s internal data ( properties and method)
from code outside that class and hiding details of implementation. In PHP, encapsulation is provided
by visibility specifiers.
 Visibility Specifier in PHP: There are 3 types of visibility available in php for controlling your
property or method.
 Public: Public method or property can be accessible from anywhere. i.e. from inside the class,
outside the class and in child class also.
 Private: Method or property with private visibility can only be accessible inside the class. You
cannot access private method or property from outside of your class.

5
  Protected: Method or variable with protected visibility can only be access in the derived class. Or
in other word in child class. Protected will be used in the process of inheritance.
Implementation of Object Oriented Concepts:

Function Description Example

class classname [extends Creates a class Class student
baseclass] {
[var $propery [= value];…] [function
functionname (arguments)
{
//code
}
….]}
$instance = new Create an object <?php
classname(); $instance1 = new myclass ();
//This can also be done with a variable:
$newname= ‘hello’;
$instance2 = new $newname();
?>
class classname Add a Method <?php
{ class myclass
function methodname() { function mymethod()
{ { print “ hello, myclass}}
Statements; ?>
} To invoke the method on the object
} $instance1, we need to invoke the
operator “->" to access the newly
created function mymethod

<?php
$instance1=new myclass();
$instance1->mymethod();
?>
public Adding Property Public Public :
$publicMemeber = <?php class maths
“Public member”; {
public $num;
public function multi()
{
return $this->num*2;
}
}
$math=new maths;
$math->num=2; echo $math->multi();
?>
Output : 4
6
protected Protected Private Protected:
$protectedmember = <?php class maths
“Protected Member”; {
Private $privatemember= protected $num;
“Private Member public function setnum($num)
{
$this->num=$num;
}

public function multi()

{
return $this->num*2;}}

class add extends maths

{
public function addtwo()
{
$new_num=$this->num + 2; return
($new_num);
}
}
$math=new add;
$math->setnum(14); echo $math-
>addtwo();
?>
Output : 16
Overriding When we give a function in <?php class Hello
the child class the same {function getMessage()
name as a function in the { return ‘Hello W orld !’;}
parent class, this concept is }
called function overriding. class Goodbye extends Hello
{function getMessage(){ return
Any method or class that is ‘Goodbye W orld!’;}}
declared as final can not be $hello=&new Hello();
overridden or inherited by Echo $hello->getMessage().’<br/>’;
another class. $goodbye = &new Goodbye(); Echo
$goodbye->getMessage(). ’<br/>’;?>
Output: Hello World!
Goodbye W orld!
void _construct ([mixed Constructor is a function Method 1
$args [, $....]]) which is called right after a <?php
new object is created. class student
{
public $name;
public $marks;
function __construct($nm,$mk)
{

7
 $this->name=$nm;
$this->marks=$mk;
}
}
$obj1=new student(‘abc’,90);
echo "Name = $obj1->name<br>";
echo "Marks = $obj1->marks<br>";
?>

Method 2
<?php
class student
{
var $name;
var $marks;
function student($nm,$mk)
{
$this->name=$nm;
$this->marks=$mk;
}
}
$obj1=new student(“abc”,90);
echo "Name = $obj1->name<br>";
echo "Marks = $obj1->marks<br>";
?>
void _destruct (void) Destructor is a function <?php
which is called right after class Student
you release an object. {
var $name; var $address; var $phone;

//This is constructor
function _construct()
{
this->name=”abc”; this-
>address=”pqr”; this->phone=1111;
}

function __destruct()
{
echo “Student Object Released”;}

function printstudentinfo()
{
Echo this->name . ”\n”; echo this-
>address . ”\n”; echo this->phone .
“\n”;
}

8
 }
$stud =new student();
$stud->printstudentinfo();
$stud=NULL;
?>

SET A
1. Write a Calculator class that can accept two values, then add them, subtract them, multiply them
together, or divide them on request.
For example:
$calc = new Calculator( 3, 4 );
echo $calc- >add(); // Displays “7”
echo $calc- >multiply(); // Displays “12”
2. Create a class named DISTANCE with feet and inches as data members. The class has the following
member functions: convert_feet_to_inch() , convert_inch_to_feet() . Display options using radio
button and display conversion on next page.
3. Write a PHP program to create class circle having radius data member and two member functions
find_circumfernce () and find_area() . Display area and Circumference depending on user’s
preference.
SET B:
1. Write a PHP program to create a class Employee that contains data members as Emp_Name,
Dept_name , Basic_sal,DA, HRA,TA , IT,PF,PT , GROSS, DEDUCTION ,NET . It has member
functions calculate_gross , calculate_deductions , Calculate_net_salary . Display pay slip of
employee. Create and Initialize members Emp_Name, Dept_name , Basic_sal of Employee
object by using parameterized constructor.
2. Write a PHP program to create a class temperature which contains data members as
Celsius and Fahrenheit . Create and Initialize all values of temperature object by using
parameterized constructor . Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit and Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
using member functions. Display conversion on next page.
3. Write a PHP program to create a class Worker that has data members as
Worker_Name, No_of_Days_worked, Pay_Rate. Create and initialize the object using
default constructor, Parameterized constructor. Also write necessary member function to
calculate and display the salary of worker.

9
SET C:
1. Write a PHP program to create a class article having articleid, name, articleqty, price. Write
menu driven program to perform following functions :( Use array of objects)
i. Display details of all articles purchased.
ii. Display details of articles whose price exceeds 500
iii. Display details of articles whose quantity exceeds 50

Signature of the instructor: ------------------------- Date:------------------------

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: well done [ ]

10
 Assignment 2: Inheritance, Interface & Introspection

By Ms. Farzana Peer Mohammed

 Inheritance: When a class is defined by inheriting existing function of a parent class then it is
called inheritance. Here child class will inherit all or few member functions and variables of a parent
class.
 Polymorphism: This is an object oriented concept where same function can be used for different
purposes. For example function name will remain same but it makes take different number of
arguments and can do different task.
 Overloading: a type of polymorphism in which some or all of operators have different
implementations depending on the types of their arguments. Similarly functions can also be
overloaded with different implementation.
 Data Abstraction: Any representation of data in which the implementation details are hidden
(abstracted).
 Interface: Interfaces allow you to create code which specifies which methods a class must
implement, without having to define how these methods are handled. Interfaces are defined in the
same way as a class, but with the interface keyword replacing the class keyword and without any of
the methods having their contents defined. All methods declared in an interface must be public; this is
the nature of an interface. Note that it is possible to declare a constructor in an interface.
 Introspection: Introspection is the ability of a program to examine an object’s characteristics, such
as its name, parent class (if any), properties, and methods. With introspection, you can write code that
operates on any class or object. You don’t need to know which methods or properties are defined
when you write your code; instead, you can discover that information at runtime, which makes it
possible for you to write generic debuggers, serializes, profilers, etc.

Function Description Example

class extendedClass Inheritance <?php
extends classname It is the ability of PHP to class myclass
extend classes that inherit {
the characteristics of the //property declaration
parent class. public $var=’a default value’;

It is not possible to extend //method declaration

multiple classes ; a class can public function desplayVar()
only inherit from one base {
class. echo $this->var;
}
}
class extendedClass extends myclass

11
 {
//redefine the parent method
function displayVar()
{
echo “Extending Class”;
parent::displayVar();
}
}
$extend =new extendedClass();
$extend->displayVar();
?>
Output :
Extending class
a default value
Overriding When we give a function in <?php class Hello
the child class the same {function getMessage()
name as a function in the { return ‘Hello W orld !’;}
parent class, this concept is }
called function overriding. class Goodbye extends Hello
{function getMessage(){ return
Any method or class that is ‘Goodbye W orld!’;}}
declared as final can not be $hello=&new Hello();
overridden or inherited by Echo $hello->getMessage().’<br/>’;
another class. $goodbye = &new Goodbye(); Echo
$goodbye->getMessage(). ’<br/>’;?>
Output: Hello World!
Goodbye W orld!
Introspection
class_exist() We can use this function to $class = class_exists(classname);
determine whether a class
exists.

get_declared_classes() This function returns array $classes = get_declared_classes();

of defined classes and
checks if the class name is in
returned array.

get_class_methods() We can use this function to $methods=get_class_methods(classna

get the methods and me);
properties of class

This function returns only $properties=get_class_vars(classnam

get_class_vars() properties that have default e);
values.

12
get_parent_class() This function is used to find $superclass=get_parent_class(
the class’s parent class. classname );

is_object() Is_object function is used to $obj= is_obj(var);

make sure that it is object.

get_class() function is used

get_class() to get the class to which an $classname= get_class(object);
object belongs and to get
class name

This function is used to $method_exists=method_exists(object

check if method on an object ,method);
exists .
method_exists()

This function returns an

get_object_vars() array of properties set in an $array=get_object_vars(object);
object

Interfaces An interface is declared Example of an interface class duck

similar to a class but only { function quack()
include function prototypes {
(without implementation) echo “quack,quack,qk, qk…”;
and constants. When a class }
uses an interface the class }
must define all the methods / Interface birds
function of the interface {
otherwise the PHP engine function breath(); function eat();
will give you an error. }
Class duck implements birds
The interface’s function { function quack()
/methods cannot have the {
details filled in. that is left to echo “quack,quack,qk, qk…”;
the class that uses the }
interface. }
function breath()
{
echo “duck is breathing”;
}
function eat()
{

13
 echo “ duck is eating”;
}

Encapsulation Encapsulation is an ability <?php class A

to hide details of {
implementation. function check()
{
if(isset ($this))
{
echo “$this is defined (“; echo
get_class($this); echo “)\n”;
}
else
{
echo “this is not defined”;
}
}
}
class B
{
function bcheck()
{
A::check();
}
}

$a=new A();
$a->check();
A::check();
$b=new B();
$b->bcheck();
B::bcheck();
?>

Output:

$this is defined(a)
$this is not defined
$this is defined(b)
$this is not defined
LAB Assignments :
SET A
1) Write class declarations and member function definitions for following :
employee(code, name, designation). Design derived classes as emp_account(account_no,
joining_date) from employee and emp_sal(basic_pay, earnings, deduction) from emp_account.
Write a PHP Script to create 5 objects (pass details using parameterized constructor) and
Display details of Employees who having Maximum and Minimum Salary.
2) Define an interface which has methods area( ), volume( ). Define constant PI. Create a class
14
 cylinder which implements this interface and calculate area and volume.
3) Write a PHP script to demonstrate the introspection for examining class .(use function
et_declared_classes() ,get_class_methods() and get_class_vars()).
4) Write PHP script to demonstrate the concept of introspection for examining object.
SET B
1) Create class rectangle and derive a class square from class Rectangle. Create another class
circle. Create an interface with only one method called area(). Implement this interface in all
the classes. Include appropriate data members and constructors in all classes. W rite a program
to accept details of a square, circle and rectangle and display the area.
2) Define a class Employee having private members – id, name, department, salary. Define
parameterized constructors. Create a subclass called “Manager” with private member bonus.
Create 6 objects of the Manager class and display the details of the manager having the
maximum total salary (salary + bonus).
3) Derive a class square from class Rectangle. Create one more class circle. Create an interface
with only one method called area (). Implement this interface in all the classes. Include
appropriate data members and constructors in all classes. Write a program to accept details of a
square, circle and rectangle and display the area.
4) Write a PHP Script to create a super class Vehicle having members Company and price.
Derive 2 different classes LightMotorVehicle (members – mileage) and HeavyMotorVehicle
(members – capacity-in-tons). Define 5 Object of each subclass and display details in table
format .
SET C:
1) Create an interface for the classes that handle cars, having methods to setModel() and
getModel() methods. Create another interface Vehicle having setHasWheels($bool) and
getHasWheels() methods which is boolean. Create class miniCar with two properties model
and hasWheels property and implement the two interfaces.

Signature of the instructor:------------------------- Date:------------------------

Assignment Evaluation

0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: well done [ ]

15
 Assignment 3 – PHP Global Variables and Form Methods
By- Mrs. Veena K. Gandhi
Server configuration and request information—including form parameters and cookies—are
accessible in three different ways from your PHP scripts. Collectively, this information is referred
to as EGPCS (environment, GET, POST,cookies, and server).
If the register_globals option in php.ini is enabled, PHP creates a separate global variable for every
form parameter, every piece of request information, and every server configuration value

Regardless of the setting of register_globals, PHP creates six global arrays that contain the EGPCS
information. The global arrays are:

 $HTTP_COOKIE_VARS or $_COOKIE :Contains any cookie values passed as part of

the request, where the keys of the array are the names of the cookies
 $HTTP_GET_VARS or $_GET : Contains any parameters that are part of a GET request,
where the keys of the array are the names of the form parameters
 $HTTP_POST_VARS or $_POST : Contains any parameters that are part of a POST
request, where the keys of the array are the names of the form parameters
 $HTTP_POST_FILES or $_FILES : Contains information about any uploaded files
 $HTTP_SERVER_VARS or $_SERVER : Contains useful information about the web
server, as described in the next section
 $HTTP_ENV_VARS or $_ENV :Contains the values of any environment variables,
where the keys of the array are the names of the environment variables

The $_REQUEST array is also created by PHP if the register_globals option is on. PHP also
creates a variable called $PHP_SELF, which holds the name of the current script, relative to the
document root).
Server information :
$_SERVER is a PHP super global array which holds information about the items like Server
information, Header information, Details on PHP page request , File name or path information,
Remote user information, HTTP Authentication Details.

Element/Code Description
$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] Returns the filename of the currently executing script
$_SERVER['GATEWAY_INTERFACE'] Returns the version of the Common Gateway Interface
(CGI) the server is using
$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'] Returns the IP address of the host server
$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] Returns the name of the host server (such as
www.w3schools.com)
$_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] Returns the server identification string (such as
Apache/2.2.24)
$_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] Returns the name and revision of the information
protocol (such as HTTP/1.1)
$_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] Returns the request method used to access the page
(such as POST)
$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] Returns the query string if the page is accessed via a
query string

16
$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] Returns the Accept header from the current request
$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] Returns the Host header from the current request
$_SERVER['HTTPS'] Is the script queried through a secure HTTP protocol
$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] Returns the IP address from where the user is viewing
the current page
$_SERVER['REMOTE_HOST'] Returns the Host name from where the user is viewing
the current page
$_SERVER['REMOTE_PORT'] Returns the port being used on the user's machine to
communicate with the web serve
$_SERVER['SERVER_PORT'] Returns the port on the server machine being used by
the web server for communication (such as 80
$_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] Returns the path of the current script
$_SERVER['SCRIPT_URI'] Returns the URI of the current page

Example: to display server information like name , script name , user agent etc.

<?php
echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'];
?>

Output :
/php/demo_global_server.php
www.w3schools.com
www.w3schools.com
https://www.w3schools.com/php/showphp.asp?filename=demo_global_server
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/49.0.2623.112
Safari/537.36
/php/demo_global_server.php

PHP Form Methods:

Scripts will interact with their clients using one of the two HTTP methods. The methods are GET and
POST
When a form is submitted using the GET method; its values are encoded directly in the query
string portion of the URL. This method should not be used when sending passwords or other sensitive
information. However, because the variables are displayed in the URL, it is possible to bookmark the
page
The get method is not suitable for large variable values; the value cannot exceed 100 characters
The $_GET array is used to collect values from a form sent with method="GET"
When a form is submitted using the POST method, its values will not be displayed the query
string portion of the URL and has no limits on the amount of information to send . However, there is
17
an 8 Mb max size for the POST method, by default (can be changed by setting the post_max_size in
the php.ini file). The $_POST array is used to collect values from a form sent with method="POST"

Example using GET method

Form1.html
<html>
<body>
/* form submitted using ‘get’ method, action specifies next page which is to be loaded when button is
clicked*/
<form action="welcome.php" method="GET">
// textbox is to take user input
Name: <input type="text" name="fname" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
// Submit button is to submit the value
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

welcome.php
<html>
<body>
// $_GET to receive the data sent from Form1.html
Welcome <?php echo $_GET["fname"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_GET["age"]; ?> years old!
</body>
</html>

Example using POST method

form1.html
<html>
<body>
/* form submitted using ‘post’ method, action specifies next page which is to be loaded when button is
clicked */
<form action="welcome1.php" method="POST">
// textbox is to take user input
Name: <input type="text" name="fname" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
// Submit button is to submit the value to next page
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

welcome1.php
<html>
<body>
// $_GET to receive the data sent from form1.html
Welcome <?php echo $_POST["fname"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old!
</body>
</html>

18
Lab Assignments:

SET A
1) Write PHP script to display GATEWAY INTERFACE, Server Address, Server Name,
server software, server protocol.
2) Write PHP program to accept user details such as user-id, name, Address, email, and
mobile no. Display same information on next page.
3) Write a PHP program that takes name and age from an HTML page. If the age is less than
18, it should send a page with “hello <name>,and u are not authorized to visit this site”
otherwise it should send “welcome <name> to this site” message where name should be
replaced with the entered name otherwise it should send welcome<name> to the site
message.

SET B
1) Write a PHP Program to display all Server information in table format.
2) Write PHP program to accept client no, client name, driving license number, age etc. If age
of client is less than 18 display message “You are not authorized to ride” , otherwise
display client information on next page.
3) Write a PHP script to accept user preference like background color, text font, login message.
On the next page display login message using the preferences.

SET C

1) A college has given roll number to each student, The roll number is six digit number where
first two digits are faculty(B.Sc., BCA, BA) third digit is year (Ist(1), IInd(2) and IIIrd(3)) and
last three digit are actual number. Write PHP script to accept a number and print faculty, year
and roll number of student.

2) Write a PHP script that enables the user to construct his own web form with the capabilities to
choose control & then allow the user to submit the form & display the selected controls on
next page.

Signature of the instructor:------------------------- Date:------------------------

Assignment Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

19
 Assignment 4 – Self Processing Pages, Sticky forms with Multi-value Parameters
By- Mrs. Veena K. Gandhi
Self Processing Page:
• Self processing page means one PHP page can be used to both generate a form and process
it.You can use PHP_SELF variable for generating self processing page. PHP_SELF is a
variable that returns the current script being executed. This variable returns the name and path
of the current file (from the root folder). You can use this variable in the action field of the
FORM.

• <form name="form1" method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>" >

Example A self-processing page

<html>
<head><title>Temperature Conversion</title></head>
<body>

<?php
if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'GET') {
?>

<form action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] ?>" method="POST">

Fahrenheit temperature:
<input type="text" name="fahrenheit" /> <br />
<input type="submit" name="Convert to Celsius!" />
</form>

<?php
}
elseif ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST')
{
$fahr = $_POST['fahrenheit'];
$celsius = ($fahr - 32) * 5/9;
printf("%.2fF is %.2fC", $fahr, $celsius);
} else
{
die("This script only works with GET and POST requests.");
}
?>

</body>
</html>

Sticky Forms:
Sticky form remembers the values you entered in the input fields. Good example of sticky form is
Google search box. Sticky form helps user to type the same form again supplying the values in inputs.
Sticky form is form in which the results of a query are accompanied by a search form whose default
values are those of the previous query. To make sticky form , You just include the attribute value for
text fields, and selected/checked for other elements:

20
Example :
<html>
<body>
<form action="<?php $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>" method="POST">
<b>Your Name : </b><input type="text" name="name" value="<?php if(isset($_POST['name'])) echo
$_POST['name'];?>">

<p><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" /></p>

</form>
<?php
echo "Your Name is =". $_POST['name']."<br>";
?>
</body>
</html>

Multi – Valued Parameters:

HTML selection lists, created with the select tag, can allow multiple selections. To ensure that PHP
recognizes the multiple values that the browser passes to a form-processing script, you need to make
the name of the field in the HTML form end with [].When PHP engine sees a submitted form field
name with square brackets at the end, it creates a nested array of values within the $_GET or $_POST
and $_REQUEST superglobal array, rather than a single value.

For example:

<select name="languages[]">
<input name="c">C</input>
<input name="c++">C++</input>
<input name="php">PHP</input>
<input name="perl">Perl</input>
</select>

Now, when the user submits the form , $_GET['languages'] contains an array instead of a simple string.
This array contains the values that were selected by the user.

Example
<html>
<head><title>LANGAUGES</title></head>
<body>
<form action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] ?>" method="GET">
Select your Language :<br>
<select name="languages[]" multiple>
<option value="c"> C </option>
<option value ="c++"> C++ </option>
<option value ="php"> PHP </option>
<option value ="perl"> Perl </option>
</select>
<br>
<input type="submit" name="s" value="My Languages!" />
</form>
<?php

21
if (array_key_exists('s', $_GET))
{
$lang = join (" ,", $_GET['languages']);
echo "You know $lang languages.";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

Sticky Multi – Valued Parameters:

You can make multiple selection form elements sticky. You’ll need to check to see whether each
possible value in the form was one of the submitted value.
For example :

RED: <input type="checkbox" name="attributes[]" value=“red“ <?= if (is_array($_GET['attributes'])

and in_array(‘red', $_GET['attributes'])) { "checked"; } ?> >

Consider following example to implement sticky multi-value parameters

<html>
<head><title>LANGAUGES</title></head>
<body>

<?php
$c1 = $_GET['c1'];
?>
<form action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] ?>" method="GET">
Qualification : <br>
<input type="checkbox" name="c1[]" value="ssc" <?php if(in_array('ssc', $_GET['c1'])) {echo
"checked"; }?>> SSC <br>

<input type="checkbox" name="c1[]" value="hsc"

<?php if(is_array($_GET['c1']) and in_array('hsc', $_GET['c1'])) { echo "checked"; }?>> HSC <br>

<input type="checkbox" name="c1[]" value="bca"

<?php if(is_array($_GET['c1']) and in_array('bca', $_GET['c1'])) { echo "checked";}?>> BCA <br>

<input type="checkbox" name="c1[]" value="mca"

<?php if(is_array($_GET['c1']) and in_array('mca', $_GET['c1'])) {echo "checked";}?>> MCA <br>

<input type="submit" name="s" value="My Qualification" />

</form>
<?php
if (array_key_exists('s', $_GET))
{
$a = join (" ,", $_GET['c1']);
echo "You Qualification : $a";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

22
Lab Assignments:

SET A:
1) Write a PHP program to create a simple distance calculator that can accept distance in
meters from user. Convert it into centimeter or kilometer according to user preference(use
radio buttons and Self Processing form)
2) Write a PHP script for the following: Design a form to accept a number from the user.
Perform the operations and show the results.
 Check whether number is palindrome or not.
 Reverse the number using recursions.
(Use the concept of self processing page.)
3) Write a PHP script to accept an Indian currency and then convert it in dollar or pounds
(radio buttons) according to user’s preference. (use concept of self processing form)
4) Write a PHP script to accept a weight in kg and Height in meter of person and then
calculate BMI. BMI= weight in Kg/ (Height in meter)2
If BMI is in following categories , then display message accordingly(use concept of self
processing form)
Underweight = <18.5 , Normal weight = 18.5–24.9 ,Overweight = 25–29.9 ,Obesity =
BMI of 30 or greater.
5) Write a PHP program for the following create a calculator that can store two values and
perform operations like add, subtract, multiplication and divide (using Self Processing
form)
SET B:

1) Write a PHP program to accept two strings from user and check whether entered strings are
matching or not. (Use sticky form concept)
2) Write PHP program to create student registration form and display student information. (Use
sticky form concept).
3) Write PHP program to calculate simple interest. (Use sticky form concept)
4) Write PHP program accept name, select your cities you would like to visit (Use multi-valued
parameter), and display selected information on page.
5) Write PHP program to select list of subjects from list box and display selected subject on
information. (Use sticky multi-valued parameter

SET C:
1) Write PHP program to accept client name, marital status, languages known , property
details (House, Mobile , TV , Car ). Display selected information same page. (Use multi-
value parameter)
2) Write PHP program to accept name of student , Gender(male ,female ) using radio buttons
,Qualification(SSC,HSC,BCA,MCA) using check boxes . Display information of student.
(Use sticky multi-valued parameter)
3) Write a PHP script to accept a string and then display each word of string in reverse order.
(use concept of self processing form)

Signature of the instructor:------------------------- Date:------------------------

Assignment Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

23
 Assignment 5 – File uploads and Form Validation
By- Mrs. Veena K. Gandhi

A PHP script can be used with a HTML form to allow users to upload files to the server. Initially files
are uploaded into a temporary directory and then relocated to a target destination by a PHP script.
In your "php.ini" file, search for the file_uploads directive, and set it to On:
file_uploads = On

There is one global PHP variable called $_FILES. This variable is an associate double dimension
array and keeps all the information related to uploaded file.

The keys are:

name
The name of the file, as supplied by the browser. It's difficult to make meaningful use of this,
as the client machine may have different filename conventions than the web server (e.g., if the
client is a Windows machine that tells you the file isD:\PHOTOS\ME.JPG, while the web
server runs Unix, to which that path is meaningless).
type
The MIME type of the uploaded file, as guessed at by the client.
size
The size of the uploaded file (in bytes). If the user attempted to upload a file that was too large,
the size is reported as 0.
tmp_name
The name of the temporary file on the server that holds the uploaded file. If the user attempted
to
upload a file that was too large, the name is reported as "none".

For example :

• $_FILES['filename']['tmp_name'] − the uploaded file in the temporary directory on the web

server.
• $_FILES['filename']['name'] − the actual name of the uploaded file.
• $_FILES['filename']['size'] − the size in bytes of the uploaded file.
• $_FILES['filename']['type'] − the MIME type of the uploaded file.
• $_FILES['filename']['error'] − the error code associated with this file upload.
•
The correct way to test whether a file was successfully uploaded is to use the function
is_uploaded_file(), as follows:
if (is_uploaded_file($_FILES['toProcess']['tmp_name'])
{
// successfully uploaded
}
To move a file, use the move_uploaded_file() function:
24
move_uploaded_file($_FILES['toProcess']['tmp_name'], "path/to/put/file/$file);
The call to move_uploaded_file() automatically checks whether it was an uploaded file. When a script
finishes, any files uploaded to that script are deleted from the temporary directory.

Consider sample program to upload file

<<html>
<body>
<form action="upload.php" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
Select File to upload:
<input type="file" name="uploadedfile" id="fileToUpload">
<input type="submit" value="Upload File/Image" name="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

<?php
$target_path = "D:/uploads/";

$target_path = $target_path . basename( $_FILES['uploadedfile']['name']);

if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES['uploadedfile']['tmp_name'], $target_path))
{
echo "The file ". basename( $_FILES['uploadedfile']['name']). " has been uploaded";
}
else{
echo "There was an error uploading the file, please try again!";
}
?>

Form Validation:
When you allow users to input data, you typically need to validate that data before using it or
storing it for later use. There are several strategies available for validating data like Form
Fields should not be empty. Check type of data entered by user or length of data entered by
user. (e.g check age of person is integer or cannot be negative etc.) Check specific conditions
for form fields(e.g. email validation).

PHP provides empty() function to check a variable is empty. We can use this function to
check if all the text fields are empty or not. isset() function can be used to check the gender
radio button is checked or not. We can validate email format by using PHP filter_var()
function.
 empty(var_name) : The empty() function is used to check whether a variable is empty or not.
 isset(var_name) : this function determines if a variable is set and is not NULL
 filter_var(var, filtername, options) : The filter_var() function filters a variable with the
specified filter.

Consider the following script to validate email.

<?php
$email = "john.doe@example.com";

25
 if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === false) {
echo("$email is a valid email address");
} else {
echo("$email is not a valid email address");
}
?>

Example : Dsign form which accepts name and gender . If fields are blank display error message “All
fields are required” otherwise display information

<html>
<head>
<style>
span.error {color: red;}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<?php

$nameErr = $genderErr = "";

$name = $gender = "";

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST")
{
if (empty($_POST["name"]))
$nameErr = "Name is required";
else
$name = $_POST["name"];

if (!isset($_POST["gender"]))
$genderErr = "Gender is required";
else
$gender =$_POST["gender"];
}
?>

<h2>PHP Form Validation Example</h2>

<p><span class="error">* Required field.</span></p>
<form method="POST" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']?>">
Name: <input type="text" name="name" value="<?php if ($name) echo "$name";?>" >
<span class="error">* <?php echo $nameErr;?></span>
<br><br>

<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female" <?php if($gender=="female") { echo "checked";

}?>>Female
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male" <?php if($gender=="male") { echo "checked"; }?>>Male
<span class="error">* <?php echo $genderErr;?></span>
<br><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

<?php
if($name && $gender)
{
echo "<h2>Your Input:</h2>";
echo $name;
echo "<br>";
echo $gender;
26
}
?>
</body>
</html>

Lab Assignments:
SET A:

1. Write a PHP Program to Upload the file and display its information like name, size, type , etc.

2. Write a PHP program to accept student information like name, address, class and Upload
student photo and display same on form.

SET B:

1. Write a PHP program to accept Name , address , Pincode ,Gender information. If any field is
blank , it display error message “all fields are required” . If pincode is more than 6 digits , it
should give error.

2. Write a PHP program to accept empno, name, pan card information, email . If any field is
blank , form should display error message “all fields are required”. Pan card number should
be 10 digits and First 5 characters should be letter , next 4 characters should be digit and last
character should be letter.

3. Write a PHP script to create a form that accept theusers full name and their email addresses.
Use case conversion function to capitalize the first letter of each name, user submits and print
result back to browser. Check that the user’s email address contains the @ symbol.

SET C:

1) Write a PHP script for creating a self-processing page for a form. The form should allow the
user to enter the following attributes: Username, user city
preference(pune/Mumbai/Chennai/kolkata),user birth date, occupation, sex. If any of the
values is not entered by the user, the page is presented again with a message specifying the
attributes that are empty. Any form attributes that the user already entered, are set to the values
the user entered. The text of submit button changes from “create” to “continue”, when the user
is correcting the form. Display the details entered by the user on the next form

Signature of the instructor:------------------------- Date:------------------------

Assignment Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

27
 Assignment 6 - Cookies and Sessions
By- Mrs. Veena K. Gandhi.
Cookies :
• A cookie is basically a string that contains several fields. A server can send one or more
cookies to a browser in the headers of a response. Some of the cookie’s fields indicate the
pages for which the browser should send the cookie as part of the request.

• The setcookie() function is used to send a cookie to the browser:

• setcookie(name[,value[,expire[,path[,domain[,secure]]]]]); where parameters are as

• name : A unique name for a particular cookie. You can have multiple cookies with different
names and attributes. The name must not contain whitespace or semicolons.

• value : The arbitrary string value attached to this cookie. The original Netscape specification
limited the total size of a cookie (including name, expiration date, and other information) to 4
KB, so while there’s no specific limit on the size of a cookie value, it probably can’t be much
larger than 3.5 KB.

• expire : The expiration date for this cookie. If no expiration date is specified, the browser
saves the cookie in memory and not on disk. When the browser exits, the cookie disappears.
The expiration date is specified as the number of seconds.

• path : The browser will return the cookie only for URLs below this path. The default is the
directory in which the current page resides.

• domain : The browser will return the cookie only for URLs within this domain. The default is
the server hostname.

• secure :The browser will transmit the cookie only over https connections. The default is false,
meaning that it’s okay to send the cookie over insecure connections

This function creates the cookie string from the given arguments and creates a Cookie header
with that string as its value. Because cookies are sent as headers in the response, setcookie()
must be called before any of the body of the document is sent.
When a browser sends a cookie back to the server, you can access that cookie through the
$_COOKIE array. The key is the cookie name, and the value is the cookie’s value field.

Consider a sample program to keep track of number of times the web page has been accessed

<?php
if(isset($_COOKIE['accesses']))
$cnt = $_COOKIE['accesses'];
else
$cnt = 0 ;

setcookie('accesses', ++$cnt);

echo "You have visited this page $cnt times ";

?>

28
Sessions :
Session allow us to easily create multi page forms, save user authentication information from page to
page, and store persistent user preferences on a site. A session can be defined as a series pf related
interactions between a single client and the Web server. The session may consist of multiple requests
to the same script or a variety of different resources on the same web site.
To enable sessions for a page, call session_start()before any of the document has been generated:
<?php session_start() ?>
<html>
...
</html>
This assigns a new session ID if it has to, possibly creating a cookie to be sent to the browser, and
loads any persistent variables from the store. into the associative array $HTTP_SESSION_VARS.
The keys are the variables’ names (e.g., $HTTP_SESSION_VARS['hits'])
Functions :
 bool session_start ([ array $options = [] ] ) :to enable session for a page. This function
assigns a new session ID to the new session.
 bool session_register ( mixed $name [, mixed $... ] ) : to register a variable with the session by
passing the name of the variable. When a session is started, you can store any number of
variables in the $_SESSION superglobal array and then access them on any session enabled
page.
 string session_id ([ string $id ]) : session_id() is used to get or set the session id for the current
session.
 bool session_destroy ( void ) : session_destroy() destroys all of the data associated with the
current session. It does not unset any of the global variables associated with the session, or
unset the session cookie. To use the session variables again, session_start() has to be called.
 bool session_unregister( string $name ) : session_unregister() unregisters the global variable
named name from the current session.

Consider example which prints visitor count of web page

<?php
session_start(); //start the PHP_session function
if(isset($_SESSION['page_count']))
$_SESSION['page_count'] += 1;
else
$_SESSION['page_count'] = 1;
echo 'You are visitor number ' . $_SESSION['page_count'];
?>

29
Lab Assignments:

SET A:

1. A web application that lists all cookies stored in the browser on clicking “list cookies” button,
add cookies if necessary.
2. Write a PHP program to store current date-time in a COOKIE and display the ‘Last visited on’
date-time on the web page upon reopening of the same page.
3. Write a script to keep track of number of times the web page has been accessed using session.
4. Create a login form with a username and password. Once the user logs in, the second form
should be displayed to accept user details (name, city, phoneno). If the user doesn’t enter
information within a specified time limit, expire his session and give a warning otherwise
Display Details using sessions.
5. Write PHP program to store Customer information like customer no, name, address, mobile no.
On second page, accept product code, product name, Qty, Rate. Display Bill on third page
including customer and product details.

SET B:
1. Write a PHP script to accept username and password. If in the first three chances, username
and password entered is correct, then display second form, otherwise display error message.
2. Create a form to accept student information (name, class, address). Once the student
information is accepted, accept marks in next form (Java, PHP, SE, OS, Pract1, and Pract2).
Display the mark sheet for the student in the next form containing name, class, marks of the
subject, total and percentage using cookies.
3. Change the preferences of your web page like font style, font size, font color, background
color using cookie. Display selected settings on next web page and actual implementation
(with new settings) on third web page.
4. Create a form to accept employee details like name, address and mobile number. Once the
employee information is accepted, then accept LIC information like policy_no, name,
premium. Display employee details and LIC details on next form.
5. Write a PHP script to accept Employee details (Eno, Ename, Add.) on first page. On second
page accept earning (Basic, DA, HRA). On third page Print Employee Information (Eno,
Ename, Add, Basic, DA, HRA, Gross)

SET C :

1. Write a program to create a shopping mall. User must be allowed to do purchase from three
pages. Each page should have a page total. The fourth page should display a bill, which
consists of a page total of whatever the purchase has been done and print the total. (Use
$_SESSION).

Signature of the instructor:------------------------- Date:------------------------

Assignment Evaluation
0: Not Done [ ] 1: Incomplete [ ] 2: Late Complete [ ]

3: Needs Improvement [ ] 4: Complete [ ] 5: Well Done [ ]

30
 Assignment No. 7: Database(POSTGRESQL)
-by Mrs.Summaiya Tamboli

PostgreSQL supports a wide variety of built-in data types and it also provides an
option to the users to add new data types to PostgreSQL, using the CREATE TYPE
command. Table lists the data types officially supported by PostgreSQL. Most data
types supported by PostgreSQL are directly derived from SQL standards. The
following table contains PostgreSQL supported data types for your ready reference

Category Data type Description

Boolean boolean, bool A single true or false value.
Binary types bit(n) An n-length bit string (exactly n) binary bits)

bit varying(n), varbit(n) A variable n-length bit string (upto

n) binary nbits)
Character Types character(n) A fixed n-length character string
char(n) A fixed n-length character string
character varying(n)
varchar (n)
text A variable length character string of
unlimited length
Numeric types smallint, int2 A signed 2-byte integer
integer, int, int4 A signed, fixed precision 4-byte number

bigint, int8 A signed 8-byte integer, up to 18 digits in

length
real, float4 A 4-byte floating point number
float8, float An 8-byte floating point number
numeric(p,s) An exact numeric type with arbituary
precision p, and scale s.
Currency money A fixed precision, U.S style
currency
serial An auto-incrementing 4-byte
integer
Date and time types date The calendar date(day, month and year)

time The time of day

time with time zone the time of day, including time zone
information
timestamp(includes time
Interval) An arbitrarily specified length

31
 Functions used for postgreSQL database manipulation

Function name Purpose Example

resource Open a PostgreSQL $conn = pg_connect("host",
pg_connect ( string connection "port", "options", "tty",
$connection_string [, int "dbname");
$connect_type ] );
resource Open a persistent $conn_string = "host=sheep por
pg_pconnect ( string PostgreSQL t=5432 dbname=test user=lamb
$connection_string connection password=bar";
[, int $connect_type ] );
resource pg_prepare Submits a request to create $result = pg_prepare($dbconn,
([ resource a prepared statement with "my_query", 'SELECT * FROM
$connection],string the shops W HERE name = $1');
$stmtname , string given parameters, and
$query ) waits for completion.
resource pg_execute Sends a request to execute $result = pg_execute($dbconn,
([resource $connection a prepared statement with "my_query", array("Joe's W idge
], string $stmtname , given parameters, and ts"));
array $params ) waits for the result.

resource pg_query ([ Execute a query $result = pg_query($conn, "SEL

resource $connection ECT author, email FROM autho
], string $query ) rs");
if (!$result) {
echo "An error occurred.\n";
exit;
}
array Fetch a row as an while ($row = pg_fetch_assoc($
pg_fetch_assoc(resourc associative array result)) echo $row['id'];
e $result
[, int$row ] )
bool pg_close ([ Closes a PostgreSQL pg_close($dbconn);
resource $connection connection
])

Example to create php Postgrsql Connectivity and display records

<?php
$conn=
pg_connect("dbname=publisher");
if (!$conn) {
echo "An error
occurred.\n"; exit;
}

$result = pg_query($conn, "SELECT id, author, email FROM

authors"); if (!$result) {
echo "An error
occurred.\n"; exit;
}

32
 while ($row =
pg_fetch_assoc($result)) { echo
$row['id'];
echo
$row['author'
]; echo
$row['email']
;
}
?>

Lab Assignments :
SET A:

Q 1) Consider the following entities and their relationships

Emp (emp_no,emp_name,address,phone,salary)
Dept (dept_no,dept_name,location)
Emp-Dept are related with one-many relationship Create a RDB in 3NF for the above and
solve following
Using above database write a PHP script which will print a salary statement in the format
given below, for a given department. (Accept department name from the user).

Deparment Name :

Maximum Salary Minimum Salary Sum Salary

Q2) Consider the following entities and their relationships

Doctor (doc_no, doc_name, address, city, area)
Hospital (hosp_no, hosp_name, hosp_city)

Doctor and Hospital are related with many-many relationship. Create a RDB in 3 NF for the
above and Using above database, write a PHP script which accepts hospital name and
print information about doctors visiting / working in that hospital in tabular format.

Q3)Consider the following entities and their relationships

Item (item_no, Item_name, qty)
Supplier(supp_no, supp_name, address, city, phoneno)

Item and Supplier are related with many–many relationship with rate and discount as the
attribute of relationships.
Create a RDB in 3 NF for the above and using above database, write a PHP script, Create a
login form, after validating user name and password give option to 1) Add item 2) Search for
an item by name

Q 4) Consider the following entities and their relationships

Movie (movie_no, movie_name, release_year)
Actor (actor_no, name)
Relationship between movie and actor is many – many with attribute rate in Rs. Create a RDB
in 3 NF for the above and using above database, write PHP scripts for the following:(Hint:
Create HTML form having three radio buttons)
Accept actor name and display the names of the movies in which he has acted.
Insert new movie information.
Update the release year of a movie. (Accept the movie name from user)

33
Q5) Write a PHP program to accept username and password from the user. Validate it against the
login table in the database. If there is a mismatch between username and password, then, display the
error message as ―invalid user name and password; else display the message as ―Login successful
on the browser.
SET B:

Q1) Considerer the following entities and their relationships

project(pno integer, p_name char(30), ptype char(20),duration integer)
employee (eno integer, e_name char (20), qualification char (15), joindate
date)

The relationship between project - employee: M-M, with descriptive attributes as start_date
(date), no_of_hours_worked (integer).
Using above database write a script in PHP to accept a project name from user and display
information of employees working on the project.

Q 2) Consider the following entities and their relationships

student (sno integer, s_name char(30), s_class char(10), s_addr char(50))
teacher (tno integer, t_name char (20), qualification char (15),experience integer)
The relationship between student-teacher: m-m with descriptive attribute subject Using above
database write a script in PHP to accept a teacher name from user and display the names of
students along with subjects to whom teacher is teaching

Q3)Consider the following entities and their relationships.

Employee (Emp_no, Emp_name, Basic_sal)
Dept (Dept_no, Dept_name)
Employee and Dept are related with many–one relationship.
Create a RDB in 3 NF for the above .
Using above database write a PHP script for the following to display the employees earning
salary greater than user define salary. (accept salary from user).

Q 4) Considerer the following entities and their relationships

Student (Stud_id,name,class)
Competition (c_no,c_name,type)
Relationship between student and competition is many-many with attribute rank and year.
Create a RDB in 3NF for the above and solve the following.
Using above database write a script in PHP to accept a competition name from user and
display information of student who has secured 1st rank in that competition.
.
Q:5) Consider the following relational database:
Project (P_Group_No, Project_Title)
Student (Seat no, Name, Class, P_Group_No)
Write a PHP script to accept project title and display list of students those who are working in
a particular project.

34
Set C

Q:1) Make Simple application using PHP program to implement Insert, Update,delete, and
Search operations on Employee table with attributes(empno, empname, date_of_join, address,
salary). (Use Radio Buttons)

.Q2) Consider the following entities and their relationships

BillMaster(billno, custname, billdate )
BillDetails(itemname, qty, rate, discount)

BillMaster and BillDetails are related with one-to-many relationship.

Create a RDB in 3 NF for the above and solve following
Write PHP script to print the bill in following format Accept the Bill number from user.

BillNo : BillDate :
Customer Name :

Sr. No. Particular Quantity Rate Discount Total

Signature of the instructor:_ _ Date: _

Assignment Evaluation

0:Not Done [ ] 2:Late Complete [ ] 4:Complete [ ]

1:Incomplete[ ] 3:Needs Improvement [ ] 5:Well Done[ ]

35
 Assignment 8: XML

By Mr. Salauddin Sajjan

Introduction to XML :
XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language. It is a text-based markup language derived from
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). XML was designed to store and transport data.
XML was designed to be both human- and machine-readable. XML is a markup language much
like HTML. XML was designed to describe data. XML tags are not predefined . You must define
your own tags.XML is self describing.

XML document are well – formed and valid. A well - formed XML document follows the basic
XML syntax rules.A valid document also follows the rules imposed by a DTD or an XSD.

A simple document is shown in the following example −

<?xml version = "1.0"?>

<contact-info>
<name>Tanmay Patil</name>
<company>TutorialsPoint</company>
<phone>(011) 123-4567</phone>
</contact-info>
The following image depicts the parts of XML document.

Document Prolog Section :

Document Prolog comes at the top of the document, before the root element. This section contains −

 XML declaration
 Document type declaration
Document Elements Section:
Document Elements are the building blocks of XML. These divide the document into a hierarchy of
sections, each serving a specific purpose.
XML declaration :
It contains details that prepare an XML processor to parse the XML document. It is optional, but
when used, it must appear in the first line of the XML document.
<?xml version="version_number" encoding="encoding_declaration"
standalone="standalone_status" ?>

An XML declaration should abide with the following rules:

36
 • The XML declaration is case sensitive and must begin with "<?xml>" where "xml" is written
in lower-case. If the XML declaration is included, it must contain version number attribute.
• The Parameter names and values are case-sensitive.The names are always in lower case.
• The order of placing the parameters is important. The correct order is:version, encoding and
standalone. Either single or double quotes may be used.
• The XML declaration has no closing tag i.e. </?xml>

Example of XML declaration :

• <?xml >
• <?xml version="1.0">
• <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no" ?>
• <?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1' standalone='no' ?>

DTD :Document Type Declaration :

• The XML Document Type Declaration, commonly known as DTD, is a way to
describe XML language precisely.
• DTDs check vocabulary and validity of the structure of XML documents
against grammatical rules of appropriate XML language.
• An XML DTD can be either specified inside the document, or it can be kept in a
separate document and then liked separately.
• Basic syntax of a DTD is as follows:
<!DOCTYPE element DTD identifier
[
declaration1
declaration2
........
]>

XML Tags :
XML tags are case sensitive. The tag <Letter> is different from the tag <letter>.
Opening and closing tags must be written with the same case.

For example,
<Message>This is incorrect</message>
<message>This is correct</message>

XML Elements :
• An XML file is structured by several XML-elements, also called XML-nodes or XML-tags.
XML-elements' names are enclosed by triangular brackets < > .
• Each XML-element needs to be closed either with start or with end elements as shown below:
<element>....</element>.
• An XML document can have only one root element
• An XML-element can contain multiple XML-elements as its children, but the children
elements must not overlap.
• In XML, all elements must be properly nested within each other.
XML attributes:
• An XML-element can have one or more attributes.
• Attribute names in XML (unlike HTML) are case sensitive. That is, HREF andhref are
considered two different XML attributes.
• Same attribute cannot have two values in a syntax

So XML follows tree structure

<root>
<child>

37
 <subchild>.....</subchild>
</child>
</root>
<?xml version = “1.0” ?>
<BookStore>
<Books>
<PHP>
<title>Programming PHP</title>
<publication>O’RELLY</publication>
</PHP>
<PHP>
<title>Beginners PHP</title>
<publication>WROX</publication>
</PHP>
</Books>
</BookStore>

SimpleXML :
• SimpleXML is an extension that allows us to easily manipulate and get XML data.
• The SimpleXML extension is the tool of choice for parsing an XML document.
• SimpleXML turns an XML document into a data structure you can iterate through like a
collection of arrays and objects.
• The SimpleXML extension includes interoperability with the DOM for writing XML files and
built-in XPath support.
• SimpleXML is easier to code than the DOM, as its name implies.

SimpleXMLElement class represents an element in an XML document.

• To create root element of xml document, first create object of SimpleXMLElement class and
initialize with root element.
• For example :
• $bk=new SimpleXMLElement(“<bookstore/>”);

Methods or functions of simpleXMLElement class

Function name description syntax example

addChild() The addChild() addChild(name,val $book = $bk->addchild(“book”);

function adds a ue);
child element to the
SimpleXML
elemen
addAttribute() adds an attribute to addAttribute(name, $book->addAttribute(“Category” ,
the SimpleXML value); “Technical”);
element.
getName() Returns the name of getName(); $bk->getName();
the XML tag
referenced by the
SimpleXML
element
asXML() Returns a well- asXML([filename])
formed XML string ; echo $bk->asXML();
(XML version 1.0)
from a SimpleXML
object

38
children() Returns the children() foreach ($book->children() as $child)
children of a {
specified node as an echo "Child node: " . $child . "<br>";
array }
attributes(); Returns the attributes(); foreach ($book->attributes () as
attributes/values of $k=>$v)
an element {
echo $k : $v . "<br>";
}
count(); The count() count(); $cnt=$book->count();
function counts the
children of a
specified node.
simplexml_load Converts an XML simplexml_load_fil $xml=simplexml_load_file("note.xml"
_file() file into a e(file) );
SimpleXMLEleme
nt object
simplexml_load The <?php
_string() simplexml_load_str $note=<<<XML
ing() function <note>
converts a well- <to>Tove</to>
formed XML string </note>
into a XML;
SimpleXMLEleme
nt object. $xml=simplexml_load_string($note);

Reading XML document

<?php
$bk = simplexml_load_file(“book.xml”);
echo htmlspecialchars($bk->asXML());
?>

• With SimpleXML, all the elements in XML document are represented as tree of
SimpleXMLElement objects. Any given element’s children are available as properties of
elements SimpleXMLElement object.

• For example ,We can access element name as properties $book->title , $book->publisher etc.

Consider an application that reads “Book.xml” file into simple XML object. Display attributes and
elements.

//book .xml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<bookstore>
<book category="Technical">
<title> LET US C </title>
<author> YASHWANT KANETKAR </author>
<year> 1980 </year>
</book>
<book category="Cooking">
<title> COOKING EVERYDAY </title>
<author> TARALA DALAL </author>
<year> 2000 </year>
</book>

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<book category="YOGA">
<title> LIGHT ON YOGA </title>
<author> B.K.IYENGAR </author>
<year> 1990 </year>
</book>
</bookstore>

// book.php
<?php
$xml = simplexml_load_file("book.xml");

echo $xml->getName() . "<br />";

foreach($xml->children() as $child)
{
echo $child->getName() . "<br>";
foreach($child->attributes() as $k=>$v)
{
echo $k . "=". $v . "<br>";
foreach($child->children() as $i=>$j)
{
echo $i .":". $j."<br>";

}
}
}
?>

LAB Assignments:

SET A :
1) Create a XML file which gives details of movies available in “Mayanagari CD Store” from
following categories a) Classical b) Action c) Horror
Elements in each category are in the following format
<Category>
<Movie Name>----</Movie Name>
<Release Year>----</Release Year>
</Category>
Save the file with name “movies.xml”.
2) Create a XML file which gives details of books available in “ABC Bookstore” from following
categories.
1) Technical
2) Cooking
3) Yoga
and elements in each category are in the following format
<Book>
<Book_PubYear> --------------</Book_PubYear>
<Book_Title> --------------</Book_Title>
<Book_Author>---------------</Book_Author>
</Book>
Save the file as “Book.xml”

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 3) Write a PHP script to create XML file named “Course.xml”
<Course>
<Computer Science>
<Student name>.......</Student name>
<Class name>......</Class name>
<percentage>.....</percentage>
</Computer Science>
</Course>
Store the details of 5 students who are in TYBSc.

SET B:

1) Write PHP script to generate an XML code in the following format

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>
<CD Store>
<Movie>
<Title>Mr. India</Title>
<Release Year>1987</ Release Year >
</Movie>
<Movie>
<Title>Holiday</Title>
<Release Year>2014</ Release Year >
</Movie>
<Movie>
<Title>LOC</Title>
<Release Year>2003</ Release Year >
</Movie>
</CD Store>

2) Write a script to create “cricket.xml” file with multiple elements as shown below:
<CricketTeam>
<Team country=”India”>
<player>____</player>
<runs>______</runs>
<wicket>____</wicket>
</Team>
</CricketTeam>
Write a script to add multiple elements in “cricket.xml” file of category, country=”Australia”.

3) Write a PHP script to accept an XML file which should comprise the following:

<cricket>
<player>abc</player>
<runs>1000</runs>
<wickets>50</wickets>
<noofnotout>10</noofnotout>
</cricket>
For at least 5 players. Display the details of players who have scored more than 1000 runs and at least
50 wickets.

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SET C:
1) Write a PHP script to accept an XML file which should comprise the following :
<languages>
<lang name="C">
<appeared>1972</appeared>
<creator>Dennis Ritchie</creator>
</lang>
</languages>
For at least 5 records. Display the details of C language.

Signature of the instructor:_ _ Date: _

Assignment Evaluation

0:Not Done [ ] 2:Late Complete [ ] 4:Complete [ ]

1:Incomplete[ ] 3:Needs Improvement [ ] 5:Well Done[ ]

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 Assignment 9: AJAX

By Mr.Mohsin Tamboli

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX is a new technique for creating better,
faster, and more interactive web applications with the help of XML, HTML, CSS, and Java Script.
When a user wants more content, they click a link. With AJAX, a user can click something and
content can be loaded into the page, using JavaScript, without reloading the entire page.
Conventional web applications transmit information to and from the sever using synchronous
requests. It means you fill out a form, hit submit, and get directed to a new page with new information
from the server. With AJAX, when you hit submit, JavaScript will make a request to the server,
interpret the results, and Update the current screen. In the purest sense, the user would never know that
anything was even transmitted to the server.
AJAX cannot work independently. It is used in combination with other technologies to create
interactive WebPages.

1) JavaScript
 Loosely typed scripting language.
 JavaScript function is called when an event occurs in a page.
 Glue for the whole AJAX operation.
2) DOM
 API for accessing and manipulating structured documents.
 Represents the structure of XML and HTML documents.
3) CSS
 Allows for a clear separation of the presentation style from the content and may
be changed programmatically by JavaScript.
4) XMLHttpRequest
 JavaScript object that performs asynchronous interaction with the server.

XMLHttpRequest is a JavaScript object capable of calling the server and capturing its response.
It is used to send HTTP or HTTPS requests to a web server and load the server response data back into
the script.

Creating an XMLHttpRequest Object :

All modern browsers (IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, and Opera) have a builtin XMLHttpRequest
object.

Syntax for creating an XMLHttpRequest object:

xmlhttp=newXMLHttpRequest();

When a request to a server is sent, we want to perform some actions based on the response.
The onreadystatechange event is triggered every time the readyState changes. The readyState
property holds the status of the XMLHttpRequest.

Three important properties of the XMLHttpRequest object:

• readyState :The readyState property defines the current state of the XMLHttpRequest object.

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The following table provides a list of the possible values for the readyState property:
State Description
0 The request is not initialized.
1 The request has been set up.
2 The request has been sent.
3 The request is in process
4 The request is completed.
• OnReadyStateChange : Determine the function called when the objects readyState changes.
xmlobj.onreadystatechange=function()
{
}
• responseText:Returns the response as a string.
• responseXML:Returns the response as XML. This property returns an XML document object,
which can be examined and parsed using the W3C DOM node tree methods and properties.
• Status:Returns the status as a number (e.g., 404 for "Not Found" and 200 for "OK").
• statusText:Returns the status as a string (e.g., "Not Found" or "OK").
• Methods of XMLHttpRequest object :
To send a request to a server, we use the open() and send() methods of the XMLHttpRequest
objec

• open( method, URL, async )

Specifies the method, URL, and other optional attributes of a request. The method parameter can
have a value of "GET", "POST", or "HEAD“. The "async" parameter specifies whether the
request should be handled asynchronously or not. "true" means that the script processing carries
on after the send() method without waiting for a response, and "false" means that the script waits
for a response before continuing script processing.

• send( content ): Sends the request.

• abort()Cancels the current request.

LAB Assignments:

SET A:
1) Write Ajax program to read a textfile and print the contents of the
file when the user clicks on the Print button.

2)Write a simple PHP program which implements Ajax for addition of two numbers

3) Write an Ajax program to display list of games stored in an array on clicking OK button.

4) Write Ajax program to carry out validation for a username entered in textbox. If the textbox
is blank, print ‘Enter username’. If the number of characters is less than three,print’ Username
is too short’. If value entered is appropriate the print ‘Valid username’.

5)Write a PHP script using AJAX concept, to check user name and password are valid or Invalid (use
database to store user name and password).

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SET B:
1) Create employee table as follows
EMP(eno, ename, designation, salary).
Write Ajax program to select the employees name and print the selected employee’s details.

2)Write Ajax program to get book details from XML file when user select a book name. Create XML
file for storing details of book(title, author, year, price).

3) Write Ajax program to print Movie details by selecting an Actor’s name.

Create table MOVIE and ACTOR as follows with 1 : M cardinality
MOVIE (mno, mname, release_yr) and ACTOR(ano, aname)

4) Create student table as follows

Student(sno, sname, per).
Write Ajax program to select the student name and print the selected student’s details.

5) Write Ajax program to get player details from XML file when user select a player name. Create
XML file for storing details of player(Country ,player name, wickets, runs ).

SET C:
1) Write Ajax program to fetch suggestions when is user is typing in a textbox. (eg like
google suggestions. Hint create array of suggestions and matching string will be displayed )

Signature of the instructor:_ _ Date: _

Assignment Evaluation

0:Not Done [ ] 2:Late Complete [ ] 4:Complete [ ]

1:Incomplete[ ] 3:Needs Improvement [ ] 5:Well Done[ ]

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