EX NO 2B) Illustrate Shell Programming

AIM :

To study about the Unix Shell Programming Commands.

INTRODUCTION :

A shell is a special user program that provides an interface for the user to
use operating system services. Shell accepts human-readable commands
from users and converts them into something which the kernel can
understand. It is a command language interpreter that executes commands
read from input devices such as keyboards or from files. The shell gets
started when the user logs in or starts the terminal.

Shell programming is a group of commands grouped together under a single

filename. After logging onto the system a prompt for input appears which is
generated by a Command String Interpreter program called the shell. The
shell interprets the input, takes appropriate action, and finally prompts
for more input. The shell can be used either interactively - enter commands
at the command prompt, or as an interpreter to execute a shell script.Shell
scripts are dynamically interpreted, NOT compiled.
Common Shells.

C-Shell - csh : The default on teaching systems Good for

interactive systems Inferior programmable features

Bourne Shell - bsh or sh - also restricted shell - bsh :

Sophisticated pattern matching and file name substitution

Korn Shell : Backwards compatible with Bourne Shell Regular

expression substitution emacs editing mode

Thomas C-Shell - tcsh : Based on C-Shell Additional ability to use

emacs to edit the command line Word completion & spelling
correction Identifying your shell.
01. SHELL KEYWORDS :
echo, read, if fi, else, case, esac, for , while , do , done, until , set,
unset, readonly, shift, export,break, continue, exit, return, trap ,
wait, eval ,exec, ulimit , umask.

02. General things SHELL

The shbang line The "shbang" line is the very first line of the script
and lets the kernel know what shell will be interpreting the lines in
the script.
The shbang line consists of a #! followed by the full pathname to
the shell, and can be followed by options to control the behavior of
the shell.

EXAMPLE
#!/bin/sh

Comments
Comments are descriptive material preceded by a # sign. They are
in effect until the end of a line and can be started anywhere on the
line.
EXAMPLE
# this text is not
# interpreted by the shell
03. SHELL VARIABLES :
Shell variables change during the execution of the program .The C
Shell offers a command "Set" to assign a value to a variable.
For example:
% set myname= Fred
% set myname = "Fred Bloggs"
% set age=20
A $ sign operator is used to recall the variable values.
For example:
% echo $myname will display Fred Bloggs on the screen
A @ sign can be used to assign the integer constant values.
For example:
%@myage=20
%@age1=10
%@age2=20
%@age=$age1+$age2
%echo $age

Local variables - Local variables are in scope for the current shell.
When a script ends, they are no longer available; i.e., they go out
of scope. Local variables are set and assigned values.
EXAMPLE
variable_name=value
name="John Doe"
x=5

Global variables - Global variables are called environment

variables. They are set for the currently running shell and any
process spawned from that shell. They go out of scope when the
script ends.
EXAMPLE
VARIABLE_NAME=value
export VARIABLE_NAME
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:.
export PATH

Rules : -
1.A variable name is any combination of alphabets, digits and an
underscore (‘-‘);
2.No commas or blanks are allowed within a variable name.
3.The first character of a variable name must either be an alphabet
or an
underscore.
4.Variables names should be of any reasonable length.
5.Variables names are case sensitive . That is , Name, NAME,
name,NAme, are all different variables.

04. EXPRESSION Command :

To perform all arithmetic operations .
Syntax :
Var = ‘expr$value1’ + $ value2’
Arithmetic The Bourne shell does not support arithmetic.
UNIX/Linux commands must be used to perform calculations.
EXAMPLE
n=`expr 5 + 5`
echo $n
Operators The Bourne shell uses the built-in test command
operators to test numbers
EXAMPLE

Equality:
= string
!= string
-eq number
-ne number
Logical:
-a and
-o or
! not
Logical:
AND &&
OR ||
Relational:
-gt greater than
-ge greater than, equal to
-lt less than
-le less than, equal to

Arithmetic :
+, -, \*, /, %

Arguments (positional parameters) Arguments can be passed to a

script from the command line. Positional parameters are used to
receive their values from within the script.
EXAMPLE
At the command line:
$ scriptname arg1 arg2 arg3 …
In a script:
echo $1 $2 $3 Positional parameters
echo $* All the positional parameters
echo $# The number of positional parameters

05.READ Statement :
To get the input from the user.
Syntax :
read x y
(no need of commas between variables)

06. ECHO Statement :

Similar to the output statement. To print output to the screen, the
echo command is used.
Wildcards must be escaped with either a backslash or matching
quotes.
Syntax :
Echo “String” (or) echo $ b(for variable).
EXAMPLE
echo "What is your name?"
Reading user input The read command takes a line of input from
the user and assigns it to the variables on right hand side.

The read command can accept multiple variable names.Each

variable will be assigned a word.

EXAMPLE
echo "What is your name?"
read name
read name1,name2…
6. CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS :
The if construct is followed by a command. If an expression is to be
tested, it is enclosed in square brackets. The then keyword is
placed after the closing parenthesis. An if must end with a fi.

Syntax :
1.if
This is used to check a condition and if it satisfies the condition if
then does the next action , if not it goes to the else part.
2.if...else
Syntax :
If cp $ source $ target
Then
Echo File copied successfully
Else
Echo Failed to copy the file.

3.nested if
here sequence of condition are checked and the corresponding
performed accordingly.
Syntax :
if condition
then
command
if condition
then
command
else
command
fi
fi

4.case ..... esac

This construct helps in execution of the shell script based on
choice.

EXAMPLE
The if construct is:
if command
then
block of statements
fi
--------------------------------------
if [ expression ]
then
block of statements
fi
—--------------------------

if [ expression ]
then
block of statements
elif [ expression ]
then
block of statements
elif [ expression ]
then
block of statements
else
block of statements
fi
—--------------------------

07. LOOPS

There are three types of loops: while, until and for. The while loop
is followed by a command or an expression enclosed in square
brackets, a do keyword, a block of statements, and terminated with
the done keyword. As long as the expression is true, the body of
statements between do and done will be executed.
The until loop is just like the while loop, except the body of the loop
will be executed as long as the expression is false.
The for loop used to iterate through a list of words, processing a
word and then shifting it off, to process the next word. When all
words have been shifted from the list, it ends. The for loop is
followed by a variable name, the in keyword, and a list of words
then a block of statements, and terminates with the done keyword.
The loop control commands break and continue.

EXAMPLE
while command
do
block of statements
done
------------
while [ expression ]
do
block of statements
done
until command for variables in word1 word2 word3 ...
do do
block of statements block of statements
done done
------------
until [ expression ]
do
block of statements
done
------------
until control command
do
commands
done

08. Break Statement :

This command is used to jump out of the loop instantly, without
waiting to get the control command.

09. ARRAYS
(positional parameters) The Bourne shell does support an array,
but a word list can be created by using positional parameters. A list
of words follows the built-in set command, and the words are
accessed by position. Up to nine positions are allowed.
The built-in shift command shifts off the first word on the left-hand
side of the list.
The individual words are accessed by position values starting at 1.
EXAMPLE
set word1 word2 word3
echo $1 $2 $3 Displays word1, word2, and word3
set apples peaches plums
shift Shifts off apples
echo $1 Displays first element of the list
echo $2 Displays second element of the list
echo $* Displays all elements of the list

10. FILE TESTING

The Bourne shell uses the test command to evaluate conditional
expressions and has a built-in set of options for testing attributes of
files, such as whether it is a directory, a plain file (not a directory),
a readable file, and so forth.

EXAMPLE
-d File is a directory
-f File exists and is not a directory
–r Current user can read the file
–s File is of nonzero size
–w Current user can write to the file
–x Current user can execute the file

#!/bin/sh
1 if [ –f file ]
then
echo file exists
Fi
2 if [ –d file ]
then
echo file is a directory
fi
3 if [ -s file ]
then
echo file is not of zero length
fi
4 if [ -r file -a -w file ]
then
echo file is readable and writable
fi

11. EXECUTION OF SHELL SCRIPT :

1.By using change mode command
2.$ chmod u + x sum.sh
3.$ sum.sh
or
$ sh sum.sh
Programs:

1.Shell Program to find the greatest among three numbers.

Program:
echo "Enter three numbers:"
read a b c
if [ $a -ge $b ] && [ $a -ge $c ]; then
echo "$a is greatest"
elif [ $b -ge $a ] && [ $b -ge $c ]; then
echo "$b is greatest"
else
echo "$c is greatest"
fi

Output:
Enter three numbers:
12 45 30
45 is greatest

2.Shell program to find factorial of a number.

Program:
echo "Enter a number:"
read n
f=1
while [ $n -gt 1 ]
do
f=$((f * n))
n=$((n - 1))
done
echo "Factorial is $f"
Output:
Enter a number:
5
Factorial is 120

3.Shell Program to perform arithmetic operations.

Program:
echo "Enter two numbers:"
read a b
echo "Addition: $((a + b))"
echo "Subtraction: $((a - b))"
echo "Multiplication: $((a * b))"
echo "Division: $((a / b))"

Output:
Enter two numbers:
10 2
Addition: 12
Subtraction: 8
Multiplication: 20
Division: 5

4.Shell program to find odd/even.

Program:
echo "Enter a number:"
read n
if [ $((n % 2)) -eq 0 ]; then
echo "$n is Even"
else
echo "$n is Odd”
Output:
Enter a number:
13
13 is Odd

5.Shell program to find sum of n numbers.

Program:
echo "Enter a number:"
read n
sum=0
i=1
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
sum=$((sum + i))
i=$((i + 1))
done
echo "Sum is $sum"

Output:
Enter a number:
5
Sum is 15

Result:

Thus, the Illustration of Shell Programming was performed

successfully .