ENVIRONMENTAL

SCIENCE
Ankon Gopal Banik &
Umme Hasunat Toafia

According to the syllabus of first

semester of CSE department of
Gono Bishwabidyalay
 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO COMPLITE THIS WORK WITHOUT

THE HELP OF OUR RESPECTIVE TEACHER, NAZNEEN PERVIN.

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 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

SILLYBUS

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TOPIC: ENVIRONMENT
Environment: Environment is a dynamic concept what we have around us living and non-living matter and
objects energy which are interrelated is called environment.

According to E.J. Rose- “Environment is an external force which influences us.”

Environmental science: It is the branch of science which included the study of environment is called
environmental science.

Components of environment: Two major components of environments are found in the biosphere.

1. Abiotic or non-living components,

2. Biotic or living components.

1.Abiotic components: Abiotic components are consist of non-living chemical and physical components. Such
as- Water, light, air, soil temperature etc.

2.Biotic components: Biotic or biological components are consist of living beings. Such as- Bacteria, virus,
plants, animal, human etc.

There are some other components of environment is called social components. Such as-

 Religion
 Power
 Education
 Culture
 Authority etc.

Difference between environment and environmental science: Difference between environment and
environmental science are given below-

Environment Environmental science

01. All kind of science describe environment. Environmental science describes particular things.
02. Environment is an aggregate of all science. Environmental science is a part of science.
03. The scope of environment is unlimited. The scope of environmental science is limited.
04. Environment is a dynamic concept what we have Environmental science is a branch of science which
around us living and non-living matter. deals with the study of environment.

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TOPIC: NATURAL RESOURCES

Natural resources are resources that exist without action of humankind.

There are four types of natural resources-

1 .Renewable resources: Renewable resources can be replenished naturally. Example: sunlight, water etc.

2. Non-renewable resources: Non-renewable resources either form slowly or do not naturally from in the
environment.

Example: minerals, fossil, fuels, uranium etc.

3. Re-cycable resources: The resources which can be used again and again passing through some processes are
known as re-cycable resources.

An example of re-cycable resources may be water.

4. Inexhaustible resources: These are the resources that are present unlimited quantity in nature and are not
likely to be exhausted by human consumption.

Example: all kinds of energy.

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TOPIC: WATER CYCLE

Water: Water is the most important element. It is a liquid substance. It is complex of two Hydrogen atoms and
a Oxygen atom. Water saves all kinds of lives of the earth.

Reaction: H2 + ⁄ O2 = 2H2O (water)

o o o o
Its high boiling point of 100 C (212 F) and low frizzing point of 0 C (32 F).

Importance of water: Importance of water are given below-

01. Water supply us with food, shelter and other needs and wants.
02. Water plays a key role sculpting earth’s surface, medicating climate and diluting pollutions.
03. Water is very excellent element for car engines and heat-producing industrial process.
04. Water is one type of medium for chemical reaction. Many chemical reactions cannot occur without it.
05. Water is the life blood of the biosphere.
06. Agricultural practices are impossible without water.
07. Force of water can be an element of production of electricity.
08. Water is essential for healthy growth.
09. Photosynthesis is impossible without water.

So, water is very essential for survive.

Water cycle: The water cycle is also known as hydrological cycle or the hydrologic cycle describes the
continuous movement of water on above or below the surface of the earth.

Water cycle consists of four steps-

Fig: Water cycle.

Evaporation: Evaporation is when the sun heats up water in revers or lakes or the ocean and turns it into vapor
or steam leaves the river, lakes or ocean and goes into the air. People perspire(sweat) and plants transpire.
Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water out of their leaves. Transpiration gives evaporation a bit
of a hand in getting water vapor back into the air.

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Condensation: Water vapor in the air gets cold and changes back into liquid, forming clouds. This is called
condensation.

Precipitation: Precipitation occurs when so much water has condensed that air cannot hold it anymore. The
clouds get heavy and water falls back to the earth in the form of rain, hail, sheet or snow.

Collection: When water falls back to the earth as precipitation; it may fall back in oceans, lakes or rivers or it
may end up on land, it will either soak into the earth and become part of the “ground water” that plants and
animals use it or it may run over the soil and collect in the oceans, lakes or rivers; where the cycle starts.

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TOPIC: ECOSYSTEM

Ecosystem: An ecosystem is community of living organisms in conjunction with non-living components of their
environment (things like air, water, mineral soil), and all their relationship in a particular unit of space.

These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.
As ecosystem is defined by the network of interactions among organisms and between organisms and
environment, they be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say
that entire planet is an ecosystem).

Structure and functions of ecosystem: The structure of an ecosystem is basically a description of the
organisms and physical feature of environment including the amount and distribution of nutrients in a
particular habit. It also provides information regarding of climatic condition prevailing in the area.

Ecosystem

Abiotic components Biotic components

Climatic Edaphic Producers Consumers Decomposers

. or or or
. Autotrophs Heterotrophs Saptrotrophs

Rain Soil
H
Light p

Wind Minerals

Temperature Topography

Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Quaternary consumers

. or or or or .
. Herbivores Primary carnivores Large carnivores Omnivores

Fig: Structure of an ecosystem.

Each ecosystem has two main components-

1. Abiotic components and

2. Biotic components.

Abiotic components: The non-living factors of the physical environment prevailing in an ecosystemk from the
abiotic components. They have strong influence on the structure, distribution, behaviour and inter-relationship
of organisms.

Abiotic components are mainly two types:

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A) Climatic factors, which include rain, temperature, light, wind, humidity etc.
H
B) Edaphic factors, which include soil, p , topography, minerals etc.

Biotic components: The living organisms including plants, animals and micro-organism (bacteria and fungi)
that are present in an ecosystem from the biotic components.

On the basic of their role in the ecosystem the biotic components can be classified into three main groups-

A) Producers: Producers are able to capture the suns energy through photosynthesis and absorb
nutrients from the soil storing them for further use by themselves and by other organisms. Grasses,
shrubs, trees, mosses, lichens, cyanobacteria are the producers.
B) Consumers: Consumers are organisms that do not have the ability to capture the energy produced by
sun but consume plant and/or animal material to gain their energy for growth and activity. Herbivores
eat only plants, omnivores eat both plants and animals, carnivores eat only animal.
C) Decomposers: Decomposers include the insects, fungi, algae and bacteria both on ground and the soil
that help break down organic layer to provide nutrients for growing plants. They are many millions of
these organisms in each square meter of grassland.

From the nutrition point of view, the bio tic components can be grouped into two basic components-

A) Autotrophic: The autotrophic components include all green plants with fix the radiant energy of and
manufacture food from substance.
B) Heterotrophic: The heterotrophic components include non-green plants and animals with which take
food from autotrophic.

Destruction of ecosystem: There are many reasons for destruction of ecosystem. They are-

1. Habitat destruction is the process in wild nature habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the
species present organisms, that previously used the site are displeased or destroyed, reducing
biodiversity. Habitat destruction by human is mainly for the harvesting natural resources for industry
production and urbanization.
2. Habitat destruction is currently ranked as the primary causes of species execution wild wide and
climate changes.
3. Destruction of forest changes the ecosystem gradually.
4. Climate changes impact on ecosystem changes.
5. Ecosystem are gradually change by the pollution of air, water and many other essential elements.
6. Pollution is one of the main causes of ecosystem by trash, carbon emission, oil, spills and pesticides
includes.
7. Climate change continues to play a significant role in the destruction of ecosystem.
8. Global warming has led to increase temperature, sea-levels and ocean acidity that disrupt ecosystems
natural balance.
9. As human population is increasing, they need to develop more land. Ecosystem is destroyed in order to
use more land for housing, roads, agricultural uses etc.
10. Many ecosystems are rich in natural resources like nutrient-rick, soil, water, tress, fossil fuels, oil.
Drilling of those resources contributes to ecosystem destruction.
11. As ecosystem’s animals are vital source of food, population are declining due to over fishing and
hunting. Animals are often hunted for their valuable skin, phage, horns and meat.

Conservation of ecosystem: The way of consecrating ecosystem is given below-

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1. Conserving and generating soil, pollinating crops and other plants.

2. Regulating carbon.
3. Protecting area against climates.
4. Maintaining aquifers and steam.
5. Developing strategic conservation plants-generic protocol that could be used by other rural planning
organizations.
6. Protect important ecosystem that could be in potential conflict with the transportation plan.
7. Generate responsible cost estimates.
8. Generate awareness of environmental features.

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TOPIC: MATTER AND ENERGY

Matter: Matter is any substance that has mass, takes up space and protects forces.

Types of matter: Solid: A solid holds a certain shape without a container. Solid has area. The molecules are
held very close to each other.

Liquid: Liquid don’t have own shape; it takes the shape of container but it has area.

Gas: Gas don’t have neither shape nor area. It covers whole area container.

Energy: Energy is the capacity to do work.

Types of energy: there are many types of energy, such as-

Mechanical energy: Mechanical energy is energy that results from movement or the location of an object.
Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy. Example- An object processing
mechanical energy has both kinetic and potential energy, although the energy of one of the forms may be
equal to zero. A moving car has kinetic energy. If you move the car up a mountain, it has kinetic and potential
energy. A book sitting on a table has potential energy.

Thermal energy: thermal energy or heat energy reflects the temperature difference between two systems.
Example: A cup of hot coffee has thermal energy.

Electrical energy: Energy produced by electrons moving through a substance is known as electrical energy. We
mostly see electric energy in batteries and from the outlets in our home. Electrical energy lights our homes, run
motors and makes our TVs and radios work. Example: CD players, TVs and video games.

Sound energy: Sound energy is produced when an objects is made to vibrate. Sound energy travels out as
waves in all direction. Sound needs a medium to travel through, such as air, water, wood and even metal.
Example: voices, whistles, horns and musical instruments.

Gravitational energy: Energy associated with gravity involves the attraction between two objects based on
their mass. It can serve as a basis for mechanical energy, such as potential energy of an object placed on a shelf
or the kinetic energy of the Moon in orbit around the earth. Example: Gravitational energy holds the
atmosphere to the earth.

Chemical energy: Chemical energy results from chemical reactions between atoms or molecules. There are
different types of chemical energy, such as electro-chemical energy. Example: A good example of chemical
energy is an electro-chemical cell or battery.

Nuclear energy: Nuclear energy is energy resulting from changes atomic nucleus or from nuclear reactions.
Example: Nuclear fission, nuclear fusion and nuclear decay are examples of nuclear energy.

Laws of energy: In a discussion of energy the basic understanding resolves around the fact. There are three
laws of energy-
st
1 law: Energy can neither be created or destroyed; rather, it transforms from one form another.
nd nd
2 law: The 2 law refers to the state of energy and it’s refers to state of energy and it is reflected in
measurement of the degree of disorder. When you burn a lam of coal, a change occur which results in a more
disordered state and you never combine the resultant product.

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rd
3 law: As we mentioned the universe is winding down. The third law in that everything dose come to a stop
0 0
only when the temperature is at- 273, 15 C on the celcious scale; that equates to- 459, 60 F. This called
absolute zero and is where the entropy measurement is 0(zero).

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TOPIC: BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE

A biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both the biotic and abiotic
components of Earth. A way to remember this is to break apart the word ‘biogeochemical’ into pieces. The first
part of the word, bio, involves biological organisms, like bacteria, plants, animals etc. The next part of the
word, geo, involves geological processes, like weathering of rocks. The last part of the word indicates chemical
processes, such as formation of molecules. There are many types of biogeochemical cycle; carbon cycle,
nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle are most well known and important.

For example a diagram on carbon cycle is give bellow-

Fig: Carbon cycle.

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TOPIC: GREEN HOUSE

Green house: A green is a building with different types of covering materials such as: glass or plastic and
frequently glass or plastic walls. Green house are used expensively by botanist, commercial plants growers and
dedicated gardens particularly in cool climates or cool countries. Green houses are useful for growing plants
because they both allow sunlight to enter and prevent heat for escaping. The transparent covering of green
house allows visible light to enter easily where it warms absorbed by the materials. The transparent covering
also events the heat for leaving by reflecting the energy back into the interior and preventing outside winds
from carry it away. A model of green house is given bellow-

Fig: Green house.

0 0 0 0
Temperature of green house: 39 C – 40 C or 100 F - 120 F.

Green house effect on nature: Green house effect is a natural process that warms the earth surface. When the
sun energy reach earth’s atmosphere some of its reflated back to space and some of its absorbed and re-
radiated by green house gases. Green house gases include methane(CH 4), cholorofluoro carbons(CFC), nitrous
oxide(NO2), carbon-di-oxide(CO2), water vapor (O H2O), ozone(O3) etc. The absorbed energy warms the
0
atmosphere and surface of earth. This process maintains the earth’s temperature at around 33 C warmer than
it would otherwise be allowing life on the earth to esist.

Causes of green house effect: Causes of green house effect is given bellow-

1. Burning of fossil fuels: Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and have become an important part of our life. They
are use on large basis to produce electricity and for pollution get emit from vehicles contains carbon-
di-oxide, which is one of the main gas responsible for increasing the green house effect.
2. Deforestation: Forest holds a major green area on this Earth. Plants and trees take carbon-di-oxide
and release oxygen through the process of photosynthesis for the survival human beings. Large scale
development have forced people to look for alternative places for living which has resulted in cutting
down of tress. When carbon-di-oxide increases more in atmosphere.
3. Use of CFC: The use of CFC in packaging and manufacturing commercial product, the use of detergents
and such as washing powder or liquid and so on. Which is responsible for green house effect.
4. Fuming: Nitrous oxide is one of the green house gases that is used in fertilizers and
contributes to green house effect.
5. Industrial wastes and land fills: Industrial wastes which are involved in cement production,
fertilizers, coal mining activities, oil extraction produce harmful green house gases. Also

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lands are filled with garbage produce carbon-di-oxide and methane gases, contributing
significantly to green house effect.
6. Increases in population: Over the last few decades, there have been huge increases in the
population. Now this has resulted in increase demand for food, cloth and shelter; and for this
it causes deforestation. Increasing population is responsible for increasing carbon-di-oxide.

Effects of green house effect: Effects of green house effect is given bellow-

1. Global warming
2. Ice melting
3. Increase of water level
4. Ocean acidification
5. Ozone layer depletion
6. Changes to plant growth nutrients lives
7. Different diseases
8. Pollution

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TOPIC: POPULATION

Malthusian law of population: A theory proposed in 1798 by English economist Thomas Malthus. The theory
states that, “Population would grow at a geometric rate while food supply grows at an arithmetic rate.”

The theory has seen as flawed because of the limited factors observed when he developed the law. It doesn’t
include factors, such as technology, diseases, poverty, international conflict natural disaster.

Reasons of over population: Reasons of over population are given below-

1. Illiteracy and lack of awareness as far as lower class concerned.

2. Traditional culture of having a big family is still considered good in our society.
3. Social ills like child marriage.
4. Lack of sex education in schools.
5. Poor access to contraceptives and early marriages, resulting in early pregnancies, particularly in rural
areas.
6. Widening gap between birth and death rates.
7. Religious attitude towards family planning.
8. Lack of recreational facilities.
9. Batter medical facilities decreases death rate.
10. Thinking for more hand to overcome poverty.

Effects of over population: Effects of over population is given below-

1. Depletion of natural resources.

2. Scarcity of food or other essential things.
3. Degradation of environment.
4. Conflicts and wars.
5. Rise in unemployment.
6. High cost of living.
7. Lack of security.

Solutions to over population: Solutions to over population are given below-

1. Providing sex education in schools.

2. Making people aware of family planning.
3. Early marriage should be stopped.
4. Women should be taught about birth control system.
5. Religious obscurantism should be avoided.
6. Increasing recreational facilities.

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TOPIC: FOOD CHAIN

A food chain shows how each living thing gets food, and how nutrients and energy are processed from creature
to creature. Food chain starts with plant-life ends up with animal-life.

Fig: Food chain

Creature

Producers Consumers
Decomposers

Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores

(goat, hare etc) (human) (tiger, lion etc)

Fig: Classification of creatures.

Producers are able to capture the suns energy through photosynthesis and absorb nutrients from the soil
storing them for further use by themselves and by other organisms. Grasses, shrubs, trees, mosses, lichens,
cyanobacteria are the producers.

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Consumers are organisms that do not have the ability to capture the energy produced by sun but consume
plant and/or animal material to gain their energy for growth and activity. Herbivores eat only plants,
omnivores eat both plants and animals, carnivores eat only animal.

Decomposers include the insects, fungi, algae and bacteria both on ground and the soil that help break down
organic layer to provide nutrients for growing plants. They are many millions of these organisms in each square
meter of grassland.

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TOPIC: POLLUTION

“Pollution”, a word that concern most people when they hear about it but is something which is part of
everyday life. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse
change. Pollution can be caused by human beings, animals or by nature.

Water pollution

Water is an essential of nature because it saves all kinds of lives on earth. Water pollution is the contamination
of water bodies(e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and ground water.), caused by human, animal or nature.

Causes of water pollution: Causes of water pollution are given below-

1. Fresh water gets polluted by industrial wastes or effluence.

2. Agricultural runoff and improper agricultural practices are responsible for water pollution.
3. Using harmful fertilizers and insecticides in field is also responsible for water pollution.
4. Some religious and social practices are also responsible for pollution of water.
5. Deforestation often leads to water pollution.
6. Mining produce waste that pollute water.
7. Sometimes use of energy is responsible for water.
8. Marine dumping is responsible for water pollution.
9. Underground storages leakages are responsible for water pollution.
10. Water gets constantly polluted by oil of launch, steamer, ship and other water vehicles.
11. Global warming is another cause of water pollution.
12. Radio-active wastes pollute water.
13. Septic tanks pollute water.
14. Atmospheric deposition is responsible for water pollution.
15. Water pollution is also caused by acid rain.
16. Increasing population is the leading reason of water pollution.
17. Volcanoes eruption causes water pollution.
18. Microbiologist causes water pollution.

Effects of water pollution: Effects of water are given below-

1. Water pollution is responsible for many diseases like- skin diseases, liver diseases, kidney disease,
allergies.
2. Destruction of crop.
3. Fishes and other aquatic oxygen-consuming life to die.
4. Disrupt aquatic food waves.
5. Genetic mutation.
6. Birth defects.
7. Certain cancer.
8. Makes aquatic organisms more vulnerable to diseases.
9. Fish and other aquatic organisms adapted to a particular temperature range.

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10. Lower crop yields.

11. Harm to wildlife.
12. Threaten human nervous system.
13. Water pollution causes soil pollution.

Control of water pollution: Ways to control of water pollution are given below-

1. To proper management of garbage system.

2. To maintain proper sanitation system.
3. Aware people about water pollution.
4. To provide law.
5. Reduce poverty.
6. Control birth rate.
7. To minimize emitting industrial wastes in water resources.
8. To minimize the use of harmful fertilizers and insecticides in agricultural land.
9. To maintain industrial wastes product by using modern technology.
10. Plant lots of trees.
11. To not throw chemicals, oil, medicines in water resources.
12. Eco-friendly chemical should be used.
13. Not to use defective water vehicles.

Air pollution

Air pollution means a remarkable change in chemical, physical and biological characteristics by human or
nature.

Causes of air pollution: Causes of air pollution are given below-

(a) Natural causes-

1. Volcanoes eruption.
2. Forest fire.
3. Sea water like spray.
4. Wind erosion of soil.
5. Microbiologist.
(b) Men made causes-
1. Burning of fossil fuels(e.g. coal, oil, gas).
2. By emitting smoke from vehicles.
3. Dust, fume and wastes from industries, factories, mills, power plants pollute air.
4. Sometimes use of energy is responsible for air pollution.
5. Religious and social practices also responsible for pollution of air.
6. Deforestation often leads to air pollution.
7. Atmospheric deposition is responsible for air pollution.
8. Unsanitary activity pollutes the air.
9. Aerosols, insecticides pollute the air.
10. Greenhouse gases pollute the air.
11. Dead animals, kept in open air pollute the air.

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12. Nuclear weapons pollute the air.

13. Burning domestic wastes product pollute the air.
14. Radio-active substances in the nature pollute the air.
15. Smoking habit causes air pollution.
16. Open dustbin causes air pollution.
17. Increasing population is the leading reason of water pollution.

Effects of air pollution: Effects of water pollution are given below-

Effects on human health-

1. Lunge cancer.
2. Skin diseases.
3. Pneumonia.
4. Staphylococcal infection.
5. Whooping cough.
6. Tuberculosis.
7. Pox.
8. Measles.
9. Mumps.
10. Influenza.
11. Asthma.
12. Allergies.
13. Genetic mutation.
14. Birth defects.
15. Threaten human nervous system.

Other effects of air pollution-

1. Blur on folia.
2. Destruction of crops.
3. Disrupt food waves.
4. Abnormal growth of plants.
5. Global warming.
6. Harm to wildlife.

Control of air pollution: The ways of control of air pollution is given below-

1. To minimize burning of fossil fuels, petroleum and other factories combustion.

2. Not to use defective vehicles.
3. To minimize emitting industrial smoke and wastes in the air.
4. To maintain industrial wastes product by using modern technology.
5. To stop burning refuse and domestic wastes products.
6. To proper management of garbage system.
7. To maintain proper sanitation system.
8. Aware people about air pollution.
9. To provide law.
10. Reduce poverty.

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11. Control birth rate.

12. To minimize the use of harmful fertilizers, insecticides and aerosols.
13. Eco-friendly chemical should be used.
14. Dustbins should be covered up.
15. Plant lots of trees.
16. To not throw chemicals, oil, medicines in to and fro.

Soil pollution

Soil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals(pollutants or contaminants) in soil, in high enough to
affect the quality of the soil and health of those living on it. Soil pollution can be caused both by human or
nature.

Causes of soil pollution: Causes of water pollution are given below-

1. Improper agricultural practices are responsible for soil pollution.

2. Using harmful fertilizers and insecticides in field.
3. Religious and social practices also responsible for pollution of soil.
4. Deforestation often leads to soil pollution.
5. Mining produce waste that pollute soil.
6. Underground storages leakages are responsible for soil pollution.
7. Radio-active wastes pollute soil.
8. Atmospheric deposition is responsible for soil pollution.
9. Septic tanks pollute soil.
10. Soil pollution is also caused by acid rain.
11. Increasing population is the leading reason of water pollution.
12. Emitting industrial wastes causes soil pollution.
13. The efflux of the nuclear thermal station or of atomic research centers, if allowed to come into contact
with ground, pollutes the soil.
14. If plastic pieces used in domestic works are thrown on ground, these, instead of perishing, pollute the
soil.
15. The excrement of the animal mixes with the soil and pollutes it.
16. Volcanoes eruption causes soil pollution.
17. Microbiologist causes soil pollution.
18. Sometimes use of energy is responsible for soil pollution.

Effects of soil pollution: Effects of soil pollution are given below-

1. Soil pollution is responsible for many diseases.

2. Agricultural production disrupted.
3. Food value of crops declines due to soil pollution.
4. Disrupt aquatic food waves.
5. Makes land organisms more vulnerable to diseases.
6. Harm to wildlife.
7. Soil pollution causes water pollution.
8. Abnormal growth of plants.

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9. The soil itself losses fertility.

10. Grassland and forest are destroyed.
11. Soil pollution causes land avalanche.

Control of soil pollution: The ways of control soil pollution is given below-

1. To proper management of garbage system.

2. To maintain proper sanitation system.
3. To provide law.
4. Reduce poverty.
5. Control birth rate.
6. Aware people about soil pollution.
7. To minimize emitting industrial wastes in ground.
8. To minimize the use of harmful fertilizers and insecticides in agricultural land.
9. Agricultural practices should be done in a planed way.
10. To maintain industrial wastes product by using modern technology.
11. To not throw chemicals, oil, medicines in to and fro.
12. Eco-friendly chemical should be used.

Noise pollution

Noise pollution is the disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal
life. Noise pollution may be caused by human or nature.

Causes of noise pollution: Causes of noise pollution are given below-

1. Some religious practices are responsible for noise pollution.

2. Some social practices are also responsible for noise pollution.
3. Sound of industries, factories, mills, power plants causes noise pollution.
4. Sound of vehicles causes noise pollution.
5. Sound of thunder causes noise pollution.
6. High volume of microphone, speaker, television, radio causes noise pollution.
7. Weapons used in war cause noise pollution.
8. Air crafts cause noise pollution.
9. Meeting, marched causes noise pollution.
10. Different natural disaster causes noise pollution.
11. Brushy call of animals causes noise pollution.
12. Construction work causes noise pollution.
13. Increasing population is the leading reason of noise pollution.
14. Sometimes use of energy is responsible for noise pollution.

Effects of noise pollution: Effects of noise pollution is given below-

1. Threaten human nervous system.

2. Harm to wildlife.
3. Breaks concentration.
4. Hearing power becomes damaged.

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5. Noise pollution is responsible for cardiac diseases.

6. Noise pollution causes sleeping disruption.
7. Noise pollution increases stress and anxiety.
8. Noise pollution is harmful for psychological health.

Control fo noise pollution: The ways of control of noise pollution is given below-

1. To proper management of industrial sound system.

2. To use modern technology for industrial production.
3. To proper management of constructive sound system.
4. To provide law.
5. Control birth rate.
6. Aware people about soil pollution.
7. Not to use microphone, speaker, television, radio in high volume.
8. Not to use defective vehicles.

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TOPIC: SOCIETY
Society: A society is a group of people involved in persistent social interaction, or
a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically
subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

The Six Types of Societies:

1. Hunting and gathering societies

2. Pastoral societies
3. Horticultural societies
4. Agricultural societies
5. Industrial societies
6. Post-industrial societies

Hunting and gathering societies: The members of hunting and gathering societies primarily survive by
hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants. To survive, early human societies
completely depended upon their immediate environment. When the animals left the
area, the plants died, or the rivers dried up, the society had to relocate to an area
where resources were plentiful.

Pastoral societies: Members of pastoral societies, which first emerged 12,000 years ago, pasture
animals for food and transportation. Pastoral societies still exist today, primarily in
the desert lands of North Africa where horticulture and manufacturing are not
possible. Domesticating animals allows for a more manageable food supply than
do hunting and gathering. Hence, pastoral societies are able to produce a surplus of
goods, which makes storing food for future use a possibility.

Horticultural societies: Unlike pastoral societies that rely on domesticating animals, horticultural
societies rely on cultivating fruits, vegetables, and plants. These societies first
appeared in different parts of the planet about the same time as pastoral societies.
Horticultural societies occasionally produced a surplus, which permitted storage as
well as the emergence of other professions not related to the survival of the society.

Agricultural societies: Agricultural societies use technological advances to cultivate crops (especially
grains like wheat, rice, corn, and barley) over a large area. Sociologists use the
phrase Agricultural Revolution to refer to the technological changes that occurred
as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals.
Increases in food supplies then led to larger populations than in earlier
communities.

Industrial societies: Industrial societies are based on using machines (particularly fuel‐driven ones) to
produce goods. Sociologists refer to the period during the 18th century when the
production of goods in mechanized factories began as the Industrial Revolution.

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The Industrial Revolution appeared first in Britain, and then quickly spread to the
rest of the world.

Postindustrial societies: Sociologists note that with the advent of the computer microchip, the world is
witnessing a technological revolution. This revolution is creating a postindustrial
society based on information, knowledge, and the selling of services. That is,
rather than being driven by the factory production of goods, society is being
shaped by the human mind, aided by computer technology. Although factories will
always exist, the key to wealth and power seems to lie in the ability to generate,
store, manipulate, and sell information.

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TOPIC: SUNDARBANS
The Sundarbans is a vast forest in the coastal region of the Bay of Bengal, considered one of the natural
wonders of the world, it was recognised in 1997 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Location: Khulna Division, Bangladesh, West Bengal, India

Area: 139,500 ha (539 sq mi).

Ecosystem of Sundarbans: Observations on the plant-animal relations and adaptations of different forms of
living organisms of the mangrove swamps are presented. Principal forest formations inhabited by Sundarbans
tigers have been described with vegetation types Ecological dynamics of the plant-animal complex indicate
strict protection of the habitat. The mangrove zone situated below tbe tide level was observed to be
comparatively rich in generic and specific diversity over other zones which are frequently inundated. Salinity
and tidal fluctuations in the mangrove swamps are the critical factors that regulate the physical and chemical
environment of the entire biota. All other biotic and abiotic factors that exert considerable force on the
environment have also been identified. Habitat formations like pure Cereops.

Excaecaria-Cereops which record high soil salinity also exhibit significantly higher human casualties from tiger.
Soil salinity has been correlated with human casualties from tiger in different habitat formations types.

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TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

Environmental law, also known as environmental and natural resources law, is a collective term describing the
network of treaties, statutes, regulations, common and customary laws addressing the effects of human
activity on the natural environment. The core environmental law regimes address environmental pollution. A
related but distinct set of regulatory regimes, now strongly influenced by environmental legal principles, focus
on the management of specific natural resources, such as forests, minerals, or fisheries. Other areas, such as
environmental impact assessment, may not fit neatly into either category, but are nonetheless important
components of environmental law.

Environmental laws are given bellow-

Air quality: Air quality laws govern the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere. A specialized subset of
air quality laws regulate the quality of air inside buildings. Air quality laws are often designed specifically to
protect human health by limiting or eliminating airborne pollutant concentrations. Other initiatives are
designed to address broader ecological problems, such as limitations on chemicals that affect the ozone layer,
and emissions trading programs to address acid rain or climate change. Regulatory efforts include identifying
and categorizing air pollutants, setting limits on acceptable emissions levels, and dictating necessary or
appropriate mitigation technologies.

Water quality: Water quality laws govern the release of pollutants into water resources, including surface
water, ground water, and stored drinking water. Some water quality laws, such as drinking water regulations,
may be designed solely with reference to human health. Many others, including restrictions on the alteration of
the chemical, physical, radiological, and biological characteristics of water resources, may also reflect efforts to
protect aquatic ecosystems more broadly. Regulatory efforts may include identifying and categorizing water
pollutants, dictating acceptable pollutant concentrations in water resources, and limiting pollutant discharges
from effluent sources. Regulatory areas include sewage treatment and disposal, industrial and agricultural
waste water management, and control of surface runoff from construction sites and urban environments.

Waste management: Waste management laws govern the transport, treatment, storage, and disposal of all
manner of waste, including municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and nuclear waste, among many other
types. Waste laws are generally designed to minimize or eliminate the uncontrolled dispersal of waste
materials into the environment in a manner that may cause ecological or biological harm, and include laws
designed to reduce the generation of waste and promote or mandate waste recycling. Regulatory efforts
include identifying and categorizing waste types and mandating transport, treatment, storage, and disposal
practices.

Contaminate cleanup: Environmental cleanup laws govern the removal of pollution or contaminants from
environmental media such as soil, sediment, surface water, or ground water. Unlike pollution control laws,
cleanup laws are designed to respond after-the-fact to environmental contamination, and consequently must
often define not only the necessary response actions, but also the parties who may be responsible for
undertaking (or paying for) such actions. Regulatory requirements may include rules for emergency response,
liability allocation, site assessment, remedial investigation, feasibility studies, remedial action, post-remedial
monitoring, and site reuse.

Chemical safety: Chemical safety laws govern the use of chemicals in human activities, particularly man-made
chemicals in modern industrial applications. As contrasted with media-oriented environmental laws (e.g., air or
water quality laws), chemical control laws seek to manage the (potential) pollutants themselves. Regulatory
efforts include banning specific chemical constituents in consumer products (e.g., Bisphenol A in plastic bottles),
and regulating pesticides.

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TOPIC: INTERNATIONAL CONVETIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE

A list of some international conventions held on environmental issue is given bellow table-

Year Convention
1972 Declaration of the United nations Conference on the Human Environment
1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
1982 World Charter for nature
1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1973 Convention on International Tread in Endangered Species of World Fauna and Flora
1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
1989 Convention on the Conservation on the Control of Trans Boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their
Disposal Adopted by the conference
2001 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
1992 Convention on Biological Diversity
1997 United Nation Convention on the Law the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses

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QUESITIONS OF PREVIOUS YEARS

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