 Civic assignment

 Both morality and ethics loosely have to do with distinguishing the difference between “good
and bad” or “right and wrong.” Many people think of morality as something that's personal
and normative, whereas ethics is the standards of “good and bad” distinguished by a certain
community or social setting.
 ethics
 ethics refer to rules provided by an external source, e.g., codes of conduct in workplaces or
principles in religions.
 Ethics examines the rational justification for our moral judgments; it studies what is morally
right or wrong, just or unjust. In a broader sense, ethics reflects on human beings and their
interaction with nature and with other humans, on freedom, on responsibility and on justice.
 Morals
 Morals refer to an individual's own principles regarding right and wrong.
 Morality is the belief that some behavior is right and acceptable and that other behavior is
wrong.
 Moral standards are values that a society uses to determine reasonable, correct, or
acceptable. Some standards are universally accepted; for example, most societies believe
killing is wrong, but some make an exception for killing in a war fought to protect the country
or killing in self-defense.
 good example of morality
 Keep your promises. Do not cheat. Treat others as you want to be treated. Do not judge.
 Ethics and Law - Ethics are rules of conduct. Laws are rules developed by governments in
order to provide balance in society and protection to its citizens. Ethics comes from people's
awareness of what is right and wrong. Laws are enforced by governments to their people.
 Ethics:-
 Ethics is a branch of moral philosophy that guides people about the basic human conduct.
 Set of guidelines.
 Governed By Individual, Legal and Professional norms.
 They are abstract.
 There is no punishment for violation of ethics.
 Ethics are made to help people to decide what is right or wrong and how to act.
 Ethics do not have a binding nature.

 LAW:-
 The law refers to a systematic body of rules that governs the whole
society and the actions of its individual members.
 Set of rules and regulations.
 Governed By Government.
 Expressed and published in writing.
 Violation of law is not permissible which may result in punishment
like imprisonment or fine or both.
 Law is created with an intent to maintain social order and peace in the
society and provide protection to all the citizens.
 Law has a legal binding.
 the goals of moral and citizenship education
3
 In higher educational institutions of Ethiopia, civics and
ethics/moral education is given with the aim of educating
students about democratic culture, ethical values and
principles, supremacy of constitution, the rule of law,
rights and duties of citizens.
 Civic education should help young people acquire and
learn to use the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that will
prepare them to be competent and responsible citizens
throughout their lives.
 Ten general objectives are stated: "show concern for the
welfare and dignity of others"; "support rights and
freedoms of all individuals"; "help maintain law and
order"; "know the main structure and functions of our
governments"; "seek community improvement through
active, democratic participation"; "understand ...
 It helps citizens to acquire adequate knowledge about
their rights and duties in their society. Citizenship
education teaches citizens values important to make them
better individuals in society. These values include
honesty, selflessness, discipline, tolerance etc.
o 4. Almond and Verba's argument is based on a distinction
between three pure types of political culture:
 parochial,
 subject, and
 participant.
 In a parochial political culture, citizens are only indistinctly aware of
the existence of central government.
 Parochial Political Culture: This type of political culture is one in
which the citizens of the country have very little awareness of the
central government, and they do not play an active role in government
 affairs. Parochial political cultures are commonly found in
underdeveloped countries. This could be due to the citizens being
uninformed, or disinterested, in politics. Because of their lack of
involvement, the government officials tend to have disregard for the
citizens there, and thus a parochial political culture is established.
Some examples of parochial political cultures can be seen in various
regions in Asia and Africa.
 Subject Political Culture: In this type of political culture, people play a
more important role. The people know and understand the political
system and how it impacts their lives. They sometimes participate in
political decisions. An example of a subject political culture is
Germany.
 Participant Political Culture: All citizens have the opportunity to
participate in politics in a participant political system. Citizens are
aware of their rights and ability to influence political workings, and
many feel that it is their duty to participate. An example of a
participant political culture is the United States of America.

o 5. There are three main ethical theories in Ethics :-

 Teleological (Utilitarianism) :-Utilitarian ethical theories are based on

ones ability to predict the consequences of an
 Deontology : -Deontological ethics places special emphasis on the
relationship between duty and the morality of human actions. In
deontological ethics an action is considered morally good because of
some characteristic of the action itself,
 Virtue Ethics : -Virtue ethics serves as an alternative to both
deontological and utilitarian ethics. Virtue ethics concentrate on what
kind of person one should be and become, and what virtues should she
possess.

 6. Article 1 The state as a person of international law should possess

the following qualifications:
o (a) a permanent population;
o (b) a defined territory;
o (c) government; and
o (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states .
 7. Among the different state forms that have developed are the
following:

o Minimal states
o Developmental states
o Social-democratic states
o Collectivized states
o Totalitarian states
o Religious states

o 1. Minimal States

o The minimal state is the ideal of classical liberals, whose aim is

to ensure that individuals enjoy the widest possible realm of
freedom. This view is rooted in social-contract theory, but it
nevertheless advances an essentially negative view of the state.
From this perspective, the value of the state is that it has the
capacity to constrain human behavior and thus to prevent
individuals encroaching on the rights and liberties of others. The
state is merely a protective body, its core function being to
provide a framework of peace and social order within which
citizens can conduct their lives as they think best. In Lockes
famous simile, the state acts as a night watchman, whose
services are called upon only when orderly existence is
threatened? This nevertheless leaves the minimal or night
watchman state with three core functions. First and foremost,
the state exists to maintain domestic order. Second, it ensures
that contracts or voluntary agreements made between private
citizens are enforced, and third it provides protection against
external attack. The institutional apparatus of a minimal state is
thus limited to a police force, a court system and a military of
some kind. Economic, social, cultural, moral and other
responsibilities belong to the individual, and are therefore
firmly part of civil society.
o The cause of the minimal state has been taken up in modern
political debate by the New Right. Drawing on early liberal
ideas, and particularly on free-market or classical economic
theories, the New Right has proclaimed the need to roll back the
frontiers of the state. In the writings of Robert Nozick (1974),
this amounts to a restatement of Lockean liberalism based on a
defense of individual rights, especially property rights. In the
case of free-market economists such as Friedrich von Haye and
Milton Friedman, state intervention is seen as a dead hand that
reduces competition, efficiency and productivity. From the New
Right perspective, the states economic role should be confined
to two functions: the maintenance of a stable means of
exchange or sound money (low or zero inflation), and the pro
motion of competition through controls on monopoly power,
price fixing and so on.

o 2. Developmental States

o The best historical examples of minimal states were those in

countries such as the UK and the USA during the period of early
industrialization in the nineteenth century. As a general rule,
however, the later a country industrializes, the more extensive
will be its states economic role. In Japan and Germany, for
instance, the state assumed a more active developmental role
from the outset. A developmental state is one that intervenes in
economic life with the specific purpose of promoting industrial
growth and economic development. This does not amount to an
attempt to replace the market with a socialist system of
planning and control but, rather, to an attempt to construct a
partnership between the state and major economic interests,
often underpinned by conservative and nationalist priorities.

o The classic example of a developmental state is Japan. During

the Meiji Period (18681912), the Japanese state forged a close
relationship with the Zaibutsu, the great family-run business
empires that dominated the Japanese economy up until World
War II. Since 1945, the developmental role of the Japanese state
 has been assumed by the Japanese Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (MITI), which, together with the Bank of
Japan, helps to shape private investment decisions and steer
the Japanese economy towards international competitiveness. A
similar model of developmental intervention has existed in
France, where governments of both left and right have tended
to recognize the need for economic planning, and the state
bureaucracy has seen itself as the custodian of the national
interest. In countries such as Austria and, to some extent,
Germany, economic development has been achieved through
the construction of a partnership state, in which an emphasis is
placed on the maintenance of a close relationship between the
state and major economic interests, notably big business and
organized labor.

o More recently, economic globalization has fostered the

emergence of competition states, examples of which are found
amongst the tiger economies of East Asia. Competition states
are distinguished by their recognition of the need to strengthen
education and training as the principal guaranteeing economic
success in a context of intensifying transnational competition.

o 3. Social Democratic (Welfare) States

o Whereas developmental states practice interventionism in

order to stimulate economic progress, social-democratic states
intervene with a view to bringing about broader social
restructuring, usually in accordance with principles such as
fairness, equality and social justice. In countries such as Austria
and Sweden, state intervention has been guided by both
developmental and social democratic priorities. Nevertheless,
developmentalism and social democracy do not always go hand-
in-hand. As Marquand (1988) pointed out, although the UK state
was significantly extended in the period immediately after
World War II along social-democratic lines, it failed to evolve
into a developmental state. The key to understanding the social-
democratic state is that there is a shift from a negative view of
 the state, which sees it as little more than a necessary evil, to a
positive view of the state, in which it is seen as a means of
enlarging liberty and promoting justice. The social-democratic
state is thus the ideal of both modern liberals and democratic
socialists.

o Rather than merely laying down the conditions of orderly

existence, the social-democratic state is an active participant; in
particular, helping to rectify the imbalances and injustices of a
market economy. It therefore tends to focus less upon the
generation of wealth and more upon what is seen as the
equitable or just distribution of wealth. In practice, this boils
down to an attempt to eradicate poverty and reduce social
inequality. The twin features of a social democratic state are
therefore Keynesianism and social welfare. The aim of
Keynesian economic policies is to manage or regulate capitalism
with a view to promoting growth and maintaining full
employment. Although this may entail an element of planning,
the classic Keynesian strategy involves demand management
through adjustments in fiscal policy; that is, in the levels of
public spending and taxation. The adoption of welfare policies
has led to the emergence of so called welfare states, whose
responsibilities have extended to the promotion of social well-
being amongst their citizens. In this sense, the social-
democratic state is an enabling state, dedicated to the principle
of individual empowerment.

o 4. Collectivized States

o While developmental and social-democratic states intervene in

economic life with a view to guiding or supporting a largely
private economy, collectivized states bring the entirety of
economic life under state control. The best examples of such
states were in orthodox communist countries such as the USSR
and throughout Eastern Europe. These sought to abolish private
enterprise altogether, and set up centrally planned economies
administered by a network of economic ministries and planning
 committees. So-called command economies were therefore
established that were organized through a system of directive
planning that was ultimately controlled by the highest organs of
the communist party. The justification for state collectivization
stems from a fundamental socialist preference for common
ownership over private property. However, the use of the state
to attain this goal suggests a more positive attitude to state
power than that outlined in the classical writings of Marx and
Engels (182095).

o Marx and Engels by no means ruled out nationalization; Engels,

in particular, recognized that, during the dictatorship of the
proletariat, state control would be extended to include
factories, the banks, transportation and so on. Nevertheless,
they envisaged that the proletarian state would be strictly
temporary, and that it would wither away as class antagonisms
abated. In contrast, the collectivized state in the USSR became
permanent, and increasingly powerful and bureaucratic.

o Under Stalin, socialism was effectively equated with statism,

the advance of socialism being reflected in the widening
responsibilities and powers of the state apparatus. Indeed, after
Khrushchev announced in 1962 that the dictatorship of the
proletariat had ended, the state was formally identified with the
interests of the whole Soviet peoples.

o 5. Totalitarian States

o The most extreme and extensive form of interventionism is

found in totalitarian states. The essence of totalitarianism is the
construction of an all-embracing state, the influence of which
penetrates every aspect of human existence. The state brings
not only the economy, but also education, culture, religion,
family life and so on under direct state control. The best
examples of totalitarian states are Hitlers Germany and Stalins
USSR, although modern regimes such as Saddam Husseins Iraq
arguably have similar characteristics. The central pillars of such
 regimes are a comprehensive process of surveillance and
terroristic policing, and a pervasive system of ideological
manipulation and control. In this sense, totalitarian states
effectively extinguish civil society and abolish the private
sphere of life altogether. This is a goal that only fascists, who
wish to dissolve individual identity within the social whole, are
prepared openly to endorse. It is sometimes argued that
Mussolinis notion of a totalitarian state was derived from Hegels
belief in the state as an ethical community reflecting the
altruism and mutual sympathy of its members. From this
perspective, the advance of human civilization can clearly be
linked to the aggrandizement of the state and the widening of
its responsibilities.

o 6. Religious States

o On the face of it, a religious state is a contradiction in terms. The

modern state emerged largely through the triumph of civil
authority over religious authority, religion increasingly being
confined to the private sphere, through a separation between
church and state. The advance of state sovereignty thus usually
went hand in hand with the forward march of secularization. In
the USA, the secular nature of the state was enshrined in the
First Amendment of the constitution, which guarantees that
freedom of worship shall not be abridged, while in France the
separation of church and state has been maintained through a
strict emphasis on the principle of laïcité. In countries such as
Norway, Denmark and the UK, established or state religions
have developed, although the privileges these religions enjoy
stop well short of theocratic rule, and their political influence
has generally been restricted by a high level of social
secularization.

o Nevertheless, the period since the 1980s has witnessed the rise
of the religious state, driven by the tendency within religious
fundamentalism to reject the public/private divide and to view
religion as the basis of politics. Far from regarding political
 realm as inherently corrupt, fundamentalist movements have
typically looked to seize control of the state and to use it as an
instrument of moral and spiritual regeneration. This was
evident, for instance, in the process of Islamization introduced
in Pakistan under General Zia-ul-Haq after 1978, the
establishment of an Islamic state in Iran as a result of the 1979
revolution, and, despite its formal commitment to secularism,
the close links between the Sri Lankan state and Sinhala
Buddhism, particularly during the years of violent struggle
against Tamil separatism. Although, strictly speaking, religious
states are founded on the basis of religious principles, and, in
the Iranian model, contain explicitly theocratic features, in
other cases religiously-orientated governments operate in a
context of constitutional secularism.

o 8. A government's basic functions are providing leadership,

maintaining order, providing public services, providing national
security, providing economic security, and providing economic
assistance.
o Governments provide the parameters for everyday behavior for
citizens, protect them from outside interference, and often
provide for their well-being and happiness.
o The purpose is expressed in the preamble to the Constitution:
''We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more
per- fect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility,
provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare,
and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our
Posterity, do ...
o Securing fundamental individual rights, as well as the rights of
the people as a whole to govern themselves through consent is
the principal object of the republic envisioned by the Founders
like James Madison, James Wilson, Alexander Hamilton, and
George Mason.
 9. A. One can acquire the citizen of a state through two major ways
namely by birth and naturalization.
 1. CITIZENSHIP BY BIRTH
 This is the commonest methods of acquiring citizenship. Acquiring
citizenship by birth can be categorized in two different ways namely,
 By law of blood and descent: This means that any child whose
parents are citizens of a particular state whether or not, he or she is
born within the territorial jurisdiction of that state is a citizen of that
state .
 By law of soil or place: In this case, any child born within the territorial
jurisdiction of a state is automatically a citizen of that state
irrespective of the citizenship of the parents of the child.

 2. CITIZENSHIP BY NATURALIZATION
 Naturalization can be defined as the process of acquiring citizenship
through formal legal process. There are four types of naturalization.
 Direct naturalization: In this case, an individual acquire the
citizenship of a state after complying with and fulfilling the specified
legal process of that state.
 Derivative naturalization: Here a child becomes citizen as a result of
the parents direct naturalization.
 Collective naturalization or incorporation of territory: group of
persons occupying a definite territory acquire the citizenship of a
state by either a treaty or statute consequent upon a cession of that
territory to that new state.
 Formal registration of spouse: In this case, some states insist that a
spouse must first of all renounce the citizenship of her birth before
assuming that of her husband.
 B .The principal modes of loss of nationality are:
 Deprivation of nationality on grounds of conduct.
 Deprivation of nationality on grounds of fraud or misrepresentation.
 Renunciation (voluntary)
 On the acquisition of another nationality (voluntary)
 Civil service or military service for a foreign state.
 10.
 Dual nationality
 Edit
 Dual nationality is not allowed in Ethiopia;[17][18] however, provision
of the law under Article 20 is that persons who have dual nationality
 are "considered solely an Ethiopian national until the loss of Ethiopian
nationality".[19] To facilitate members of the Ethiopian diaspora,
persons who originally had Ethiopian nationality but now have foreign
status may acquire a special identity card. Those who attained
Eritrean nationality or renounced their Ethiopian nationality are not
eligible. The card entitles them to benefits such as access to public
services, entry without a visa, employment and residency rights, and
the right to own real property. They are classified as "foreign
nationals of Ethiopian origin".[11]