Probable CCN VIVA questions

1. What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs?

=>10Base2—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits persecond that
uses base band signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100
meters and a maximum of 2 segments.
=>10Base5—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per
second that uses base band signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per
segment.
=>10BaseT—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that
uses base band signaling and twisted pair cabling.
2. . Which layer of the 7 layer model provides services to the Application layer over the
Session layer connection?
Presentation.
3. Which OSI Reference Layer controls application to application communication?
Session layer.
4. What is a DNS resource record ?
A resource record is an entry in a name server’s database. There are several types of resource
records used, including name-to-address resolution information. Resource records are
maintained as ASCII files.
5. What protocol is used by DNS name servers ?
DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP because of
the improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course, transmission reliability suffers
with UDP.
6. What is the difference between interior and exterior neighbor gateways?
Interior gateways connect LANs of one organization, whereas exterior gateways connect the
organization to the outside world.
7. What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)?
It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers
8. What is Proxy ARP?
It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes
that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router.
9. What is OSPF ?
It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses
knowledge of an Internet’s topology to make accurate routing decisions.
10. What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)?
It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous
system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer
than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).
11. What is autonomous system?
It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a
common Interior Gateway Protocol.
12. What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)?
It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of
networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.
13. What is virtual path?
Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits
can be grouped together into what is called path.
14. What is virtual channel?
Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast
connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit
15. What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)?
It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.
16. What is multicast routing?
Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast
routing.
17. What is traffic shaping?
One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to
transmit at a uniform rate,congestion would be less common. Another open loop
method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable
rate. This is called traffic shaping.
18. What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses
Class A 0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 – 247.255.255.255

19. What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP
datagram
The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60
bytes.
20. What is difference between ARP and RARP?
The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit
physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of
another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the
receiver. The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet
address when it knows only its physical address.
21. What is ICMP ?
ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by
hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the
echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both
control and error messages.
22. What is MAC address?
The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the
network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is
unique.
23. What is frame relay, in which layer it comes?
Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

24. What is subnet?

A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.
25. 67. What is Brouter?
Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.
26. 68. How Gateway is different from Routers?
A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two
completely different network architectures or data formats.
27. 69. What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices?
Repeater:
Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives
the signal in the
network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy
back in to the link.
28. Bridges:
These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a
larger network in to smaller
segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and
thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended
recipient and control congestion.
29. Routers:
They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They
operate in the physical,
data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the
several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.
30. Gateways:
They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a
WAN). They accept a
packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before
forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model.
31. 70. What is mesh network?
A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths
for data to travel.
32. What are the important topologies for networks?
BUS topology:
In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
 Advantages:
Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
STAR topology:
In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages:
Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.
RING topology:
In this all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages:
All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does
not degrade as much as
in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.
33. What are major types of networks and explain?
Server-based network
Peer-to-peer network
Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using
the resources.
Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server
computers to provide
security and network administration
34. What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission?
In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In
broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be
sent simultaneously.
35. 76. What are the possible ways of data exchange?
(i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.
36. 77. What are the types of Transmission media?
Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two
categories.
Guided Media:
These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair,
coaxial cable and fiber-optic
cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical
limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport signals
in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports
signals in the form of light.
Unguided Media:
This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical
conductor. Signals are
broadcast either through air. This is done through radio
communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.
37. Difference between the communication and transmission.
Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity,
synchronization, clock etc.
Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication
media.
38. The Internet Control Message Protocol occurs at what layer of the seven layer model?
=>Network layer.
39. Which protocol resolves an IP address to a MAC address?
ARP
40. What is the protocol number for UDP?
17
41. Which protocol is used for booting diskless workstations?
RARP
42. Which layer is responsible for putting 1s and 0s into a logical group?
Physical
43. Ping uses which Internet layer protocol?
ICMP
44. What is the protocol number for TCP?
6
45. Repeaters work at which layer of the OSI model?
Physical

46. Define Network?

A network is a set of devices connected by physical media links. A network is recursively is a
connection of two or more nodes by a physical link or two or more networks connected by one or
more nodes.

47. What is a Link?

At the lowest level, a network can consist of two or more computers directly connected by some
physical medium such as coaxial cable or optical fiber. Such a physical medium is called as Link.

48. What is a node?

A network can consist of two or more computers directly connected by some physical medium
such as coaxial cable or optical fiber. Such a physical medium is called as Links and the
computer it connects is called as Nodes.

49. What is a gateway or Router?

A node that is connected to two or more networks is commonly called as router or Gateway. It
generally forwards message from one network to another.

50. What is point-point link?

If the physical links are limited to a pair of nodes it is said to be point-point link.
 51. What is Multiple Access?
If the physical links are shared by more than two nodes, it is said to be Multiple Access.

Discuss various layers used in ATM architecture

Asynchronous transfer mode(ATM) is a packet switching transfer mode in which the information is
organized into cells.
It is asynchronous in the sense that the recurrence of cells containing information from an individual user
is not necessarily periodic.
ATM is a method of formatting,multiplexing,transporting and switching user information in fixes length(53
bytes) cells.the user information may be voice,data or video.
There are 3layers:
1:physical layer:this layer provides the physical transport of the ATM cells.Functions performed include
cell delineation,header error control,insertion and removal of cells from the physical medium
2:ATM layer:this layer is common to all services and provides cell transfer functionalities,such as
VC/VP(virtual circuit/virtual path)routing and multiplexing
3:ATM adaption layer:is service independent and supports higher layer functions of user,control and
management functionalities,such as cell segmentation and reassembly,timing control,flow control.
52. 1. What is Ethernet??
2. Have u heard about fast ethernet and gigabyte ethernet??
3. Which one is better..ARQ's or Sliding window??
4. Explain Sliding window, Go Back n ARQ, and Selective ARQ.How is error detected
and corrected??
5. These processes are used in another Chapter ahead..which is it??
6. Explain TCP.
53. . What is the size of the window? How is it determined?
5. Is it bits or frame numbers that are indicated in the window?