PARUL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

SUBJECT : BASIC MATHEMATICS

Chapter-5- Analytical Geometry

6.1 Introduction
Coordinate Geometry is the branch of mathematics in which two numbers are
used to represent the position of a point with respect to two mutually
perpendicular number lines called coordinate axes.
The French mathematician and philosopher Rene Descaotes first published his
book La Geometric in 1673 in which he used algebra in the study of geometry.
This he did by representing points in the plane by ordered pairs of real number
called cartesian coordinates and representing lines and curves by algebraic
equations.
Coordinate Geometry is a system of Geometry where the position of points on
the plane is described using an ordered pair of numbers.

• Coordinate axes
The adjoining figure 3.1 shows two number lines 𝑋𝑜𝑋 ′ and 𝑌𝑜𝑌 ′ intersecting each
other at their zeros.

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 figure 6.1

𝑋𝑜𝑋 ′ and 𝑌𝑜𝑌 ′ are called coordinate axes out of which 𝑋𝑜𝑋 ′ is called the x-axis,
𝑌𝑜𝑌 ′ is called y-axis and their point of intersection is called the origin.
Number lines 𝑋𝑜𝑋 ′ and 𝑌𝑜𝑌 ′ are sometimes also called rectangular axes as they
are perpendicular to each other.

Convention of Signs: The distance measured along 𝑂𝑋 and 𝑂𝑌 are taken as

positive and those along 𝑂𝑋 ′ and O𝑌 ′ are taken as negative as shown in figure
3.1.

• Coordinate of a point in a plane:

Let 𝑝 be a point in a plane. Let the distance of 𝑝 from the y-axis = a units, and the
distance of 𝑝 from the x-axis = b units. Then we say that the coordinates of 𝑝 are
(a, b) where a is called the x-coordinate or abscissa of 𝑝 and b is called the y-
coordinate or ordinate of 𝑝.

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 Figure 6.2
• Quadrants:

Let 𝑋 ′ 𝑂𝑋 and 𝑌𝑂𝑌 ′ be the coordinate axes.

Figure 6.3
These axes decide the plane of the paper into four regions, called Quadrants. The
Region 𝑋𝑂𝑌, 𝑌𝑂𝑋 ′ ,𝑋 ′ 𝑂𝑌 ′ and 𝑌 ′ 𝑂𝑌 are respectively known as first, second, third
and fourth quadrant.

Using the convention of signs, we have the signs of the coordinates in various
quadrant given below.

Region Quadrant Nature of x and y Signs of coordinates

𝑋𝑂𝑌 1st 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 (+,+)

𝑌𝑂𝑋 ′ 2nd 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 > 0 (-,+)

𝑋 ′ 𝑂𝑌 ′ 3rd 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 > 0 (-,-)

(+,-)
𝑌 ′ 𝑂𝑌 4th 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 < 0

• Remarks:
1. (𝑥, 𝑦) and (𝑦, 𝑥) do not represent the same point unless 𝑥 = 𝑦
e.g., (5,4) and (4,5) represent two different points.
2. Since at origin the value of 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 is 0 and the value of 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
is also 0. Therefore, the coordinates of origin = (0,0).
3. Since for every point on 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, its distance from 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is 0 i.e., 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
is 0. Therefore, the coordinate of a point on 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 are taken as (𝑥, 0).

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 4. In the same way, for every point on 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 its distance from 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is zero i.e.,
𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 is 0. Therefore, the coordinate of a point on 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 are taken as
(0, 𝑦)

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1: In which quadrant do the given point lie.

(i) (4, −2) (ii) (−3,7) (iii) (−1, −2) (iv) (3,6)
Solution: (i) Fourth quadrant
(ii) Second quadrant
(iii) Third quadrant
(iv) First quadrant
Example 2: On which axis do the given point lie?
(i) (7, 0) (ii) (0, − 3) (iii) (0, 6) (iv) (−5 , 0)

Solution:(i) In (7, 0), we have 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 is 0

∴ (7, 0) lies on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

(ii) In(0, −3) we have 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 is 0.

∴ (0, −3) lies on the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

(iii) In (0,6) we have 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 is 0.

∴ (0,6) lies on the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

(iv) In (−5,0) we have 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 is 0.

∴ (−5,0)lies on the x−𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

6.2 Distance between two points:

The distance between the points (x1, y1) and (x2,y2) (or the length of the line
segment joining them) is

√(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

• Notes: 1) Distances are always positive, or zero if the points coincide. The
distance from A to B is the same as the distance from B to A.

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 2) The distance of a point P(𝑥, 𝑦) from the origin O(0,0) is given by

𝑂𝑃 = √(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1: Find the distance between 𝐴(1, 3) and 𝐵(0, − 4).

Solution: Using distance formula 𝑑 = 𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

= √(1 − 0)2 + (3 + 4)2
= √1 + 49 = √50 = √25 × 2 = 5√2

Example 2: Find the distance between 𝐴(7, − 5) and 𝐵(3, − 2).

Solution: Using distance formula 𝑑 = 𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

= √(7 − 3)2 + (−5 + 2)2
= √16 + 9 = √25 = 5

Example 3: 𝑑[(3,2), (−1,1)] = __________

Solution: Using distance formula 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

= √(3 + 1)2 + (2 − 1)2
= √16 + 1
= √17

Example 4:If 𝐴(−5,4) and 𝐵(7, −1) then 𝐴𝐵 = ________

Solution: Using distance formula 𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

= √(−5 − 7)2 + (4 + 1)2
= √144 + 25
= √169 = √13
Introduction to the straight lines
A straight line is the locus of all those points which are collinear with two given
points. Since, we know that one and only one line can be drawn from any two
given points. So straight line Is a curve such that every point on the line segment
joining any two points on it lies on it.

• Notes:

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 1) Every first degree in 𝑥, 𝑦 represents a straight line.

2) The 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and all lines parallel to it are called horizontal lines.

3) The 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and all lines parallel to it are called vertical lines.

• Slope or Gradient of a line:

The gradient is a measure of the steepness of line.
The gradient of a line is defined to be the gradient of any interval within the line.
This definition depends on the fact that two intervals on a line have the same
gradient.
Suppose 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are two points on the line. Then, by definition,
the gradient of the interval AB is;
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
m= =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1:A line passes through the points (1, 2) and (5, 10). Find its gradient.

Solution: Here,(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (1,2) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (5,10)

𝑦 −𝑦
Therefore, Gradient = m =𝑥2−𝑥1
2 1

10−2 8
= =4=2
5−1

Example 2: If slope of the line passing through (𝑥1 , 5) and (3,4) is 5 then find the

value of 𝑥1 .

Solution: Here,(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (𝑥1 , 5) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (3,4)

𝑦 −𝑦 4−5
Therefore, slope = m =𝑥2−𝑥1 ⇒ 5 = 3−𝑥 ⇒ 15 − 5𝑥1 = −1
2 1 1

16
⇒ 16 = 5𝑥1 ⇒ 𝑥1 =
5

• General Equation of a line

General form of an Equation of a line is given by 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

e.g., 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0 represents a general equation of a line.

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 • Notes:
𝑐
1) The x − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of an equation of a line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is given by − 𝑎
𝑐
i.e., 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = − 𝑎

𝑐
2) The 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of an equation of a line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is given by − 𝑏
𝑐
i.e., 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = − 𝑏
𝑎
3) The slope of an equation of a line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is given by − 𝑏

𝑎
i.e., slope= 𝑚 = − 𝑏

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1: Find 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 and slope of a line

3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 8 = 0

Solution: Given 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 8 = 0 by comparing with 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 we have

𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −5 and 𝑐 = 8

𝑐 8
∴ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = − =−
𝑎 3
𝑐 8 8
𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = − =− =
𝑏 (−5) 5
𝑏 (−5) 5
and slope= − 𝑎 = − =3
3

Example 2:Find𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡, 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 and slope of a line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4 = 0

Solution: Given 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4 = 0 by comparing with 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 we have

𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3 and 𝑐 = −4

𝑐 (−4)
∴ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = − =− =2
𝑎 2
𝑐 (−4) 4
𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = − =− =
𝑏 3 3

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 𝑏 3 3
and slope= − 𝑎 = − 2 = − 2

Example 3: Find the equation of a line whose 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is 𝑐 and slope is

𝑚.

Solution:

Figure 6.4

Let the given line meet 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 in 𝐴 and Let

𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on it. As the 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of the line is𝑐

∴ coordinates of 𝐴 are (0, 𝑐)

Now the slope between the points 𝐴(0, 𝑐) and 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦 − 𝑐 𝑦 − 𝑐
𝑚= = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥 − 0 𝑥

𝑚𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, which is a standard form of an equation of a line.

• Remarks:

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 1) If 𝑐 becomes zero, the equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 reduces to 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 which is the
equation of a line through the origin
2) If 𝑚 = 0, 𝑐 ≠ 0, then equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 reduces to 𝑦 = 𝑐 which is an
equation of a line parallel to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 at a distance 𝑐 from it.

3) If 𝑚 = 0, 𝑐 = 0, then equation becomes 𝑦 = 0 which represents the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

Slope-point form of an equation

To find the equation of a line passing through the given point

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and having slope 𝑚:

Figure 6.5

Let the point(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be represented by 𝑄.

Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on the line.

Then the slope between 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 is:

𝑦 −𝑦 𝑦−𝑦
𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 = 𝑥−𝑥1
2 1 1

⇒ 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) = 𝑦 − 𝑦1

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∴ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ), is known as a slope-point form.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1:Find the equation of the line through (3,4) with slope 5.

Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝑃(3,4) be the given point and slope= 𝑚 = 5.

Then by Slope-point form of an equation is:

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) ⇒ 𝑦 − 4 = 5(𝑥 − 3)
⇒ 𝑦 − 4 = 5𝑥 − 15
⇒ 5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 15 + 4 = 0
⇒ 5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 11 = 0, which is a required equation.

Example 2: Find the equation of a line passing through point 𝑃(1,2) and having

slope 1.

Solution:Let𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝑃(1,2) be the given point and slope= 𝑚 = 1.

Then by Slope-point form of an equation is:

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = 1(𝑥 − 1)

⇒𝑦−2=𝑥−1

⇒𝑥−𝑦−1+2= 0

⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0, which is a required equation.

Equation of the straight line

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 Form Equation

General Form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

Standard Form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

Slope-point Form 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

Two-point Form 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Intercept Form 𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏

Parallel and Perpendicular lines

• Two lines are said to be a parallel lines if
𝑚1 = 𝑚2

For example: The red line and blue line are parallel in both these examples:

Example 1 Example 2

• Two lines are said to be perpendicular lines if

𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1
For example: The red line and blue line are perpendicular in both these
examples:

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 Example 1 Example 2

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1: Prove that the lines 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6 = 0 and 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 0 are parallel

to each other.

Solution: Given 𝑙1 : 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6 = 0 and 𝑙2 : 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 0

2 4 2
Slope 𝑚1 = − 3 and Slope 𝑚2 = − 6 = − 3

Here, 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 ⇒ lines are parallel.

Example 2:Prove that the lines 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 9 = 0 and 7𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 10 = 0 are

perpendicular to each other.

Solution: Given 𝑙1 : 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 9 = 0 and 𝑙2 : 7𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 10 = 0

3 7 7
Slope 𝑚1 = − 7 and Slope 𝑚2 = − (−3) = 3

Here, 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1 ⇒ lines are perpendicular.

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