26.17. Two-stroke Cycle Petrol Engine ‘A two-stroke cycle-petrol engine was devised by Duglad Clerk in 1880. In this cycle, the suction, compression, expansion and exhaust takes place during two strokes of the piston, It means that there is one working stroke after every revolution of the crank shaft. A two stroke engine has ports instead of valves. All the four stages of a two stroke petrol engine are described below : 1. Suction stage. In this stage, the piston, while going down towards BDC, uncovers both the transfer port and the exhaust port. The fresh fuel-air mixture flows into the engine cylinder from the crank case, as shown in Fig. 26.10 (a).> jnternal Combustion Engines 593 2. Compression stage. In this stage, the piston, while moving up, first covers the transfer port and then exhaust port. After that the fuel is compressed as the piston moves upwards as shown in Fig. 26.10 (6). In this stage, the inlet port opens and fresh fuel-air mixture enters into the crank case. 3. Expansion stage. Shortly before this piston reaches the TDC (during compression stroke). the charge is ignited with the help of a spark plug. It suddenly increases the pressure and temperature of the products of combustion. But the volume, practically, remains constant, Due to rise in the pressure, the piston is pushed downwards with a great force as shown in Fig. 26.10 (c). The hot burnt gases expand due to high speed of the piston. During this expansion, some of the heat energy produced is transformed into mechanical work. ‘Spark plug Q Exhause (2) port [eo | Ww Transter (Ej © z pot tPot Inlet a i port (a) Suetion () Compression (©) Expansion (e) Exhaust Fig, 26.10. Two-stroke cycle petrol engine. 4. Exhaust stage. In this stage, the exhaust port is opened as the piston moves downwards. The products of combustion, from the engine cylinder are exhausted through the exhaust port into the atmosphere, as shown in Fig. 26.10 (d). This completes the cycle and the engine cylinder is ready to suck the charge again. Note t The two stroke petrol engines are generally employed in very light vehicles such as scooters, motor cycles, three wheelers and sprayers. 26.18. Actual Indicator Diagram for a Two Stroke Cycle Petrol Engine The actual indicator diagram for a two-stroke cycle petrol engine is shown in Fig 26.11. The suction is shown by the line 1-2-3, i.e. from the instant transfer port opens (TPO) and transfer port closes (TPC). We know that during the suction stage, the exhaust port is also open. In the first half of suction stage, the volume of fuel-air mixture and burnt gases increases. This happens as the piston moves from 1 to 2 (i.e. BDC). In the second half of the suction stage, the volume of charge and burnt gases decreases. This happens as the piston moves upwards from 2 to 3. A little beyond 3, the exhaust * port closes (EPC) at 4, Now the charge inside the engine cylinder is compressed which is shown by the line 4-5. At the end of the compression, there is an increase in the pressure inside the engine cylinder. ath ae Shortly before the end of compression (i.e. TDC) the ES Volume charge is ignited (IGN) with the help of spark plug as shown in the figure.(The sparking suddenly in- creases pressure and temperature of the products of Combustion)But the volume, practically, remains constant as shown by the line 5-6. The expansion is shown by the line 6-7. Now the exhaust port opens (EPO) at 7, and the burnt gases are exhausted —Pressure —~ Fig. 26.11. Actual indicator diagram for a two stroke cycle petrol engine,‘A Text Book of Thermal Engineering so4 into the atmosphere through the exhaust p BDC, therefore volume of bumt gases inc! the suction starts Notes: 1, The piston top is shay it will also push out the remai 2, As soon as the exhaust port covered), the bumt gases will be exhau: approximately to that of atmosphere. ‘Due to downward movement of | the piston, transfer port is uncovered, it will flow into cylinder due above the piston, 5 26.19. Valve Timing Diagram for a Two-stroke Cycle Petrol Engine In the valve timing diagram, as shown in Fig. 26.12, we see that the expansion of the charge (after ignition) stars as the piston moves from TDC towards BDC. First of al, the exhaust port opens iston is moving towards ort, It reduces the pressure. As the piston is moving eases from 7 10 1. At I, the transfer port opens (TPO) and ped in such a way that the fresh charge will move up towards spark plug, and ‘burt gases through the exhaust port. i fer port is stil ¢ uncovered by the piston (at this moment the transfer p aaa ccth a great force til the pressure in the cylinder is reduced, the charge below the piston will be compressed. As the to pressure difference between the spaces below and TDC : Top dead centre BDC : Bottom dead centre EPO : Exhaust port opens (35° - 50° before BDC) ‘TPO : Transfer port opens (30° - 40° before BDC) TPC : Transfer port closes (30° - 40° after BDC) EPC : Exhaust port opens (35° - 50° after BDC) IGN : Ignition (15° - 20° before TDC) BOC Fig. 26.12. Valve timing diagram for a two-stroke cycle petrol engine. before the piston reaches BDC’and the burnt gases start leaving the cylinder. After a small fraction of the crank revolution, the transfer port also opens and the fresh fuel-air mixture enters into the engine cylinder. This is done as the fresh incoming charge helps in pushing out the burnt gases. Now the piston reaches BDC and then starts moving upwards. As the crank moves a little beyond BDC, first the transfer port closes and then the exhaust port also closes. This is done to suck fresh charge through the transfer port and to exhaust the burnt gases through the exhaust port simultaneously. Now the charge is compressed with both ports closed, and then ignited with the help of a spark plug before the end of compression stroke. This is done as the charge requires some time to ignite. By the time the piston reaches TDC, the burnt gases (under high pressure and temperature) push the piston downwards with full force and expansion of the bumt gases takes place. It may be noted that the exhaust and transfer ports open and close at equal angles on either side of the BDC position. 26.20. Two-stroke Cycle Diesel Engine A two-stroke cycle diesel engine also has one working stroke after every revolution of the crank shaft, All the four stages of a two stroke cycle diesel engine are described below : 1. Suction stage. In this stage, the piston while going down towards BDC uncovers the transfer port and the exhaust port. The fresh air flows into the engine cylinder from’ the crank case, as shown in Fig. 26.13 (a). 2. Compression stage, In this stage, the piston while moving up, first covers the transfer port and then exhaust port. After that the air is compressed as the piston moves upwards as shown in Fig. 26.13 (b). In this stage, the inlet port opens and the fresh air enters into the crank case.Internal Combustion Engines 595 3. Expansion staye. Shortly before the piston reaches the TDC (during compression stroke), the fuel oil is injected in the form of very fine spray into the engine cylinder through the nozzle known as fuel injection valve, as shown in fig. 26.13 (c). At this moment, temperature of the compressed airs sufficiently high to ignite the fuel. It suddenly increases the pressure and temperature of the products of combustion, The fuel oil is continuously injected for a fraction of the crank revolution. The fuel oil is assumed to be burnt at constant pressure. Due (6 increased pressure, the Biston is pushed with a great force. The hot burnt gases expand due to high speed of the piston. During the expansion, some of the heat energy produced is transformed into mechanical work. Fuel injgction valve exhaust port : KL Teanstec [f Pea 2 iat : x crane (a) Suction (b) Compression. (c) Expansion, (d) Exhaust, Fig. 26.13. Two-stroke cycle diesel engine. 4, Exhauststage. Inthis stage, the exhaust portis opened and the piston moves downwards. ‘The products of combustion from the engine cylinder are exhausted through the exhaust port into the atmosphere as shown in Fig. 26.13 (d). This completes the cycle, and the engine cylinder is ready to suck the air again. Note : The two stroke diesel engines are mainly used in marine propulsion where space and lightness are the main considerations. 26,21. Actual Indicator Diagram for a Two Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine ‘The actual indicator diagram for a two-stroke cycle diesel engine is shown in Fig. 26.14. The suction is shown by the line 1-2-3 ie. from the instant transfer port opens (TPO) and transfer port closes (7PC). We know that during the suction stage, the exhaust port is also open/ In the first half of suction stage, the volume of air and burt gases increases. This happens as the piston moves from 1-2 (ie. BDC). In the second half of the suction stage, the volume of air and burnt gases decreases. "This happens as the piston moves upwards from 2-3 A litile beyond 3, the exhaust port closes (EPC) at 4, Now the air inside the engine cylinder is com- pressed which is shown by the line 4-5. At the end of compression, there is an increase in the pressure inside the engine cylinder. Shortly before the end of compression (i.e. TDC), fuel valve opens CVO) an the fuel is injected into the engine cylinder. The fuel ee oe isignited by high temperature of the compressed air. Fig. 26. eer ae fosarte) The ignition suddenly increases volume and tem- ¢ 5 perature of the products of combustion. But the pressure, practically, remains constant as shown by the line 5-6, The expansion is shown by the line 6-7, Now the exhaust port opens (EPO) at 7 and the | | | |596 A Text Book of Thermal Engincering bumt gases are exhausted into the atmosphere through the exhaust port, It reduces the pressure. As the piston is moving towards BDC, therefore volume of burnt gases increases from 7 to 1. At 1, the transfer port opens (TPO) and the suction starts. Note : Ail the notes given at the end of two-stroke cycle petrol engine are valid for 26.22. Valve Timing Diagram for a Two-stroke Cycle Diesel Engine In the valve timing diagram, as shown in Fig, 26.15, we see that the expansion of the charge (after ignition) starts as the piston moves from TDC towards BDC. First ofall, the exhaust port opens before the piston reaches BDC and the burnt gases start leaving the cylinder. After a small fraction of the crank revolution, the transfer port also opens and the fresh air enters into the engine cylinder, This is done as the fresh incoming air helps in pushing out the burnt gases. Now the piston reaches BDC and then starts moving upwards. As the crank moves a little beyond BDC, first the transfer port Closes and then the exhaust port also closes. This is done to suck fresh air through the transfer port ‘and toexhaust the burnt gases through the exhaust port simultaneously. Now the charge is compressed cycle also, TDC : Top dead centre BDC : Bottom dead centre FVO : Fuel valve opens (10° - 15° before TDC) FVC : Fuel valve closes (15° - 20° after TDC) EPO : Exhaust port opens (35° - 50° before BDC) ‘TPO : Transfer port opens (30° - 40° before BDC) TPC : Transfer port closes (30° - 40° after BDC) EPC : Exhaust port closes (35° - 50° after BDC) BDC Fig. 26.15. Valve timing diagram for a two stroke cycle diesel engine. with both the ports closed. Fuel valve opens a little before the piston reaches the TDC. Now the fuel is injected in the form of very fine spray into the engine cylinder, which gets ignited due to high temperature of the compressed air. The fuel valve closes after the piston has come down a little from the TDC. This is done as the required quantity of fuel is injected into the engine cylinder. Now the burnt gases (under high pressure and temperature) push the piston downwards with full force and expansion of the gases takes place. It may be noted that in a two-stroke cycle diesel engine, like two-stroke petrol engine, the exhaust and transfer ports open and close at equal angles on either side of the BDC position.