PART-A UNIT 1 1)Describe type casting? Explain with an example? Type casting is the process of converting a variable from one data type to another. Example: =¢ errors Scum a Sian ari ta Ce 2)Define OOPS concepts in Java OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming) concepts in Java are fundamental principles that help in organizing software design around objects rather than functions and logic. Here are the main concepts: Encapsulation InheritancePolymorphism Abstraction Class Object 3)Explain about method in java A method in Java is a block of code that performs a specific task. It is defined within a class and can be called to execute its code whenever needed. 4)Explain various data types in Java? Data Types in Java: 1. Primitive: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean. 2. Reference: String, Arrays, Class Objects, Interface Types. 5)Define Abstraction and Encapsulation. Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the practice of wrapping data (variables) and code (methods) together as a single unit. It restricts direct access to some of an object's components, which can help prevent unintended interference and misuse. © secmned wth Ot ScnnerPage 13 Abstraction: Abstraction is the concept of hiding complex implementation details and showing only the necessary features of an object. It helps in reducing programming complexity and effort. 6)Define recursion and explain Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself in order to solve a problem. Think of it like looking ina mirror, which reflects another mirror, creating an infinite loop of reflections. 7)List access specifiers in java In Java, access specifiers define the visibility of classes, methods, and variables. For a 1-mark answer: Public, Private, Protected, and Default (package-private). These determine how you can access members of a class from different parts of your program. 8)List and explain various types of variables? e Local Variables: Declared inside a method, constructor, or block, and they are only accessible within that method, constructor, or block. They don't have default values and must be initialized before use. ¢ Instance Variables: Declared inside a class but outside any method, constructor, or block. They are also known as non-static O> scned wth 1 Sanfields and are specific to an instance of a class. They are initialized when the class is instantiated. ¢ Static Variables: Declared inside a class with the static keyword. These are also known as class variables and are shared among all instances of a class. They are initialized when the class is loaded. 9)What is an Array? How to declare an Array in java? "An array is a data structure that stores elements of the same type in a contiguous memory location. To declare an array in Java, use the syntax: type[] arrayName;" For example: int [] numbers; This declares an array of integers named numbers. 10)Distinguish while loop and do-while loop. ed cer) Coe er) ndition Check Before executing 7 ea RCo] ne one cy sic (condition); 0 seamed vith one SeamerPage |S PART-B 1)Explain about types of Arrays. Write a java rogram to find Sum and average of arra’ elements Types of Arrays In Java, arrays can be broadly categorized into two types: 1. Single-Dimensional Arrays: These are the most basic form of arrays and contain a list of elements, all of the same type, stored in contiguous memory locations. o Example: int[] numbers = new int[10]; 2. Multi-Dimensional Arrays: These arrays contain more than one row and column, essentially arrays of arrays. The most common form is the two-dimensional array. o Example: int[][] matrix = new int (3] [3]; Java Program to Find Sum and Average of Array Elements Here's a simple Java program to find the sum and average of elements in a single-dimensional array: O> scned wth 1 San2)What is Constructor? Explain types of constrictors in java with program Constructor in Java A constructor in Java is a special method used to initialize objects. It is called when an instance of a class is created. Constructors have the same name as the class and do not have a return type. Types of Constructors in Java 1. Default Constructor (No-Argument Constructor): e A constructor with no parameters. If no constructor is defined, the Java compiler automatically provides a default constructor. o Example: cued sou ems System.out. printLn( 0 seamed vith one SeamerPage |7 Parameterized Constructor: + Aconstructor that accepts one or more parameters to initialize the object's attributes with specific values. + Example: class Example { int value; // Parameterized constructor Example(int y) { value = v; System.out.printIn("'Parameterized Constructor called. Value: " + value); ) p the Jaya buzz words in © Simple: Java is designed to be easy to learn and use. Its syntax is clean and straightforward, reducing the complexity compared to other languages. © Object-Oriented: Java is inherently object-oriented, which means it focuses on using objects and classes. This approachPage [8 helps in organizing complex programs and making code reusable. © Secure: Java provides a robust security model, including bytecode verification, secure class loading, and an extensive API for cryptographic operations. This makes it a great choice for developing secure applications. ¢ Portable: Java programs are platform-independent at both the source and binary levels. This means you can "write once, run anywhere" (WORA). The use of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) ensures that Java code can run on any device that supports the JVM. ¢ Robust: Java has strong memory management and exception- handling features, which help in building reliable and error-free applications. e Multithreaded: Java supports multithreading, which allows multiple threads to run concurrently within a single program. This is useful for performing complex tasks simultaneously, like in graphical user interfaces or server-side applications. ¢ Architecture-Neutral: Java's goal is to remain unaffected by the computer architecture and operating systems. This ensures Java applications can run on any processor with the help of the JVM. e Interpreted: Java is both compiled and interpreted. Java source code is compiled into bytecode, which is then interpreted by the JVM. This provides portability and flexibility in execution. (© secned wth Ot ScammerPage 19 ¢ High Performance: Java's Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler optimizes the execution of bytecode, ensuring high performance. While Java is not as fast as lower-level languages like C++, its performance is adequate for most applications. ¢ Distributed: Java is designed with networking capabilities, making it easy to develop applications that work across multiple machines. It includes extensive APIs for handling network protocols and communication. e Dynamic: Java is designed to adapt to evolving environments. It supports dynamic loading of classes and the ability to link new class libraries at runtime. A)illustrate over loading concept with an example Overloading in Java Method overloading in Java allows a class to have more than one method with the same name, provided their parameter lists are different (either in number or type of parameters). This is a way to achieve polymorphism in Java. Example of Method Overloading Here's an example to illustrate method overloading:PSCC Maer Cre sc mes Eretn ret ree N76 ACU cst ai@ Ste TSCM Cy eG Ea es Secu stan@ 7 PTObtr eee R Tuer use es SRR oa Cruse CUO H i Smee mee a pons pores ee) ore ae ad re cone SoG oC) co Pee) Pea One a) ee = 0 seamed vith one SeamerAn inner class is a class nested within another class. It has access to the members (including private members) of the outer class. Inner classes are used to logically group classes that are only used in one place, which increases encapsulation and makes the code more readable. PStAeCeReOnc oa Coes Toa Cae Ecos laetas void display() { NES eta srt te § public static void main(String] args) { Baume Eton Se eee splay(); Structure of a Java Program A typical Java program consists of the following components: 1. Package Declaration (optional): Specifies a namespace for the class. 2. Import Statements (optional): Allow the use of classes from other packages. 0 seamed vith one Seamer3. Class Declaration: The blueprint from which objects are created. 4. Main Method: The entry point of the program where execution begins. main(Stri re oe else 7)What is abstraction mechanism. Write the importance of abstraction mechanism in java Abstraction Mechanism in Java Abstraction is one of the core principles of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Java. It is a mechanism that allows you to hide complex implementation details and expose only the necessary features of an object. This helps in reducing complexity and allows for a more manageable and understandable code structure. Importance of Abstraction Mechanism in Java 0 seamed vith one Seamerw w . Simplifies Code: By hiding the complex details and exposing only the relevant parts, abstraction helps in simplifying the code. This makes it easier for developers to understand and work with the codebase. . Enhances Code Maintenance: Abstraction allows changes to be made to the internal implementation without affecting the external interface. This makes it easier to maintain and update the code. . Promotes Reusability: By using abstract classes and interfaces, common functionality can be defined and reused across different classes. This promotes code reusability and reduces redundancy. . Improves Security: By exposing only the necessary details, abstraction helps in protecting the internal states and behaviors of objects from unintended modification. This enhances the security and integrity of the application. . Facilitates Design: Abstraction allows for better design by focusing on the high-level functionality and ignoring the low-level implementation details. This helps in creating a clear and concise blueprint for the system. 8)Develop a java program to check given number is Palindrome or not Gy Gy © secmned wth Ot Scnner+ digit 9)Explain about OOPS Paradigm Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm centered around objects rather than actions. It focuses on data (objects) and the methods (functions) that operate on that data. OOP concepts help to design software that is modular, reusable, and easy to maintain. Here are the main principles of OOP: Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the practice of wrapping data (variables) and code (methods) together as a single unit. It restricts direct access to some of an object's components, which can help prevent unintended interference and misuse. Abstraction: Abstraction is the concept of hiding complex implementation details and showing onlythe necessary features of an object. It helps in reducing programming complexity and effort. Inheritance: Inheritance is a mechanism where one class inherits the properties and behaviors (fields and methods) of another class. It promotes code reusability and establishes a natural hierarchical relationship between classes. Polymorphism: Polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class rather than their actual class. The two types are compile-time (method overloading) and runtime (method overriding) polymorphism. Class and Object: A class is a blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. An object is an instance of a class. 10)Illustrate about for and for each loop with SyntaxPonts omer) core ery aa cr Et POMetrC Neen CC TRE ay update) Dy} ear precnenacy comet an Umm) UNIT 2 PART-A 1)What is meant of Method over loading in Java Method overloading in Java is a feature that allows a class to have multiple methods with the same name but with different parameters (number, type, or both). 2)Write about final keyword in java? The final keyword in Java is used to create constants, prevent inheritance, and prevent method overriding. 0 seamed vith one SeamerExamples: + Final variable: final int MAX_VALUE = 100; (constant value) + Final method: public final void display() { } (cannot be overridden) « Final class: public final class MyClass { } (cannot be subclassed) 3)Define a Package? A package in Java is a namespace that groups related classes and interfaces to organize code and avoid naming conflicts. 4)Explain about Substitutability Substitutability in Java means that an object of a subclass can be used wherever an object of the superclass is expected, thanks to inheritance. 5)What is Object class? The Object class in Java is the root class of the Java class hierarchy, and every class in Java inherits from it directly or indirectly. This means that all Java classes inherit methods from the Object class, such as toString (), equals (), and hashCode (). O> scned wth 1 San6)Write the properties of abstract class An abstract class in Java cannot be instantiated and may contain abstract methods (without implementation) as well as concrete methods (with implementation). 7TDetine polymorphism. What are its types Polymorphism in Java is the ability of an object to take on many forms. It allows methods to perform different tasks based on the object that invokes them. Types of polymorphism: 1. Compile-time (Method Overloading) 2. Run-time (Method Overriding) $)What is the use of java.io package? The java. io package in Java provides classes and interfaces for system input and output through data streams, serialization, and file handling. This package includes essential classes like File, InputStream, OutputStream, Reader, and Writer to facilitate I/O operations. 9)Demonstrate Interface variables? In Java, interface variables are implicitly public, static, and final. This means that they are constants and cannot be changed once assigned. Interface variables must be initialized when declared. O> scned wth 1 San10)What is the use of abstract keyword in java? The abstract keyword in Java is used to declare a class that cannot be instantiated or a method that must be implemented by subclasses. abstract class Animal { abstract void makeSound(); PART-B 1)Discuss inheritance? Define single inheritance and multi level inheritance with example program Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows a new class (subclass) to inherit properties and behaviors (fields and methods) from an existing class (superclass). This promotes code reusability and establishes a relationship between classes. Single Inheritance: A subclass inherits from only one superclass. Java supports single inheritance directly.or See Sos Prey rome} emo HaZa nas 20 Multilevel Inheritance: A chain of inheritance where a class is derived from a subclass, making it a subclass of another class. Java supports multilevel inheritance. Animal { recent Rumer stn aa Pe eon cua Gk ea mas costes as Puppy(); eras See marron rt eer eS BU es) Rte ee Oneal RemaEC Ce SCs void makeSound() { Se Lg g Coe occur tans Meee rcerci (Os SUES O Fa, System. out. printin( # public static void main(String] args) { = new Dog(); CREST Oe Forms of Inheritance in Java Inheritance allows a class (subclass) to inherit properties and behaviors (fields and methods) from another class (superclass). Java supports several forms of inheritance: 1. Single Inheritance: A subclass inherits from only one superclass. 0 seamed vith one Seamer2. Multilevel Inheritance: A chain of inheritance where a class is derived from a subclass, making it a subclass of another class. 3. Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple subclasses inherit from a single superclass. 4, Multiple Inheritance (via Interfaces): Java does not support multiple inheritance with classes, but it can be achieved using interfaces. foo Proce te! Ric} eee Ka Ue! (no implementation) Dene On ee eases public, static ,and eine ey cs as ea Saunt) directly ear ea ems 0 seamed vith one Seamereeow ruc iae! rridder POC m cu ees Coc ee Uru iaed POSC MCL Os eC Sua ae Peewee eS La Serer crt Ome! Por euLaae Pi Ste coe b US Rese Rc coet aiets al rere new Cat() Te 23 0 seamed vith one SeamerPage 124 hat are the types of inheritance? Explain Types of Inheritance 1. Single Inheritance: o Example: A Dog class inherits from an Animal class. The Dog class can access and use the properties and methods defined in the Anima 1 class. 2. Multilevel Inheritance: o Example: A Puppy class inherits from a Dog class, which in turn inherits from an Anima] class. The Puppy class can use properties and methods from both Dog and Animal classes. 3. Hierarchical Inheritance: o Example: A Dog class and a Cat class both inherit from an Animal class. Both Dog and Cat classes can access and use the properties and methods of the Animal class. 4, Multiple Inheritance (via Interfaces): e Example: A Dog class implements both Pet and Mamma 1 interfaces. The Dog class must provide implementations for the methods defined in both Pet and Mamma] interfaces. 5.Hybrid Inheritance (achievable via Interfaces): + Example: A Dog class inherits from the Animal class and also implements multiple interfaces like Pet and Mammal.This creates a combination of hierarchical and multiple inheritance patterns. Let's create a simple interface with one method and then implement that interface in a class. Step 1: Define the Interface rt: Pyotr tae void makeSound(); Step 2: Implement the Interface mae ting the int te class Dog implements Animal { public void makeSound() { Netanya } } public static void main(String[] args) { = new Dog(); dog.makeSound(); Outputs: Bark 0 seamed vith one Seamerted Method Overloading Method Overriding CURDS au ek CEPR OMICS EOC SES Pry ECR at crs Peene akc PS CESS Card an program by allowing differen ROS Rico c | based on different parameter fey Tee anne Sn Se eaten ures s fee aa a yibl i access modifier than the break) Beer rete) Pe acu Instar SoC 1 a acral avian Nara es See een ca Coon Ea LG Da Coin ea ac) a 0 seamed vith one SeamerAnimal { DENcct dtu Ome | ENE tng Dey] Animal { loi Ssasasks (9 PEt @ mee Nese Ll cua makeSound() { Ne Tag LES | main(String[] args) { Animal myAnimal; TP LOPS Sia ON Gre PTO myAnimal.makeSound(); // TOFU tise ONO F ct CORE roe Dog object Outputs: Dog barks (ta Bot lets rer rors rerePage |28 10)What is an interface? How an interface will be created? Write a java program to implement on e interface An interface in Java is a reference type, similar to a class, that is used to specify a set of abstract methods that a class must implement. Interfaces are used to define a contract for what a class can do, without specifying how it does it. How to Create an Interface 1. Define the Interface: e Use the interface keyword. o Declare methods without implementations (abstract methods). o All methods in an interface are implicitly public and abstract. Interface variables are implicitly public, static, and final. Example of Creating and Implementing an Interface 1. Define the Interface: 2.Implement the Interface in a Class: (© secned wth Ot ScammerUNIT 3 PART-A 1)Define an Exception An exception in Java is an event that disrupts the normal flow of a program's instructions during execution, typically indicating an error. 2)Differentiate Error and Exception er) 3)Qutline the purpose of finally keyword 0 seamed vith one SeamerThe finally keyword in Java is used to define a block of code that is always executed after a try block, regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not. This ensures that necessary cleanup or resource release actions are performed. 4)Differentiate Built-in and User defined Exceptions Built-in exceptions in Java are predefined in the Java API, such as NullPointerException and IOException, while user-defined exceptions are custom exceptions created by the programmer to handle specific scenarios. 5)Describe the Daemon Thread A daemon thread in Java is a background thread that provides services to user threads. It runs continuously and performs tasks like garbage collection, which help support the application's runtime environment. 6)Explain about multiprocessing and multithreading oo Ores) Multithreading multiple threads within a single eet ee ona ea a 0 seamed vith one SeamerPage [34 7)What is mean synchronization of threads in java? Synchronization in Java is a mechanism that ensures that two or more concurrent threads do not simultaneously execute certain sections of a program, known as critical sections. This prevents thread interference and consistency problems. 8)Explain start() and stop() of a thread? The start () method in Java initiates a new thread, calling its run () method. while the stop () method (deprecated) forcibly terminates a thread's execution. 9)Write about thread priorities Thread priorities in Java determine the relative importance of threads, influencing the order in which threads are scheduled for execution. Each thread is assigned a priority, which is an integer value between | and 10, where: + MIN_PRIORITY (1): Lowest priority + NORM_PRIORITY (5): Default priority + MAX PRIORITY (10): Highest priority 10)Describe about thread groups Thread groups in Java provide a mechanism to manage multiple threads as a single unit, allowing for better organization and control over thread behavior. O> scned wth 1 SanPART-B po ere rn eee ron Se ee ee’ Rene of RuntimeException crake sss isC) on seein emer acerst) Sr sreistL) ott eeu Ce ee cue noe In Java, exceptions are represented by a hierarchy of classes that are part of the java. lang package. The root class of this hierarchy is Throwab1e, which is divided into two main branches: Error and Exception. 0 seamed vith one SeamerThrowable + The superclass of all exceptions and errors. + Contains methods like getMessage(), printStackTrace(),andtoString(). Error +» Represents serious issues that typically cannot be recovered from by an application. + Subclasses of Error include OutOfMemoryError, StackOverflowError, etc. + Usually indicates problems with the JVM or environment. Exception + Represents conditions that a program might want to catch. + Subdivided into two main categories: checked exceptions and unchecked exceptions. Checked Exceptions + Must be either caught or declared in the method signature using throws. + Subclasses of Exception (excluding RuntimeException). + Examples: IOException, SQLException, FileNotFoundException. Unchecked Exceptions (Runtime Exceptions) + Do not need to be caught or declared. + Subclasses of Runt imeException. © secmned wth Ot Scnner+ Examples: NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, ArithmeticException. 3)Develop a java program to handle ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { try { int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3}; System.out.printIn(numbers[3]); } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) { System.out.printin(""Array index is out of bounds! Please check the array size.''); }Page [35 4)Analyze Exception Handing in java. Write a program to handle StringIndexOutOfBoundsException Exception handling in Java is a robust mechanism to manage runtime errors, ensuring that the normal flow of the application is maintained. The primary keywords used in Java exception handling are: + try: To specify a block where exceptions can occur. + catch: To handle exceptions. + finally: To execute a block of code regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not. + throw: To explicitly throw an exception. + throws: To declare an exception that might be thrown by a method. public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { String text = "Hello, World!"; try { char ch = text.charAt(20); System.out.printin(""Character at index 20: "+ ch); } catch (StringIndexOutOfBoundsException e) { O> scned wth 1 SanSystem.out.printIn("'String index is out of bounds! Please check the index value."'); } } 5)Develop a java program to create thread extending Thread class asl vas run() { ee set ang main(String[] args) { Ey ast On thread. start(}; revaae | 6)What is Synchronization in java. Write a java program to implement Synchronization using synchronization block Synchronization in Java is a mechanism that ensures that two or more concurrent threads do not simultaneously execute certain sections of a program, known as critical sections. This prevents thread interference and consistency problems when accessing shared resources. 0 seamed vith one SeamerEe meul ang Patni’ comers ster comes cor Diet UOH coi ruen Cet stshi@ Paes arco WRITE SYNCHRONIZATION FROM ABOVE QUESTION &) 0 seamed vith one SeamerGeeerarcang tres o e Preesena ets eerie CEE eases reer } Poorer ees etd Pree Necmreucsrtr |) Ee nsertacc atc ast new Counter(); Cees ome PR eC BU CeO Mc eure Oh CoO Coes PSCC mn aeu er se) iO, ooo F t1.Join() eae OH Secu Ga Tsaraig Beeticsae cco Inter-Thread Communication in Java Inter-thread communication in Java is a mechanism that allows synchronized threads to communicate with each other. This is achieved using methods like wait (), notify (), and 0 seamed vith one SeamernotifyAll () defined in the Object class. These methods help threads to coordinate their actions by allowing one thread to pause its execution until it receives a notification from another thread. errr euen ets ption e) { 76) ecm ent rose Eoeetactny Thread.currentThread() «int ree run BUR rucrert Sir} Pema ice) read O served9)Discuss and differentiate the ways of creating threads in java using the thread class and the Runnable interface Cores sy TOSS asd COE ot) ae es) ey r ae Dea rons 10)List Use of thread groups in java. Write a java program to create thread Groups Uses of Thread Groups in Java . Organize Threads: Group related threads together for better management and organization. 2. Bulk Operations: Perform operations on all threads in a group, such as setting priorities or interrupting all threads. . Hierarchical Structure: Create a hierarchy of thread groups, with parent and child groups, to manage threads more efficiently. 4. Security: Enforce security policies on a group of threads rather than individual threads. . Monitoring and Debugging: Simplify monitoring and debugging by grouping threads with related tasks. we wn 0 seamed vith one Seamerclass MyThread extends Thread { aie toet ecco Ton (group, name) public void run() { Bene st area Recast Om te) Piece cern Tue eno Tues BEE cists new MyThread(group, Pc Systen.out. printtn( Pi erstrcvecep) UNIT 4 PART-A The Delegation Event Model in Java is a design pattern used for handling events, primarily in graphical user interfaces (GUIs) 1. Event Source: The object that generates an event (e.g., a button click). 0 seamed vith one Seamer2. Event Listener: The object that processes the event. 3. Event Object: Encapsulates the event information. 2)Grade few Examples of GUI based Applications «© Web Browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox) ¢ Text Editors (e.g., Notepad, Sublime Text) © Media Players (e.g., VLC, Windows Media Player) 3)Classify some limitations of AWT The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) in Java has several limitations: 1. Platform Dependency: AWT components rely heavily on native platform-specific code, leading to inconsistent behavior across different operating systems. 2. Limited Functionality: AWT offers a basic set of UI components with limited features compared to more advanced libraries like Swing. 3. Poor Look and Feel: AWT's user interface components often lack a modern look and feel, making applications appear outdated. 4)List out some Event sources Some common event sources in Java are: 1. Buttons (e.g., Button, JButton) 2. Text Fields (e.g., Text Field, JTextField) O> scned wth 1 San3. Mouse Events (e.g., MouseEvent on components) 4. Keyboard Events (e.g., Ke yEvent on components) 5)Explain about Adaptor Classes Adapter Classes in Java are predefined classes that provide default (empty) implementations for all methods in an event listener interface. 6)Outline the steps involved in Event handling Steps Involved in Event Handling 1. Event Source: Identify the component (e.g., button) that generates the event. 2. Event Listener: Create a listener object that implements the appropriate event listener interface (e.g., ActionListener). 3. Register Listener: Register the listener with the event source using the appropriate method (e.g., addActionListener). 4, Event Handling Method: Implement the event handling method (e.g., act ionPerformed) within the listener to define the response to the event. 7)Interpret about Event Listeners Event Listeners are interfaces in Java that are designed to handle events generated by event sources. They play a crucial role in the Delegation Event Model, allowing objects to be notified when specific events occur. O> scned wth 1 San8)What is the use of AWT. The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) is a set of APIs in Java used for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and handling user input events. AWT provides a foundation for building applications with graphical elements and supports a variety of controls like buttons, text fields, and checkboxes. 9)Describe KeyEvent class The KeyEvent class in Java is part of the java.awt.event package and is used to represent keyboard events. These events occur when a key is pressed, released, or typed on the keyboard. 10)Brief about Button Class The Button class in Java, part of the java.awt package, represents a push button in a graphical user interface (GUID). It is used to create a button component that can trigger an action when clicked. © secmned wth Ot ScnnerPART-B 1)Explain Event classes and Listener interfaces Event Classes Event Classes represent the various types of events that can occur. They are part of the java. awt.event package. Some common event classes include: 1. ActionEvent: Represents action events, such as button clicks. 2. KeyEvent: Represents keyboard events, such as key presses and releases. 3. MouseEvent: Represents mouse events, such as clicks, movements, and drags. 4. WindowEvent: Represents window events, such as opening, closing, minimizing, and maximizing. 5. FocusEvent: Represents focus events, such as gaining or losing focus on a component. Listener Interfaces Listener Interfaces define methods that must be implemented to handle specific types of events. They are also part of the java.awt.event package. Some common listener interfaces include: 1. ActionListener: Handles action events (e.g., button clicks). e Method: void actionPerformed (ActionEvent e) (© secned wth Ot ScammerPage [46 2. KeyListener: Handles keyboard events. o Methods: void keyPressed(KeyEvent e), void keyReleased(KeyEvent e), void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) 3. MouseListener: Handles mouse events. o Methods: void mouseClicked (MouseEvent e), void mousePressed(MouseEvent e), void mouseReleased (MouseEvent e), void mouseEntered (MouseEvent e), void mouseExited (MouseEvent e) 4. WindowListener: Handles window events. o Methods: void windowOpened (WindowEvent. e), void windowClosing(WindowEvent e), void windowClosed(WindowEvent e), void windowIconified(WindowEvent e), void windowDeiconified (WindowEvent e), void windowActivated (WindowEvent e), void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e) 5. FocusListener: Handles focus events. o Methods: void focusGained (FocusEvent e), void focusLost (FocusEvent e) 2)Express about an Adapter Class? Develop a java program that uses Adapter classes to perform event handling Adapter Classes in Java are abstract classes that provide default implementations for all methods in a © secmned wth Ot Scnnerspecific event listener interface. This allows you to create listener objects without implementing every method in the interface, making event handling simpler and more convenient. import java.awt.Frame; import java.awt.event.MouseAdapter; import java.awt.event.MouseEvent; public class MyFrame extends Frame { public MyFrame() { addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() { @Override public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) { System.out.printIn("'Mouse clicked at: (" + e.getX() +", " +egetYQ +")"); } Ds setSize(300, 200); setTitle(" Adapter Class Example"); set Visible(true); (© secned wth Ot ScammerPage [48 public static void main(String[] args) { new MyFrame(); } 3)Infer the AWT hierarchy with a neat Diagram and explain 5 components The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) hierarchy in Java consists of various classes and interfaces that are used to create and manage graphical user interface (GUI) components. Fig: AWT Hierarchy Explanation of 5 Components 1. Button: © sexned with nt SeamerPage 149 Description: A push button that can trigger an action when clicked. Usage: Used in forms and dialogs to initiate specific actions (e.g., submitting a form). Example: Button myButton = new Button ("Click Me"); 2. Label: Description: A non-interactive text component used to display a single line of text. Usage: Used to provide instructions or information to the user. Example: Label myLabel = new Label("Enter your name:"); 3. TextField: Description: A single-line text input component. Usage: Used to allow users to enter and edit text. Example: TextField myTextField = new TextField(20); 4. Checkbox: Description: A component that can be either checked or unchecked. Usage: Used to allow users to make binary choices (e.g., agree/disagree). Example: Checkbox myCheckbox = new Checkbox ("I agree") ; 5. Frame: Description: A top-level window with a title and borders. Usage: Serves as the main window for an application. Example: Frame myFrame = new Frame ("My Application") ; (© secned wth Ot Scammereae ae ene ae eee Sree ne oe ee eerie cee ete tae enc ner Premier Sree cere tirin tice) Bac eencceeger et c6)) perrorea era oy Prettiest ter pent Soto calculateButton = new ButtonC Peron tty Rete rere cece ent nem nistrre ere crear ane) add(new LabelC or Creme setSize(259, 150); peace tientoy PraeeRrreCsto cect g ca eC ae ee crons resultField, setText(String, valueO#(Factorial RQ ection Pentiset 0 seamed vith one SeamerPage [St 5)List out Listener interfaces and its Methods in Event handling Listener Interfaces and Their Methods in Event Handling In Java, various listener interfaces are used to handle different types of events. Each interface defines methods that must be implemented to respond to specific events. 1. ActionListener o Method: void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) e Use: Handles action events, such as button clicks. 2. KeyListener o Methods: +» void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) + void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) + void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) o Use: Handles keyboard events. 3. MouseListener o Methods: + void mouseClicked (MouseEvent e) + void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) + void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) - void mouseEntered (MouseEvent e) + void mouseExited (MouseEvent e) o Use: Handles mouse events like clicks and movements. 4. MouseMotionListener o Methods: + void mouseDragged (MouseEvent e) © secmned wth Ot Scnner» void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) ce Use: Handles mouse motion events. 5. WindowListener o Methods: o Use: loses focus. void void void void e void windowOpened (WindowEvent e) windowClosing (WindowEvent e) windowClosed(WindowEvent e) windowIconified (WindowEvent windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e) void e void windowActivated (WindowEvent windowDeactivated (WindowEvent e Handles window events like opening, closing, and minimizing. 6. FocusListener o Methods: + void focusGained(FocusEvent e + void focusLost (FocusEvent e e Use: Handles focus events when a component gains or 7. ItemListener o Method: void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e) o Use: Handles item events, typically for checkboxes or choice selections. 8. AdjustmentListener © secmned wth Ot ScnnerPage [53 o Method: void adjustmentValueChanged (AdjustmentEve nt e) o Use: Handles adjustment events, such as changes in scrollbar positions. 9, ComponentListener o Methods: + void componentRes ized (ComponentEvent e) + void componentMoved (ComponentEvent e) + void componentShown (ComponentEvent e) + void componentHidden (ComponentEvent e) ce Use: Handles component events like resizing, moving, showing, and hiding. 10. ContainerListener ce Methods: + void componentAdded (ContainerEvent e) + void componentRemoved (ContainerEvent e) © Use: Handles events related to adding or removing components from a container. 6)Develop a java program to design a login page using AWT © secmned wth Ot Scnnerimport java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class LoginPage extends Frame implements ActionListener { TextField userField, passField; Button loginButton; public LoginPage() { setLayout(new FlowLayout()); add(new Label(""Username:"')); userField = new TextField(10); add(userField); add(new Label("'Password:")); passField = new TextField(10); passField.setEchoChar("*'); add(passField); loginButton = new Button("Login"); add(loginButton);loginButton.addActionListener(this); setSize(250, 150); setVisible(true); public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { String user = userField.getText(); String pass = passField.getText(); System.out.printIn(user.equals("'user") && pass.equals("pass"') ? "Login Successful" : "Login Failed"); } public static void main(String[] args) { new LoginPage(); } 7)Build a simple example for WindowEvent classORCeeee nar st Cee eae Peceoecarcs ation | Beats cyst el oH Pen restitientoy peur ecu Gem ur enone Parenti: g(WindonEvent Cease In Java, layout managers are used to control the arrangement of components within a container. They determine how components are sized and positioned within their parent container. 1.BorderLayout The BorderLayout manager arranges components in five regions: North, South, East, West, and Center. 0 seamed vith one SeamerPage [57 2.FlowLayout The FlowLayout manager arranges components in a directional flow, much like lines of text in a paragraph. It can be aligned left, center, or right. a = [Button 1) | {Button 2 || Button 3 Button4_||_ Button 5 3.GridLayout The GridLayout manager arranges components in a grid of cells, with each component taking the same size. © secmned wth Ot ScnnerPage [58 4.CardLayout The CardLayout manager treats each component as a card that can be displayed one at a time. It's useful for implementing tabbed panels or wizard-style navigation. Button2 || Buton3_| 5.GridBagLayout The GridBagLayout manager is a flexible layout manager that aligns components vertically and horizontally without requiring that the components be of the same size. 9) a) Write a java program to by using Mouse motion listener b) Explain Adapter classes and Listener interfaces O> scned wth 1 Sanage |59 a)Write a java program to by using Mouse motion listener b)Explain Adapter classes and Listener interfaces Gp Gy Gp Gp Gp Gp G} Gp Gy Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gp Gy Cd Cp GG G Gp Gp Cp Gp Gy Cp Gpee oy co ee Pecan Seerrceete areca ts Pry Peecneseer (cots) Recent eect Srnreriner rece tas Cea) Peeeeurieen cet} Peron catr a) Ree eect a) Saree er ctr rea ference ao) Perens vois focusLost(Focu 0 seamed vith one SeamerUNIT 5 PART-A 1)Describe an Applet? An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in a web page and executed within a web browser. It is designed to provide interactive features to web applications and runs ina secure environment provided by the browser's Java Virtual Machine (JVM). 2)Summarize about MVC architecture in Java? Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a design pattern used to separate an application into three interconnected components: 1. Model: © Function: Manages data, logic, and rules of the application. o Example: A class that represents business logic and interacts with the database. 2. View: o Function: Represents the presentation layer; displays the data to the user. o Example: GUI components like JSP pages, servlets, or Swing components. 3. Controller: © Function: Handles user input and updates the model and view accordingly. © Example: A servlet or an action class that processes user requests and determines the response. (© secned wth Ot ScammerPage [62 3)Justify why do applet classes need to be declared as public? Applet classes need to be declared as pub Lic because the Java runtime environment must be able to access and instantiate the applet when it is embedded in a web page. If the applet class is not public, it cannot be accessed from outside its package, and the browser or applet viewer will not be able to load and execute it. 4)Figure out the difference between stop() and destroy() in Applet life cycle Method Purpose ce) stop 5)Interpret the concept of applet parameters Applet Parameters Applet Parameters are used to pass information from an HTML page to an applet. They allow you to customize the behavior of the applet without changing its code. 6)Explain public void paint(Graphics g) methodThe public void paint (Graphics g) methodisa fundamental part of Java's AWT and Swing frameworks. It's used for drawing and rendering graphics on a component. os Reet Sor 7TList the packages to create java applet To create a Java applet, you typically use the following packages: 1. java.applet 2. java.awt 8)Describe the methods to set the size of a Java applet window Methods to Set the Size of a Java Applet Window 1. Using setSize (int width, int height) Method: o Description: This method is called within the applet's init () method to set the size of the applet. 2.Using HTML Tag: + Description: The width and height attributes of the tag in the HTML file determine the size of the applet.Page |64 9)Brief how Swing is differs from Applet in Java ro ao ee 10)Summarize about JButton and a JTextField JButton and JTextField + JButton: A clickable button component that triggers an action when pressed. + JTextField: A single-line text input field for user text entry, PART-B 1)Explain the life cycle of an Applet with suitable example Life Cycle of an Applet An applet goes through a series of stages during its lifecycle, defined by specific methods. Here’s an overview: 1. Initialization (init ()):e Called once when the applet is first loaded. © Used for initial setup, such as initializing variables and setting up the user interface. 2. Starting (start ()): o Called every time the applet is started or restarted (e.g., when the user revisits the applet's web page). o Used to start or resume operations, such as animations. 3. Stopping (stop () ): e Called when the applet is no longer visible (e.g., when the user navigates away from the applet's web page or minimizes the browser). o Used to suspend activities that consume resources. 4. Destruction (destroy () ): e Called when the applet is being removed from memory (e.g., when the user closes the browser). o Used to perform cleanup operations, such as releasing resources. 2)Design a Java Applet that displays a simple ''Hello,World!"' message 3)Build_a_ java program to create button using JButton classieee) Fane prenn 4)Explain MVC architecture © Model: + Function: Manages the data and business logic of the application. + Responsi o Fetching and updating data. e Enforcing business rules and constraints. e Handling data-related operations. + Example: A class representing an entity like a User, with methods to interact with the database. © View: + Function: Represents the presentation layer and displays data to the user. o Rendering the UI. e Displaying data from the model to the user. e Receiving user inputs. + Example: HTML pages, JSPs, or Swing components that present data to the user. 0 seamed vith one Seamer© Controller: + Function: Acts as an intermediary between the Model and View. + Responsibilities: o Processing user input. e Updating the Model based on user actions. e Selecting the appropriate View to display data. + Example: A servlet or a Spring controller handling HTTP requests and responses. 5)List out all components of Swing in java Swing Components in Java + JButton + JLabel « JTextField + JTextArea + JPasswordField + JCheckBox + JRadioButton + IJComboBox + JList - JPanel + JFrame » JDialog + JMenuBar + JMenu + JMenultem + JToolBar + JTable» JTree + JScrollPane + JTabbedPane . JProgressBar + JSeparator 6 t types of applets wi Types of Applets in Java 1. Stand-alone Applets: co These applets are embedded directly in an HTML. page and can be run within a web browser or applet viewer. Example: 2.Local Applets: + These applets are stored on the local machine and run as part of a local application, often for testing purposes. Example:3.Network Applets: + These applets are stored on a remote server and downloaded to the user's machine when accessed through a web page. Example: erates cet sorractog Poe eee oe oat ProeeReeenrt icc tory Sura Feature ea pe Perey Environment Security peer ee ny eee ene Sees Sey PrnereteeRtstierep) ee etre NET Methods Cee one) a Cr Oe eed ee co emer eti ond 0 seamed vith one Seamer8)Explain Hierarchy of Java Swing classes with neat diagram + AbstractButton: + JButton: A button component. + JMenultem: A menu item, which can be added to a JMenu. e JLabel: A display area for a short text string or an image, or both. e JTextComponent: « JTextField: A single-line text input field. + JTextArea: A multi-line text area. e JPanel: A generic container for holding other components. e JList: A component that displays a list of items. e¢ JComboBox: A drop-down list of items. e JTable: A component that displays tabular data. e JTree: A component that displays a hierarchical tree of data. e JTabbedPane: A component that allows switching between a group of components using tabs. e JScrollPane: A scrollable view of another component.Page [74 e JSeparator: A horizontal or vertical dividing line. e JProgressBar: A component that visually displays the progress of a task. e JToolBar: A bar of tool buttons. ¢ JDialog: A top-level window used for dialogs. e JFrame: A top-level window with a title and border. e JApplet: A top-level window for applets. e JWindow: A top-level window without a border or title. Object x ‘Component abel x lst Container Component Table “ComboBox Window Panel Slider x Mena ‘Applet [AoaractButton 2 Frame Dialog “Botton O> scned wth 1 San9)Write a java program to create login page using Swing components import javax.swing.*; public class LoginPage { public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame frame = new JFrame(''Login Page"); JLabel userLabel = new JLabel(""Username:"); JLabel passLabel = new JLabel(""Password:"); JTextField userText = new JTextField(20); JPasswordField passText = new JPasswordField(20); JButton loginButton = new JButton(""Login"); frame.setLayout(new java.awt.GridLayout(3, 2)); frame.add(userLabel); frame.add(userText); frame.add(passLabel); frame.add(passText); frame.add(loginButton);loginButton.addActionListener(e -> System.out.printin(''Username: " + userText.getText() +", Password: " + new String(passText.getPassword()))); frame.setSize(300, 150); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOS E); frame.setVisible(true);

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