Lección: El Discurso Indirecto (Reported Speech)

1. ¿Qué es el Discurso Indirecto?

El discurso indirecto (reported speech) se utiliza para comunicar lo que otra persona ha
dicho, pero sin reproducir sus palabras exactas. En lugar de usar comillas ("..."), se
transforma la oración.

Ejemplo de Discurso Directo:​

She said, "I am going to the cinema."​
Discurso Indirecto:​
She said (that) she was going to the cinema.

2. Reglas Principales para Formar el Discurso Indirecto:

a. Cambio de Pronombres: Los pronombres deben cambiar de acuerdo con la persona

que habla.​
Ejemplo:​
He said, "I am tired." → He said (that) he was tired.

b. Cambio de Tiempos Verbales: El tiempo del verbo en la oración directa suele retroceder
en el tiempo cuando se convierte en indirecto

Reglas básicas para el cambio de tiempos:

Discurso Directo Discurso Indirecto

Present Simple → Past Simple "She says, 'I play tennis.' " → "She said (that) she
played tennis."

Present Continuous → Past Continuous "He says, 'I am studying.' " → "He said (that) he was
studying."

Present Pefrect → Past Perfect "They say, 'We have finished.' " → "They said (that)
they had finished."
Past Simple → Past Perfect "I said, 'I went to the party.' " → "I said (that) I had gone
to the party."

Will → Would "Mary said “I will buy this computer tomorrow - Mary
said that she would buy that computer the next day

Nota: Si la oración es una verdad universal o algo que no cambia, el tiempo no suele
alterarse.​
Ejemplo: "The Earth orbits the Sun," → She said (that) the Earth orbits the Sun.

c. Uso del “that”:​

En el discurso indirecto, solemos utilizar "that" (aunque a veces se omite en conversaciones
informales).​
Ejemplo:​
She said (that) she was tired.​
They told me (that) the book was interesting.

3. Formas Interrogativas y Exclamativas:

●​ Preguntas (Interrogativas):​
En las preguntas, el orden de las palabras cambia y se elimina el signo de
interrogación. Además, el verbo "said" se sustituye por "asked".​
Ejemplo Directo:​
She asked, "Where are you going?"​
Indirecto:​
She asked where I was going.
●​ Exclamaciones (Exclamativas):​
En las exclamaciones, usamos "exclaimed" o verbos similares. También puede ser
necesario cambiar los signos de exclamación por palabras más adecuadas según el
contexto.​
Ejemplo Directo:​
He said, "What a beautiful day!"​
Indirecto:​
He exclaimed that it was a beautiful day.
4. Ejercicios Prácticos:

Ejercicio 1: Convierte las siguientes oraciones a discurso indirecto.

1.​ She said, "I love this book." that book

2.​ They said, "We are going to the beach tomorrow."
3.​ He said, "I have seen that movie already."
4.​ John asked, "What time does the train leave?"
5.​ Laura exclaimed, "I can't believe it!"

Ejercicio 2: Completa las siguientes oraciones con las palabras correctas.

1.​ Tom said (that) he __________ (study) for the exam.

2.​ They asked (that) we __________ (be) on time.
3.​ She told me (that) she __________ (go) to the mall yesterday.
4.​ Mark asked, "Why __________ you __________ (be) so sad?"

5. Resumen:

●​ En el discurso indirecto, cambiamos los tiempos verbales y los pronombres.

●​ El "that" puede ser opcional, pero a menudo es útil para clarificar el contexto.
●​ Cambiamos el orden de las palabras en preguntas y eliminamos los signos de
interrogación.
●​ Para las exclamaciones, usamos verbos como “exclaimed” o “shouted.”
RELATIVES CLAUSES
We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences or to give

more information about something.

➔​ WHO - para referirnos a personas

➔​ WHICH - para referirnos a objetos
➔​ WHERE - para referirnos a un lugar
➔​ WHEN - para referirnos a un momento

❖​ The relative pronoun is the subject:

We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We can use 'that' for people or things. For example

(clause after the object of the sentence):

●​ I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.

●​ She has a son who / that is a doctor.

●​ We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.

●​ I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

1.​ Combine the sentences with who, which, where or when. Make any
necessary changes.
1. There was a fire last night. It destroyed the building.
...........................................................................................................................
2. His father is a famous scientist. He studies mutations.
...........................................................................................................................
3. This is the hospital. My brother was born here.
...........................................................................................................................
4. I think I’m living in an exciting time. There are so many developments in
technology.
...........................................................................................................................
5. Many scientists work in laboratories. There is often radioactive material there.
...........................................................................................................................
2.​ Complete the sentences with a relative pronoun. Draw an X next to the
sentence if the relative pronoun can be omitted.
1)​ This bike, ............................. I bought last moth, cannot be fixed.
2)​ The neighbour .................................. works for my dad is very noisy at night.
3)​ That's the woman ................................ son lives in Brooklyn.
4)​ The art gallery, .......................... you can admire the early works of Van Gogh,
is located in the city centre.
5)​ The flowers ................................ she gave me have bright colors.
6)​ I know the village ............................. the film was shot.
7)​ She shouted at me and that's the reason ........................... I am quitting the
job.
8)​ Tania, ............................ first job was as a receptionist, runs a small café in
town now.
9)​ I have a classmate ........................... failed 5 subjects last term.
10)​I'll never forget the day ............................... I met your father.

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun (who, which, that,
whose, whom, where, when). Be careful—some sentences may have more than
one correct answer.

1.​ The scientist __________ discovered the cure for the disease won a Nobel
Prize.
2.​ The book __________ you lent me was much better than I expected.
3.​ That’s the professor __________ class is always full of students.
4.​ The man __________ I met at the conference is a famous historian.
5.​ I will never forget the day __________ I graduated from university.
6.​ The city __________ I was born is famous for its architecture.
7.​ Do you remember the name of the restaurant __________ we had dinner last
night?
8.​ The musician __________ song won an award is performing tonight.
9.​ The museum __________ we visited yesterday was absolutely fascinating.
 10.​The girl __________ you were talking to is my cousin.

Exercise 2: Combine the Sentences Using a Defining Relative Clause

Rewrite the sentences using a defining relative clause. Do not use two separate
sentences.

1.​ I met a woman. She writes books about space.​

→ _____________________________________________​

2.​ We visited a town. It has a beautiful medieval castle.​

→ _____________________________________________​

3.​ There is a café. It serves the best coffee in town.​

→ _____________________________________________​

4.​ I have a friend. His father is a famous actor.​

→ _____________________________________________​

5.​ That is the school. I studied there when I was a child.​

→ _____________________________________________​

6.​ This is the doctor. He treated me when I broke my leg.​

→ _____________________________________________​

7.​ We watched a film. It was directed by Steven Spielberg.​

→ _____________________________________________​

8.​ I spoke to a journalist. He works for The Guardian.​

→ _____________________________________________​

9.​ The laptop is on the table. You bought it last week.​

→ _____________________________________________​

10.​That’s the boy. I was telling you about him.​

→ _____________________________________________​
Ejercicios repaso

✅ EJERCICIOS DE REPASO: RELATIVE CLAUSES – 4º

ESO
✏️ 1. Completa las frases con un pronombre relativo adecuado: who,
which, where, whose, that

1.​ This is the girl ______ won the writing contest.​

2.​ I watched a film ______ was really scary.​

3.​ The town ______ I was born is very small.​

4.​ That’s the boy ______ mother is a doctor.​

5.​ She has a dog ______ never stops barking.​

✂️ 2. Une las oraciones usando relative clauses

1.​ My brother is a doctor. He lives in Madrid.​
→ __________________________________________________________​

2.​ I met a girl. Her brother plays for Real Betis.​

→ __________________________________________________________​

3.​ This is the museum. We visited it last summer.​

→ __________________________________________________________​

4.​ The book is on the table. It belongs to Ana.​

→ __________________________________________________________​
❌ 3. Encuentra y corrige el error en cada oración
1.​ The man which lives next door is very friendly.​

2.​ That’s the school who my cousin goes to.​

3.​ I saw a car who had no driver.​

4.​ This is the house which roof is red.​

🔄 4. Reescribe las frases usando defining o non-defining relative

clauses

(Pon comas si es necesario)

1.​ My aunt is 60. She loves skydiving.​

→ __________________________________________________________​

2.​ That mobile phone is expensive. You bought it yesterday.​

→ __________________________________________________________​

3.​ Mr. Smith is my English teacher. He is from Ireland.​

→ __________________________________________________________

✅ SOLUCIONES: RELATIVE CLAUSES – 4º ESO

✏️ 1. Completa las frases con un pronombre relativo adecuado
1.​ This is the girl who won the writing contest.​

2.​ I watched a film that / which was really scary.​

3.​ The town where I was born is very small.​

4.​ That’s the boy whose mother is a doctor.​

5.​ She has a dog that / which never stops barking.​

✂️ 2. Une las oraciones usando relative clauses
1.​ My brother, who lives in Madrid, is a doctor.​
(non-defining clause con coma, porque ya sabemos quién es)​

2.​ I met a girl whose brother plays for Real Betis.​

3.​ This is the museum that / which we visited last summer.​

4.​ The book that / which is on the table belongs to Ana.​

❌ 3. Encuentra y corrige el error en cada oración

❌ The man which lives next door is very friendly.​
✅ The man who lives next door is very friendly.​
1.​

2.​ ❌ That’s the school who my cousin goes to.​

✅ That’s the school that / which my cousin goes to.​
3.​ ❌ I saw a car who had no driver.​
✅ I saw a car that / which had no driver.​
4.​ ❌ This is the house which roof is red.​
✅ This is the house whose roof is red.​

🔄 4. Reescribe las frases usando defining o non-defining relative

clauses

1.​ My aunt, who is 60, loves skydiving.​

(non-defining: se pone coma porque la edad no es esencial para identificar a la tía)​

2.​ That mobile phone that / which you bought yesterday is expensive.​

3.​ Mr. Smith, who is my English teacher, is from Ireland.​

(non-defining con comas porque ya sabemos quién es)
ANY & SOME
Some y any forman compuestos. Estos compuestos se ​usan de igual manera que
some y any. La diferencia está en que no van seguidas de un sustantivo.
Ejemplos:
There is some water in the glass. (Hay algo de agua en el vaso)

There is something on the table. (Hay algo en la mesa)

The compounds of SOME and ANY

➔​ "Somebody, someone, something, somewhere"
positive sentences: There is somebody in the garden.
when we offer things: Would you like something to drink?
polite questions or requests (= Bitte) (we expect the answer "YES"): Would you like
to go somewhere?
➔​ "Anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere"
most questions: Did you buy anything in London?
negative sentences: No, I didn't buy anything. We didn't go anywhere near a shop.

SOME ANY
PEOPLE SOMEONE / ANYONE(nadie,
SOMEBODY(alguien) cualquiera)/
ANYBODY(nadie)

THINGS SOMETHING (algo) ANYTHING (nada)

PLACES SOMEWHERE (en algún ANYWHERE (en cualquier

 lugar) lugar)

RESUMEN
❖​Los compuestos de some se usan en oraciones afirmativas, los de
any en interrogativas y negativas.
SOME

❖​ se refieren a alguna instancia indeterminada de un referente

(una cosa, persona, ubicación, o manera).
ANY

❖​Su significado depende del contexto de la oración.Cuando se usan

en oraciones afirmativas, estos pronombres tienen el sentido de

cualquiera o cualquier cosa. Cuando se usan en oraciones

negativas, estos pronombres tienen el sentido de nadie o nada.

EXERCISES

4. Put in a compound of some or any (somebody, someone, something,

somewhere anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere)
1. Has ________________ seen my mother? No, I'm sorry. I haven't seen
_____________________ around here.
2. Would you like to go _________________ on Saturday? Yes, great. I would like to
do ____________________ exciting. Is ___________________ else coming with
us? No, ___________________ is coming. It's just the two of us.
3. Have you got _______________ to eat? - No I haven’t. Let's go
___________________ where we can have ____________________ to eat.
4. I have to tell you ________________________. But you mustn’t tell
_________________ else about it, it’s a secret
MODAL VERBS

"Los verbos modales son palabras especiales que usamos para dar más información sobre
el verbo principal: expresar posibilidad, permiso, habilidad u obligación."

Modal Uso Ejemplo

Can Habilidad, permiso (informal) I can swim. / Can I go out?

Could Habilidad pasada, permiso formal, When I was young, I could run fast. /
posibilidad Could you help me?

May Permiso formal, posibilidad May I come in? / It may rain later.

Might Posibilidad baja We might be late.

Must Obligación fuerte, deducción You must wear a seatbelt. / He must be

lógica tired.

Mustn’t Prohibición You mustn’t smoke here.

Have to Obligación externa (reglas) I have to do my homework.

🗣 Ejemplos prácticos
●​ Can: She can speak three languages.​

●​ Could: Could you open the window, please?​

●​ May: You may start the test now.​

●​ Might: They might visit us tomorrow.​

●​ Must: You must stop when the traffic light is red.​

●​ Mustn’t: You mustn’t cheat on exams.​

●​ Have to: I have to wear a uniform at school.

: Completa las frases

●​ I ____ play the guitar.

●​ You ____ drive without a license.
●​ We ____ finish the project by Friday.
●​ ____ I borrow your pen?
 ●​ She ____ be at home; her lights are on.
●​ He ____ come to the party, but he’s not sure.

Repaso Final
●​ Pedir permiso formal: May
●​ Hablar de habilidad pasada: Could
●​ Prohibir algo: Mustn’t
●​ Alta probabilidad: Must

Ejercicio 1: Elige el modal adecuado

Completa las frases usando can, could, may, might, must, mustn't o have to.

1.​ You ________ be quiet in the library.​

2.​ We ________ go to the museum tomorrow if we have time.​

3.​ She ________ swim very well when she was a child.​

4.​ I ________ finish my homework before I can go out.​

5.​ He ________ be tired after such a long journey.​

6.​ You ________ smoke in the hospital. It's forbidden.​

7.​ ________ I borrow your book, please?​

Ejercicio 2: Corrige el error

Cada frase tiene un error. Encuentra y corrígelo.

1.​ You must to study hard for the exam.​

 2.​ She cans speak three languages.​

3.​ They have not to leave early today.​

4.​ May you help me with this exercise?​

5.​ He mights come later.​

Ejercicio 3: Traducción (Español → Inglés)

Traduce estas frases al inglés usando un modal verb.

1.​ Debes llegar a tiempo.​

2.​ ¿Puedo usar tu teléfono?​

3.​ Puede que ella esté en casa.​

4.​ No debes tocar eso, es peligroso.​

5.​ Tenía que llevar uniforme en el colegio.​

Ejercicio 4: Fill the gaps

Rellena los huecos con can, could, may, might, must, mustn't o have to.

1.​ She ________ drive, but she doesn't have a car.​

2.​ You ________ forget to call your grandmother today!​

3.​ I ________ go to the party if I finish all my work.​

4.​ We ________ leave early because we have an appointment.​

5.​ He ________ play the guitar very well when he was younger.​

6.​ Visitors ________ feed the animals in the zoo.​

 7.​ ________ you open the window, please?​

Ejercicio 5: Choose the correct option

Elige la opción correcta para completar las frases.

1.​ You (must / may / can’t) park here. It’s forbidden.​

2.​ She (may / must / have to) be very rich. Look at her car!​

3.​ (Might / Can / Must) I leave the room for a moment?​

4.​ They (can / must / could) speak French and Spanish fluently.​

5.​ You (have to / might / mustn’t) wear a helmet when you ride a bike by law.​
Respuestas
Ejercicio 1: Elige el modal adecuado
1.​ must​

2.​ might​

3.​ could​

4.​ have to​

5.​ must​

6.​ mustn’t​

7.​ May​

Ejercicio 2: Corrige el error

❌ You must to study hard for the exam.​
✅ You must study hard for the exam.​
1.​
 ❌ She cans speak three languages.​
✅ She can speak three languages.​
2.​

3.​ ❌ They have not to leave early today.​

✅ They don't have to leave early today.​
4.​ ❌ May you help me with this exercise?​
✅ Could you help me with this exercise? (o "Can you help me...")​
5.​ ❌ He mights come later.​
✅ He might come later.​

Ejercicio 3: Traducción
1.​ You must arrive on time.​

2.​ Can I use your phone?​

3.​ She might be at home.​

4.​ You mustn’t touch that, it's dangerous.​

5.​ I had to wear a uniform at school.​

Ejercicio 4: Fill the gaps

1.​ can​

2.​ mustn’t​

3.​ might​

4.​ have to​

5.​ could​
 6.​ mustn’t​

7.​ Can​

Ejercicio 5: Choose the correct option

1.​ can’t​

2.​ must​

3.​ Might​

4.​ can​

5.​ have to​

Mini Test de Repaso

Parte 1: Elige la opción correcta

1.​ b) have to​

2.​ b) might​

3.​ b) mustn’t​

4.​ b) Could​

5.​ a) could​

Parte 2: Completa las frases

6.​ have to​

 7.​ mustn’t​

8.​ must​

9.​ Could​

10.​might​

Parte 3: Traduce al inglés

11.​You have to study for the exam.​

12.​They might arrive late.​

13.​You mustn’t speak loudly in the library.​