Lect.

-1
Classification of energy sources,
contribution of these sources in
agricultural sector.

By
Er. J. K. Gaur
M-9414264790
 Energy:
Energy is defined via work, i.e capacity of
doing work.
the SI (Standard International) unit
for energy is the same as the unit of work –
the joule (J),
named in honor of James Prescott Joule.
1 joule is .equal to 1 Newton- metre. ( N⋅m)
One Newton is the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of
mass at the rate of one metre per second squared in the
direction of the applied force.

F=m ⋅ a or N=1 kg⋅1 m/s2

• The energy unit used for electricity, is the
kilowatt- hour(kWh);
One kWh is equivalent to 3.6×106 J (3600 kJ or
3.6 MJ).
In Food industry the unit of energy is calorie.
1 calorie = 4.184 J
Basically energy can be classified into two types:
Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position
(gravitational). It exists in various forms.
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is energy in motion- the motion of waves,
electrons, atoms, molecules and substances. It exists in
various forms.
 Various Forms of Energy
(i) Chemical Energy
Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds
of atoms and molecules. Biomass, petroleum,
natural gas, propane and coal are examples of
stored chemical energy.
(ii) Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus
of an atom - the energy that holds the nucleus
together. The nucleus of a uranium atom is an
example of nuclear energy.
It is not a renewable energy source, but because it
is a technology not based on fossil fuels many
people think nuclear power plants could play an
important role in reducing carbon emissions and
battling climate change.
(iii) Stored Mechanical Energy
Stored mechanical energy is energy stored in
objects by the application of a force. Compressed
springs and stretched rubber bands are examples
of stored mechanical energy.
(iv) Gravitational Energy
Gravitational energy is the energy of place or
position. Water in a reservoir behind a
hydropower dam is an example of gravitational
energy. When the water is released to spin
turbines, it becomes rotational energy.
(v) Radiant Energy
Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels
in transverse waves. Radiant energy includes visible
light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Solar
energy is an example of radiant energy.
(vi) Thermal Energy
Thermal energy (or heat) is the internal energy in
substances- the vibration and movement of atoms
and molecules within substances. Geothermal
energy is an example of thermal energy.
(vii) Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is the movement of electrons.
Lightning and electricity are examples of electrical
energy.
(viii) Energy in Motion
The movement of objects or substances from one place
to another is motion. Wind and hydropower are
examples of motion.
(ix) Sound Energy
Sound is the movement of energy through substances
in longitudinal (compression/rarefaction) waves.
(x) Light Energy
Light energy is a type of wave motion. That is, light is
a form of energy caused by light waves. It enables us
to see, as objects are only visible when they reflect
light into our eyes.
 :
Energy flow Pattern in Present Context
: Gift of nature (Fossil fue,l Falling water &
Primary energy sources
Solar energy etc.)
Energy conversion Processes : Oil Refineries, Power Plants, Solar Collector
etc.
Secondary Energy : Refined oil, Electricity

Transmission & Distribution

Railway, Pipelines, Transmission Lines
:
Final Energy : At the consumer house

Energy utilization Equipment : Stove, IC Engine, Furnace

& Devices

End use Activities

Domestic Agriculture Transport Industry

 Classification of Energy Sources
Energy sources can be classified on the basis of
three features:
(a) Conventional and Non Conventional Energy
sources.
(b) Renewable and Non Renewable Energy
sources.
(c) Commercial and Non Commercial Energy
sources.
 Conventional and Non Conventional Energy sources.
• Based on conventionality in deriving energy, energy sources can
be classified as conventional (coal, oil, hydro, nuclear, etc.) and
non - conventional (solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas, etc.)
sources.
• Fossil fuels(coal, oil and petroleum products, natural gas) are
conventional energy sources.
• Fossil fuels are formed by the decomposition of the remains of
dead plants and animals buried under the earth long ago.
• Hydro power is also conventional source of energy. The
watercourses created by precipitation of rain and snows and
flowing from higher level to a lower level can be used for
generation of electricity.

Flowing water Turbine Generator Electricity

Potential energy to kinetic energy – Mechanical energy to electrical energy
It has the main advantage over all the other forms of alternative
energy production , that is, its greater reliability as compared to the
other forms of alternative energy sources.
Coal:
• Normally found under the crest of earth trapped in
rocks.
• Mostly (about 71%) Used in thermal power plant as fuel.
• Depending upon the carbon contents of coal these
are classified as;
(i)Peat- 60% carbon
(ii) Lignite – (soft coal) 70% carbon
(iii) Bituminous- (household coal) 80% carbon
(iv) Anthracite- (Hard coal) -90% carbon
Crude Petroleum can be heated at various
temperatures to get following useful
products:
(i) Petroleum gas – LPG (Below 400C)
(ii) Petrol- 40 to 1700C
(iii) Kerosene- 170 to 2500C
(iv) Diesel – 250-350 0C
(v) Lubricating oil, paraffin wax – above 400 0C

Natural gas- it consists of about 95%

methane, and rest ethane and propane.
Burning of Fossil Fuels

Pollution from coal,

natural gas, and oil
The conventional sources can produce energy
irrespective of weather conditions.
Non conventional energy sources:

These sources are obtained from the earth

atmosphere and have no shortage as far as their
quantum is concerned.
•Solar
•Wind
•Biomass
•Tidal
•Geothermal
•Ocean energy.
Commercial and Non Commercial Energy sources.

On the nature of their transaction, the energy sources

can be classified as commercial and noncommercial
sources of energy .

All energy resources, particularly the commercial ones,

are natural. Coal, oil and nuclear sources constitute
commercial sources,

While firewood, biomass and animal dung constitute

non- commercial sources.
Non Renewable and Renewable Sources of Energy Sources

Non Renewable Energy Sources:

These energy sources are nature gifted resources being
accumulated in nature for a very long time and can’t be
replaced if exhausted. Once these natural resources
are used up, they are gone forever, hence called
non- renewable.
Example: coal, petroleum, natural gas, thermal power,
hydro power and nuclear power are the main
conventional sources of energy.
Uranium is a non-renewable source, but it is not a fossil fuel.
Uranium is converted to a fuel and used in nuclear power plants.
Renewable Energy Sources
Energy sources, which are continuously and freely
produced in the nature and are not exhaustible,
are known as the renewable sources of energy.
Renewable energy is captured from an energy
resource that is replaced rapidly by a natural
process.
Example: solar energy, biomass and wood energy,
geo thermal energy, wind energy, tidal energy
and ocean energy.
But main attention has to be directed to the
following sources of renewable namely, a) solar
photovoltaic, b) wind, and c) hydrogen fuel cell.
 Renewable energy
• Renewable energy is energy that is collected
from renewable sources, which are naturally
replenished on a human timescale, such
as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal
heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in
four important areas:
• Electricity generation,
• Air and water heating/cooling,
• Transportation and
• Rural (off grid) energy services.
 Solar Energy
Solar energy is the energy received from the
sun. This energy is in the form of solar
radiation, which may be used directly for
thermal applications like drying, heating etc.
and can also be used to produce electricity by
using solar PV cells.
 Use of solar energy
Thermal mode and photovoltaic mode
(A) In domestic sector
• Cooking
• Water heating
• Lightening
• Operating electrical appliances
• Solar distillation
• Drying
(B) In Agriculture sector
• Pumping of irrigation water
• Drying of farm produce
• Winnowing
• Soil solarisation
 Drying
➢For safe storage
➢For off season use of the product
➢The important factor is to preserve the nutritive value and the colour

Protection from birds, no effect of rain, wind storm etc.

Solar dryers

Direct heating

In direct heating
Solar steam generator and steam engine that operates with a
high efficiency for pumping water
Solar PV pump for irrigation
Electricity generation from solar energy
Photovoltaic pumping system specifications
Motor pump/ Output Head (m) Solar Array
Configuration (m³.day) (Wp)
Submerged 40 20 1200
borehole
25 20 800
motor pump
Surface motor/ 60 7 840
submerged
pump
Reciprocating 6 100 1200
positive
displacement
pump
Floating 100 3 530
motor/pumpset
10 3 85
Surface suction 40 4 350
pump
View of SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS pump with Sun
tracker for 900 Wp SPV Panel in Operation
 Wind Energy
Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the
earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.
Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's
terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover.
This wind flow or energy in wind motion, can be
harnessed by windmills for pumping, grinding
etc. or by modern wind turbines to generate
electricity.
This behaviour of warm gases or liquids moving
upward and being replaced by cooler particles is
called Convection. The energy moving during
convection is called convectional current.
The wind energy is kinetic energy from the wind.
 Wind turbine
The wind turbines
use the kinetic
energy of the wind
and convert that
energy into
mechanical energy,
which in turn can be
converted into
electricity by means
of a generator.
The new windmills, also known as wind turbines, appeared
in Denmark as early as 1890.
 Hydropower

Harvesting energy from water is possible due to the gravitational

potential energy stored in water. As water flows from a high potential
energy (high ground) to lower potential energy (lower ground), the
potential energy difference thereby created can be partially converted
into kinetic, and in this case electric energy through the use of a
generator.
There are essentially two major designs in use that utilize water to
produce electricity: the hydroelectric dam, and the pumped-storage
plant.
Principle :
The force of the water being released from the reservoir
through the penstock of the dam spins the blades of a turbine.
The turbine is connected to the generator that produces
electricity. After passing through the turbine, the water reenters
the river on the downstream side of the dam.
A pumped-storage plant is very similar to the hydroelectric
dam, the main difference being that the pumped-storage plant
uses two reservoirs, one being considerably higher than the
other. The advantage of this design is that during periods of low
demand for electricity, such as nights and weekends, energy is
stored by reversing the turbines and pumping water from the
lower to the upper reservoir. The stored water can later be
released to turn the turbines and generate electricity as it flows
back into the lower reservoir.
It is one of the only renewable energy sources not dependent on the Sun. Instead, it
relies on heat produced under the surface of the Earth.
Binary Geothermal Power Plant
 Problems with Geothermal energy use
Some problems that geothermal energy faces are
depletion of both water and heat in geothermal
areas.
➢The first problem has been partially addressed by
re-injecting water into reservoirs, thus sustaining
the plant’s ability to operate.
➢Water re-injection can cause small earthquakes,
which raises the question of whether the plants
should be liable for the damages caused.
 Ocean Energy
Nearly seventy percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by
oceans, which have the potential to supply humans with an
enormous amount of renewable energy. Humans have
exploited the vast energy potential of Earth’s oceans by taking
advantage of wave movement, tides, ocean currents, and
ocean thermal energy.
Wave farm: This technology is based on the principle of rolling
waves flowing through joints in a large cylindrical pipe, which
pushes high pressure oil through hydraulic motors to generate
electricity- which is in turn fed to an onshore grid through an
underwater cable. Thus wave energy can be converted to
electricity. One square kilometer of ocean interspersed with
the devices would produce about 30 MW of electricity, which
could power 20,000 homes.
 Ebb generation
Ebb generation means, at high tide, water flows
in through openings (gates) in the barrage, or
dam up to the normal level, spinning turbines
to generate electricity. The water is retained
behind the barrage until low tide, when it flows
out again, once again spinning the turbines and
generating electricity.
The predictability of tides makes tidal power a
reliable energy source, though it can only
produce electricity at certain times of day:
during high and low tides.
 Biomass
Biomass can be converted into fuels through a number
of different processes, including solid fuel combustion,
digestion, pyrolysis, and fermentation and catalyzed
reactions.
Electricity is generated in many places through solid fuel
combustion.
➢Pyrolysis creates a product much like charcoal, with
double the energy density of the original biomass,
making the fuel highly transportable and more efficient.
➢The most widely used alternative fuel, ethanol, is
created through fermentation of organic materials.
 Biomass Feed

Drying Zone

Pyrolysis Zone

Oxidation Zone
Air

Reduction Zone
Gas
Ash Pit

Biomass wastes based Gasifier for thermal and power

generation
 Ethanol
Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is a
colorless, clear liquid. The chemical formula is CH3CH2OH.
Fuel-quality ethanol goes through more processes than
do alcoholic beverages, in order to make it unfit for
human consumption and to increase the purity so as to
avoid separation when mixed with gasoline.
• Ethanol is not used by itself to fuel vehicles. Instead, it’s
mixed with gasoline. The two most common blends are
E10 and E85. The number refers to the percentage of
ethanol in the blend. E10 is a blend of ten percent
ethanol and ninety percent gasoline. E85, the most
mainstream alternative fuel, is eighty-five percent ethanol
and fifteen percent gasoline.
• Using ethanol increases the octane rating and
decreases the amount of damaging emissions
associated with fuel consumption. It is for this
second reason that ethanol use is so strongly
recommended.
• Increase in use of ethanol as fuel will benefit
farmers economically. The majority of ethanol
used today comes from corn.
• The variety of other feedstock that can be used
today includes barley, wheat, cornstalks, rice
straw, sugarcane bagasse, pulpwood, switch grass
and even municipal solid waste.
 Biogas Production from Organic Waste

• Biogas is produced when bacteria degrade organic matter

in the absence of air.
• Biogas contains around 55-65% of methane, 30-40% of
carbon dioxide and small quantities of hydrogen, nitrogen,
carbon monoxide, oxygen and hydrogen sulphide.
• The calorific value of biogas is appreciably high (around
4700 kcal or 20 MJ: at around 55% methane content).
• The biogas can effectively be utilized for generation of
power through a biogas based power generation system
after dewatering and cleaning of the gas.
• The slurry produced in the process provides valuable
organic manure for farming.
FAMILY SIZE BIOGAS PLANT
• Renewable energy in India comes under the
purview of the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE). India was the first
country in the world to set up a ministry
of non-conventional energy resources, in the
early 1980s.
• Solar Energy Corporation of India is
responsible for the development of solar
energy industry in India.
• Hydroelectricity is administered separately by
the Ministry of Power and not included in
MNRE targets.
Contribution of Energy Sources in Agriculture Sector
In agriculture sector the following operations are generally performed:
1. Land preparation
2. Sowing or transplanting
3. Water pumping
4. Weeding
5. Spraying & dusting
6. Harvesting
7. Drying
8. Transportation
9. Processing of products
10. Packaging
11. Long time storage in cold stores.

For all these activities, energy is required which can be

obtained by different energy sources like diesel, electricity,
biomass, cattle dung , solar and wind along with the power of
human and animals .