Chapter 1: ANDROID AND ITS TOOLS

2 Marks Questions:

1. Enlist Features of Android OS?

Android OS offers several powerful features:

 Open-Source – Android is based on Linux and is open-source, allowing developers

to customize it.
 Multi-tasking – It supports running multiple applications simultaneously.
 Rich User Interface – It provides intuitive touch gestures, widgets, and smooth
animations.
 Connectivity – Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, 4G/5G, and USB connections.
 Multiple App Stores – Apps can be downloaded from Google Play Store and other
sources.
 Security – Android provides security through sandboxing, permissions, and
encryption.
 Multi-Language Support – Supports multiple languages for global usability.
 Inter-App Communication – Enables apps to communicate through intents and
services.
 Regular Updates – Google provides security patches and feature updates regularly.

2. What is OHA?

OHA stands for Open Handset Alliance. It is a group of hardware, software, and
telecommunication companies that collaborate to develop open mobile standards and
improve the Android platform. Google leads the OHA, and members include companies like
Samsung, HTC, Sony, and Qualcomm. The goal of OHA is to promote innovation and
standardization in mobile technology.

3. Enlist Tools to Develop Android Applications?

To develop Android applications, developers use various tools, including:

 Android Studio – Official IDE for Android development.

 Android SDK (Software Development Kit) – Includes tools, libraries, and APIs for
development.
 AVD (Android Virtual Device) Manager – Used to create and test virtual devices.
 Android Emulator – Simulates Android devices on a computer.
 Gradle – A build automation tool for managing dependencies.
 ADB (Android Debug Bridge) – A command-line tool to debug and communicate
with devices.
 DDMS (Dalvik Debug Monitor Server) – Debugging tool for monitoring
performance.
  Lint – Used for code analysis and finding potential issues.

4 Marks Questions:

1. Explain Android Ecosystem?

The Android ecosystem consists of various components that work together to create a robust
platform:

 Hardware – Smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, and TVs that run Android.

 Operating System – Based on Linux, providing multitasking, security, and hardware
interaction.
 Applications – Millions of apps available in the Google Play Store and third-party
stores.
 Development Tools – Android Studio, SDK, ADB, Gradle, etc., used to build apps.
 Google Services – Includes Play Services, Maps, Firebase, and cloud integration for
enhanced app functionality.

Android's ecosystem is vast, including manufacturers like Samsung, OnePlus, and Google,
along with various mobile networks and software companies.

2. Explain the Android Architecture in Detail.

Android follows a layered architecture consisting of five main components:

1. Linux Kernel
o The core layer that interacts with hardware.
o Manages memory, processes, security, and drivers (camera, Wi-Fi, audio).
2. Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
o Provides an interface between hardware components and the Android OS.
3. Native Libraries
o Includes essential libraries like SQLite (database), WebKit (browser),
OpenGL (graphics), and Media Framework.
4. Android Runtime (ART)
o Replaces Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM).
o Uses Just-In-Time (JIT) and Ahead-Of-Time (AOT) compilation for efficient
performance.
5. Application Framework
o Manages UI, resources, locations, and notifications.
o Includes key components like Activity Manager, Content Providers, and
Broadcast Receivers.
6. Applications Layer
o The top layer where apps run, including system apps like Contacts, Messages,
and third-party apps.
Chapter 2 – INSTALLATION & CONFIGURATION OF ANDROID

2 Marks Questions:

1. What is SDK?

SDK (Software Development Kit) is a collection of tools, libraries, and documentation

required for Android development. It includes:

 APIs for interacting with Android components.

 Emulator for testing applications.
 ADB for debugging.
 Build tools like Gradle.

2. What is Emulator?

An Android Emulator is a virtual device that simulates real Android hardware and software
on a computer. It allows developers to test applications without needing a physical device.
The emulator supports various screen sizes, resolutions, and Android versions.

3. What is ADT?

ADT (Android Development Tools) was an Eclipse-based plugin that provided tools for
developing Android applications. It included:

 Code editor and debugger.

 UI designer.
 Emulator support.

Since 2015, Android Studio has replaced ADT as the official development environment.

4 Marks Questions:

1. Compare JVM and DVM?

Feature JVM (Java Virtual Machine) DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine)

Used In Standard Java applications Android applications (before ART)
Bytecode Format Java bytecode (.class files) Dalvik bytecode (.dex files)
Memory Usage Higher, uses separate instances Optimized for low memory usage
Execution Stack-based Register-based
Performance Slower for mobile devices Faster, designed for mobile
2. Explain DVM With Diagram?

DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) is a register-based virtual machine designed for Android.
It converts Java bytecode into Dalvik Executable (.dex) format, which is optimized for
memory efficiency and performance.

DVM Architecture:

 Java Source Code → Java Compiler → Java Bytecode (.class) → dx Tool →

Dalvik Bytecode (.dex) → DVM Execution

Since Android 5.0 (Lollipop), ART (Android Runtime) replaced DVM for better
performance and battery efficiency.

3. Describe the Concept of Android SDK?

Android SDK is a set of development tools provided by Google for building Android apps.
It includes:

 Android APIs – Libraries for UI, networking, and data storage.

 SDK Tools – ADB, Lint, Proguard, and build tools.
 System Images – Pre-configured Android versions for testing.
 AVD Manager – Used to create and manage virtual devices.

Developers use Android Studio with SDK to create applications efficiently.

4. Write Down Steps How to Create AVD in Android Studio?

An AVD (Android Virtual Device) is used for testing apps. Steps to create one:

1. Open Android Studio.

2. Go to Tools > AVD Manager.
3. Click Create Virtual Device.
4. Select a hardware device (e.g., Pixel 6, Nexus 5X).
5. Choose a system image (Android version).
6. Set up configuration (RAM, storage, orientation).
7. Click Finish and launch the emulator.

5. Write Down the Steps How to Install Android Studio?

1. Download Android Studio from developer.android.com.

2. Run the installer and follow the instructions.
3. Select SDK components to install.
 4. Choose an installation path.
5. Click Finish after installation.
6. Open Android Studio and configure the SDK and AVD.
7. Start a new Android project to begin development.

Chapter 3: UI Components and Layouts

2 Marks Questions:

1. List Layouts in Android UI Design.

Android provides several types of layouts to arrange UI components:

 LinearLayout – Arranges elements in a single row or column.

 RelativeLayout – Positions elements relative to each other or the parent.
 ConstraintLayout – Provides a flexible way to position UI components with
constraints.
 FrameLayout – Holds a single child element, useful for overlays.
 TableLayout – Uses rows and columns, similar to an HTML table.
 GridLayout – Organizes elements in a grid pattern.
 CoordinatorLayout – Used for complex layouts with scrolling behavior.

2. List Different Attributes of FrameLayout.

FrameLayout is used to hold a single view or stack multiple views. Important attributes:

 android:layout_width – Sets width (match_parent, wrap_content).

 android:layout_height – Sets height (match_parent, wrap_content).
 android:foreground – Sets a drawable/image over the layout.
 android:padding – Adds spacing inside the layout.
 android:gravity – Aligns child views (center, top, bottom, etc.).

3. List Different Attributes of TableLayout.

TableLayout is used to display UI elements in rows and columns. Key attributes:

 android:stretchColumns – Stretches specified columns to fill available space.

 android:shrinkColumns – Shrinks specified columns if needed.
 android:collapseColumns – Hides specified columns.
 android:layout_span – Defines how many columns a view should span.
 android:padding – Adds spacing inside the layout.

4 Marks Questions:
1. What is the use of the AndroidManifest.xml file in an Android application?

AndroidManifest.xml is a crucial configuration file in every Android app. It contains:

 Application Details – Declares the package name and application components.

 Permissions – Lists required permissions like internet, camera, location.
 Activities, Services, and Receivers – Declares and manages components.
 Hardware & Software Features – Defines required hardware (GPS, Bluetooth).
 App Entry Point – Specifies the launcher activity using <intent-filter>.

Example:

xml

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.example.myapp">

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme">

<activity android:name=".MainActivity">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN"/>
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"/>
</intent-filter>
</activity>

</application>
</manifest>

2. Explain the Following Files:

I. Main Activity File

 The MainActivity.java or MainActivity.kt file contains the main logic of the app.
 It extends AppCompatActivity and loads the UI using
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main).
 Example:

java

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
}
}
II. Manifest File

 Declares components (activities, services, permissions) for the app.

III. Strings File

 Stored in res/values/strings.xml, it helps in localization by defining string

resources.
 Example:

xml

<resources>
<string name="app_name">MyApplication</string>
</resources>

IV. Layout File

 Stored in res/layout/, it defines the UI using XML.

 Example (activity_main.xml):

xml

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<TextView android:text="Hello, World!"

android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
</LinearLayout>

3. What are View and ViewGroup Classes in Android? Why are Layouts
Created Using XML?

View Class:

 View is the base class for all UI elements like Buttons, TextViews, EditTexts, etc.

ViewGroup Class:

 ViewGroup is a subclass of View that holds multiple views (e.g., LinearLayout,

RelativeLayout).
 It is used to arrange child views within a layout.

Why are Layouts Created Using XML?

 Separation of UI and Logic – Keeps UI structure separate from Java/Kotlin code.

 Easier Customization – Allows changes without modifying code.
 Faster Rendering – XML layouts are optimized by Android’s UI rendering engine.
 Reusability – Same layout can be reused for different screen sizes.
4. List and Explain the Resource Folder.

The res (Resources) folder in an Android project contains various subfolders for app
resources:

Folder Purpose
res/drawable/ Stores images, icons, and XML drawables.
res/layout/ Contains XML files defining the UI structure.
res/mipmap/ Stores app launcher icons (optimized for different resolutions).
Contains XML files like strings.xml, colors.xml, dimens.xml, and
res/values/
styles.xml.
res/raw/ Stores raw files like audio, text, and JSON.
res/menu/ Stores XML files defining navigation menus.
res/xml/ Stores custom XML configurations.

Example of values/colors.xml:

xml

<resources>
<color name="primaryColor">#6200EE</color>
<color name="accentColor">#03DAC5</color>
</resources>

Chapter 4: Designing User Interface with View

2 Marks Questions:

1. List View Classes in Android Application Development.

Android provides several View classes for UI components:

 TextView – Displays text on the screen.

 EditText – Input field for text entry.
 Button – Clickable button for user interactions.
 ImageView – Displays images.
 CheckBox – Allows multiple selections.
 RadioButton – Allows single selection in a group.
 ProgressBar – Shows progress of a task.
 SeekBar – Allows users to select a value using a slider.
 RecyclerView – Displays a scrollable list of items efficiently.
 ListView – Used to display a list of items.
 Switch – Toggle between two states (ON/OFF).
2. Explain Attributes wrap_content and match_parent with Respect to
ViewGroups.

These attributes define how a View should occupy space in a ViewGroup.

 wrap_content
o The view takes only as much space as required to fit its content.
o Example:

xml
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Hello World!" />

o Here, the TextView will be only as big as its text content.

 match_parent
o The view expands to occupy the full width or height of its parent container.
o Example:

xml
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Click Me" />

o The Button will stretch to match the full width of the parent.

4 Marks Question:

1. What is TextView & EditText? Explain TextView Attributes.

TextView

 TextView is a UI component that displays static text.

 It cannot be edited by the user.
 Example:

xml
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Welcome to Android" />
EditText

 EditText is a subclass of TextView that allows user input.

 It is commonly used for forms, username/password fields.
 Example:

xml
<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter your name" />

TextView Attributes

 android:text – Defines the text to display.

 android:textSize – Sets the size of the text.
 android:textColor – Changes the text color.
 android:textStyle – Defines style (bold, italic, normal).
 android:gravity – Aligns text inside the view.
 android:maxLines – Limits the number of lines.
 android:ellipsize – Adds "..." when text is too long.
 android:background – Sets a background color/image.

Example with multiple attributes:

xml
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Hello, Android!"
android:textSize="18sp"
android:textColor="#FF0000"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:gravity="center"
android:maxLines="2"
android:ellipsize="end" />