FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI DAN KEJURUTERAAN

ELEKTRONIK DAN KOMPUTER

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

SIGNAL & SYSTEMS

BERT 2423 SEMESTER 1 SESSION 2024/2025

LAB 5: SAMPLING THEOREM

1. AMIRUL FAHMI BIN MOHD ROSLI B122410489

NAME OF GROUP
MEMBER(S) & 2. HAFIY AHZA BIN MOHD NAZRI B122410494
MATRIX NUMBER(S)

COURSE BERT

DATE 6/1/2025

TS ZAHARIAH BINTI MANAP (PENYELARAS)

NAME OF INSTRUCTOR(S)
PM DR MUHAMMAD SYAHRIR JOHAL
DR MAWARNI BINTI MOHAMED YUNUS

EXAMINER’S COMMENT(S) VERIFICATION STAMP

TOTAL MARKS
1.0 OBJECTIVES

1. To simulate the sampling of a sinusoid using MATLAB.

2. To plot the sampled sinusoid based on the specific sampling frequency.
3. To observe the frequency spectrum of the sampled signal.

2.0 EQUIPMENT

MATLAB® software.

3.0 SYNOPSIS& THEORY

A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be recovered
back when sampling frequency fs is greater than or equal to the twice the highest
frequency component of message signal, fm. i. e.:

𝑓𝑠 ≥ 2𝑓𝑚

If the sampling frequency (fs) equals twice the input signal frequency (fm), then such
a condition is called the Nyquist Criteria for sampling. When sampling frequency
equals twice the input signal frequency is known as “Nyquist rate”.

𝑓𝑠 = 2𝑓𝑚

If the sampling frequency (fs) is less than twice the input signal frequency, such
criteria called an Aliasing effect.

𝑓𝑠 < 2𝑓𝑚

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4.0 PROCEDURE

1. Run the following program in MATLAB.

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 2. Write down the frequency of the signal and the sampling frequency.
Paste the output figure in the Simulation Results section.
3. Change the frequency of the signal to 30Hz. Then, set the sampling
frequency, fs as follows:

i. 10 Hz v. 60 Hz
ii. 20 Hz vi. 80 Hz
iii. 30 Hz vii. 100 Hz
iv. 40 Hz viii. 120 Hz

Record your result in Table 1 of Simulation Results section.

5.0 SIMULATION RESULTS

Result task 1 and 2

Sample 50 Hz
No Aliasing
1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time, s
Frequency Spectrum
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
frequency, Hz

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Result task 3

Table 1
Sampling Frequency of recontructed
frequncy, signal
Output
fs (Hz)

10 Hz Aliased Frequency 0 Hz
1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time, s
Frequency Spectrum
1

0.5

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
frequency, Hz

20 Hz Aliased Frequency 10 Hz
1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time, s
Frequency Spectrum
1

0.5

0
-10 -5 0 5 10
frequency, Hz

30 Hz Aliased Frequency 0 Hz
1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time, s
Frequency Spectrum
1

0.5

0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
frequency, Hz

5
40 Hz Aliased Frequency 10 Hz
1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time, s
Frequency Spectrum
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
frequency, Hz

60 Hz No Aliasing
1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time, s
Frequency Spectrum
1

0.5

0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
frequency, Hz

80 Hz No Aliasing
1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time, s
Frequency Spectrum
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
frequency, Hz

100 Hz No Aliasing
1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time, s
Frequency Spectrum
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-50 0 50
frequency, Hz
6
120 Hz No Aliasing
1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time, s
Frequency Spectrum
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
frequency, Hz

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6.0 QUESTION & DISCUSSION

1. Based on the experiment, what is the minimum sampling frequency to

avoid aliasing?

The minimum sampling frequency to avoid aliasing is 60Hz

2. Discuss the results based on your observation.

Based on my observations during this lab, it is evident that when the sampling
frequency is set below the Nyquist rate (which is twice the signal frequency), the
resulting output is unable to accurately capture the 30Hz component of the frequency
spectrum. This is because a lower sampling frequency leads to aliasing, where higher
frequency components are misrepresented as lower frequencies. In this case, the
30Hz signal cannot be properly sampled, and the system fails to reconstruct the
original signal correctly. And to get the no aliasing it must not be below the minimum
60Hz or it will not also capture the signal.

7.0 CONCLUSION

This lab provided a valuable hands-on experience to demonstrate the practical

application of the Sampling Theorem in signal processing. Through the use of MATLAB
simulations, we were able to visualize and experiment with how different sampling
frequencies affect the reconstruction of a sinusoidal signal. The experiment highlighted
the importance of sampling at the right frequency to ensure accurate signal
representation and avoid errors in the reconstructed signal.

One of the key takeaways from this lab was the concept of the Nyquist rate, which states
that in order to achieve a correct and accurate reconstruction of a signal, the sampling
frequency must be at least twice the frequency of the signal itself. This is a fundamental
principle in signal processing, and it helps to prevent aliasing, a phenomenon where
higher frequencies are misrepresented as lower frequencies due to insufficient sampling
rates.

In our specific experiment, we worked with a continuous-time sinusoidal signal of 30Hz.

According to the Nyquist rate, this meant that we had to sample the signal at a minimum
of 60Hz to preserve its integrity. Sampling at this rate ensured that the signal could be
accurately reconstructed without any loss of information. However, when we sampled at
frequencies lower than 60Hz, aliasing occurred, causing the reconstructed signal to
diverge from the original. This demonstrated the practical consequences of not adhering
to the Nyquist criterion, leading to incorrect frequency components being displayed in
the sampled signal.

Overall, this lab not only helped reinforce theoretical knowledge but also allowed us to
apply it in a practical setting. We saw firsthand how essential it is to choose an
appropriate sampling frequency in order to capture the full characteristics of a signal and
prevent distortion due to aliasing. The experiment served as a reminder of how critical it
is to carefully consider sampling rates in real-world signal processing applications, such
as digital communication, audio processing, and other fields that rely on accurate signal
representation.

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