Section 2: Emergence of Pakistan

The Indian National Congress (INC) 1885

Founder = Dadabhai Naoroji,Dinshaw Wacha, Allan Octavian Hume
(The beginning of political awareness in the Indians)
Reason for the creation of the INC

Q1. Why Indian National Congess was formed?[7]

….for the smooth administration of India, the British needed to know the intentions of the local
population as to what they think about the British rule and for this purpose the Bridge was
needed…
……The new organization would act as a safety valve for the escape of great and growing
forces…
…..Indians also wanted to communicate their problems regarding govt jobs and representation in
the govt in future…

Lord Dufferin welcome INC

The party was formulated by Allan Octavian Hume (Who was a British retired servant)---who was
basically assigned a task to persuade Indians to have their own political party.

Describe the Main objectives of INC[4]

1) To promote the welfare of all Indians living in India
2) To remain loyal to the British Queen
3) To educate the people in India and in Britain about the resolutions of INC.
4) TO persuade the British govt to end the unfair practices and to increase the share of
indians in the ICS and in the govt.

Moderates ----- (Gokhle)

Extremist (Tilak)
Revolutionist (Bhagat Singh)

1892….Indian Council Act…which increased the number of Indians / representation of Indians in

the govt. but Indians had no power (decision making power) and they were mostly ignored by the
British.
The RISE OF Radical Nationalism
Some people like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Dayanand Saraswati (Arya Samaj) and many others
wanted to get rid of the British as soon as possible. They had also assassinated few British officers
also. These radical elements were against the Muslims and wanted them to convert to Hinduism or
else they believe Muslims should leave India or be killed because India was a land of the Hindus.
SELF RULE

Partition of Bengal 1905

….Bengal was the largest and the most important province for the British control..
….They wanted to have efficient administration of this area but it was difficult due to poor
infrastructure and larger area.
…..Population of Bengal was 85 million with 54 million in west and 31 million East….
…..It was ten times more than the population of whole England…
…..In West Bengal Hindus were in majority with 42 million and Muslims were a minority with 12
million …
….In the Eat part Muslims were in majority with 18 million and Hindus were in minority with 12
million population..
….Lord Curzon (viceroy of that time) had proposed partition in 1903…
It was implemented in 1905…British govt decided to divide the province into two smaller units the
East Bengal and the west Bengal….
….the east Bengal had a muslim majority and the west Bengal had hindu majority,,,,
1…..BP
2….Viceroy
3….Executive council
Majority --------- Domination

Reasons for the partition of Bengal

Why did the British partition Bengal in 1905? [7]
….R1….Radical Nationalism
Some people like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Dayanand Saraswati (Arya Samaj) and many others
wanted to get rid of the British as soon as possible. They had also assassinated few British officers
also. These radical elements were against the Muslims and wanted them to convert to Hinduism or
else they believe Muslims should leave India or be killed because India was a land of the Hindus.
….R2….Difficulty in administration
They wanted to have efficient administration of this area but it was difficult due to poor
infrastructure and larger area. Population of Bengal was 85 million with 54 million in west and 31
million East. It was ten times more than the population of whole England.
….R3….British used Muslims as a barrier to break Hindu Domination because British thought that
the Muslims were only uniting force against the Hindus as British wanted to convert Hindus into
isolated minority.

Reversal of Bengal 1911…Lord Hardings

….hindus started to protest….British failed to handle the protests because Hindus were in majority
and they showed their power of majority…
….Swadeshi movement had started from Calcutta …. Banning of british goods….british goods
were put on bonfire…wearing of local khaddar was a matter of prestige at that time…economic
loss
….Assassination attempt on Lord Minto (future viceroy)….British thought that if the Viceroy was
not save with a high protocol so how could any British Indian living in India.
Lord Minto …Executive council ….Sir John Jenkins ( plan reversal of partition ) it was announced
in King George V …coronation ceremony in Delhi Darbar…

C My History CRIW Lives in Western Mountains

Simla Deputation 1906

Q Why did Simla Deputation took place? [7]
R1P1….One of the reason British had decided that they should take advantage of their improved
relations with the Muslims to win their support for British rule.
R2P2…..Another reason was that the Muslims had also experienced the brutal reaction to the
partition of Bengal , Muslims saw a massive wave of protest which created a fear in their mind that
British might reverse the partition.
R3P3….Perhaps the most important reason was that the Indian national congress was dominated
by Hindus only and the party was working for the rights of hindus only so Muslims wanted to let
them analyze by the British not on their numerical value but of their political importance.
Meeting …. Lord Minto met with Sir Agha Khan (with 37 Muslim delegation) and asked for,
1) Separate electorates
2) Recognized as a separate community/separate rights
3) Weightage ….. Muslims were only 20% of the population but demanded 1/3 rd seats means
33% representation in the govt.
Q Why did Simla Deputation important for the Muslims of the sub-continent? [7]
R1P1….British approval of separate electorates showed that the attempts made by Social
reformer SSAK in restring BM relations had been successful and British trusted Muslims and
wanted to work with them.
R2P2…..The Muslims figured out that they now had a secure position in the coming reforms and
hindu-muslim rivalry now would be continued in the constitution also.
R3P3….Muslims had analyzed that they were a separate community who should be treated in a
different way from hindus. It was only a short step to breaking away from the congress to establish
a Muslim party.

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ALL India Muslim league 1906
Objectives…..(Pro-British)
…..Promote feeling of loyalty to the British govt.
…..Removal of misunderstanding b/w Muslims and the british..
…..Prevent hostility among the communities of India.
……protect the Muslim rights….
Q Why was All india Muslim league created? [7]
Q Was the success in Simla deputation the most important reason for the creation of All India
Muslim league? [14]
Hint…..Success in Simla deputation
…..Formation of Hindu party … INC
……Partition of Bengal (Muslim got their own province thus need a political party for the protection
of Muslim rights)

Morley –Minto Reforms 1909.

The Reforms or the Indian Council Act of 1909 were a mutual decision of the viceroy, Lord Minto
and Secretary of the State John Morley to please the Hindus in particular and the Muslims in
general in order to win their support. They were convinced to increase the share of Indians in the
govt.
1) British increased the participation of the Indians in the govt but they didn’t have any
decision making power, they could only make ideas.
2) INC demanding self-rule but not granted by the British…..communicated that the party was
still immature.
3) Separate electorates announced for the Muslims in future.
4) No elections direct selection by the British.
5) Executive power in the hands of the viceroy …. Sole decision maker.

Q Why was the Morley Minto reforms opposed by the Hindus or INC in 1909?
R1P1….One of the reason was that congress or Hindus were expecting that British would decide
about the reversal of Bengal but it didn’t happen therefore they opposed the reforms.
R2P2..Another reason was that Congress disagreed on the separate electorates given to the
Muslims because they had a fear that there would be a division of their motherland in the future.
R3P3….Perhaps the most important reason was that congress demanded self-rule but was not
granted by the British and they would only make ideas in the parliament /govt , the decision
making power was still in the hands of the viceroy therefore the congress opposed the reforms.

IMPORTANCE OF THE MORLEY-MINTO Reforms

a) To BRITISH….
…..The British didn’t want to implement democracy. They just wanted Indians to participate
and express their views and that’s it. Their policy was to maintain stability by giving the
Indians few concessions. They had successfully engaged the Indians in the struggle
against each other for gaining as many rights from the British as they could and were able
to rule them easily.
b) To Indians.
…….It was like something better than nothing for Indians. They had increased participation
or representation though not in power. Their presence was becoming noticeable for the
British. They had the opportunity to sit in the assemblies learn the art of politics to deal with
the most powerful people of the world which benefitted them in the future.

Reversal plan 1911 ( It was planned by Sir John Jennikens who was the member of the
executive council of Lord Minto but continued his job in the era of Lord Hardnigs….He
communicate that plan of partition should be reversed because British failed to calm
Hindus , secondly there was a huge economic loss, he also suggest to shift capital from
Calcutta to Delhi.

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 So in the coronation ceremony of King George V at Delhi darbar the reversal was
announced…

Q. Was Swadeshi movement the only reason for the annulment of the partition of Bengal?
Explain your answer.[14]

Main Reason
Explanation 1….The partition of Bengal was reversed in 1911, mainly due to the Swadeshi
Movement. The Hindus launched a mass movement against the British decision of
partitioning Bengal province on communal lines. It was in fact a boycott of the British goods
being sold in India to put economic pressure on the British to reverse the decision.[8]…….
[5]

Explanation 2…..The Indians would throw all British clothes in the bonfires and warn the
shopkeepers not to sell the British goods. They used to beat all those who found selling the
British goods and put their properties on fire. So much so the mob attempt on the life of the
new viceroy Lord Minto which was something serious for the british. This boycott continues
for six long years which no doubt affected the British badly and they decided to reverse
their decision in 1911. [9]

Other Reason 2
Explanation 1……The law and order situation during this time remained out of control despite the
fact that many Hindus were jailed and punished also. The British took harsh measures against the
trouble makers , they passed the Press Act and punished those who wrote degrading remarks
against the British like Tilak who was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment.[10]…….[6]
Explanation 2….There were mass rallies and protest everywhere to put pressure on the british
govt. It was obvious that if genuine effort was not made to please the Hindus this protest would to
more harm to the British rule in India as well as their economy in England. The factories in
England would suffer and unemployment may occur due to fewer demands less production. These
were the main apprehensions which forced the British to reverse their decision and cancelled the
partition in 1911. [11]
Other Reason 3
Explanation 1…..however another cause was the Hindu majority in India. Where it was important
for the british to establish their Writ. It was also evident that without the cooperation of the largest
community of India it could have been difficult for the British to rule india smoothly.[12]….[7]
Explanation 2….British also knew that they would never develop the Infrastructure for better
governance. It was also evident when British announced the reforms in 1909 which increased
hindu rage. So the British had no choice but to reverse the prtition of Bengal in 1911.[13]
Conclusion:-….In my opinion the start of the mass protest and the boycott of the British goods was
the most important reason for the reversal because the Swadeshi Movement did heavy damage to
their trade with India, which was the most important purpose of the British in India and secondly it
was the main hurdle in the way of development of the required infrastructure of Bengal. So the
British had no other choice but to submit to the demand of hindu majority to reverse the partition.
[14]

Q….The reason for portioning Bengal in 1905 were more important than those that caused its
reversal in 1911? Explain your answer. [14]
Lucknow Pact 1916

….it was the first show of Hindu-Muslim unity and the most important political event since
the formation of AIML. It is amazing to note that both INC and the AIML embraced each
other with honor and willingness whereas there was a wide gulf between them after the
reversal of the partition of Bengal.
…The British govt realized that Indians were expecting greater concessions so they
announced the increase participation and representation in the govt.

Q Why the Lucknow pact came about in the subcontinent?[7]

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 R1…One of the reason was that Muslims’ trust shaken and they changed their objective to
self-rule which was the objective of INC.
R2…Another reason was that both muslims and hindus wanted to drive british out from the
sub-continent and wanted to take back their home rule.
R3…..Perhaps the most important reason was that hindus were not happy with the Morley-
minto reforms and they wanted the rights by involving muslims with them.

Proceedings

….Both parties agreed with the proposals in their meeting.

….Congress and AIML held their annual session at Lucknow. Congress was led by Ambika
Charan and the AIML by Mr. Jinnah. Both accepted and welcomed the British decision and
declared the Lucknow Pact.

The Concession given to Muslims

1… Congress agreed to accept the right of Separate Electorates for Muslims which they
had never accepted since 1906. It meant that they had accepted the AIML as the sole
representative of the Indian Muslims and separate Muslim community.

2. They agreed to give Muslims 1/3rd seats in the Central Assembly although their
population was only 20%of India.

3. It was also agreed that no law affecting the community will be passed unless 75% of the
members of particular community supported it.

Common Demands to the British

 The govt will increase the seats/representation.
 The British govt will be bound to accept the motions passed by the majority of votes in the
govt.
 The minorities in the provinces will be protected and all the provinces will have autonomy.
1905 ……………. 1920 (INC)
1913 ……………. Till death(AIML)
Central legislature
Central Assembly = National assembly
Q Why AIML agreed to the compromises in 1916? [7]
Reason 1……Disappointment from the reversal of Bengal
……..Muslims didn’t expect tht the British would reversed their decision….. mainly swadeshi
movement forced them to change their decision due to economic loss….becoz of this muslims got
angry disappointed and they adopted the goal of seeking self-rule.
Reason 2…..Persuasion of Mr. Jinnah
….Another factor which brought both parties closer was the influence of Mr. Jinnah…..He was the
strong supporter of hindu-Muslim unity…..he wanted them to work together for self-rule…..Mr,
Jinnah joined AIML in 1913to motivate them to realize joint struggle for greater self-rule. AIML also
changed their objective to self-rule becox alone they could not save their rights.

Reason 3….Desire of the Muslims to co-exist peacefully

….India was the native land of Hindus and the Muslims whereas the British were the aliens. None
of them was going to leave the motherland….they had been living together for the centuries as
sister communities and could not afford to have bitter relations with each other.

Explain the importance of the lucknow Pact 1916.[7]

R1….One of the reason was that it was the success of Jinnah to bring back the leadership of both
the political parties together on a single platform.

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R2…Another reason was that both believe that with cooperation we would take our home rule
back.
R3..Perhapd the most important reason was that this pact marked the hindu-muslim unity, It was
short lived because after the Khilafat movement led to communal violence
Importance of the Lucknow Pact
….It was the first combined political move of the muslims and hindus. It made Muslims more
honorable in the eyes of Congress than ever.
……It was the most important outcome of the L.P that the Hindus had accepted the muslims as
separate community/nation and AIML the sole representative of the muslims of the sub-continent..
….Muslims leadership realized the need to work with other communities of India for greater
harmony.
…..L.Pact was the proof that Hindus gad accepted the fact that India could be partitioned in future
on communal lines…
,,,,Jinnah became the champion of Hindu-Muslim unity and was to be the sole leader of the
Muslims in future.

Impact of World War – I on Indian Communities

Positive Impact :- Some Indians participated seeing it as an opportunity to gain more concessions
in the future from the British.
Many politicians agreed to this point that British would definitely reward Indian Loyalty by
introducing reforms to give the Indians lager share in governing the country.
Negative Effects:- However some believe that it would be a best time (during the war) to
pressurize the British ….. and started conspiracies against them….They were not sympathetic to
the british……. E.g
1) Lala Hardayal……[4]…..He setup a mutiny party which sent arms to India and arranged for
armed opposition to the British. However the party supporters in india were betrayed and
they were killed in the battle in 1915.
2) Silk letter conspiracy……[4]…….Another unsuccessful plot was the Silk letter conspiracy
against british particularly by the Muslims of the sub-continent…the secret writing got
caught by the British spies/agents in which secret codes were written …like Muslims would
support Germans in driving British out from the Sub-continent….However their plans came
to nothing.

Defence of india Act 1915…..[4]……This act gave immense power to the British…..arrest without
warrant and detention without bail….hundreds of alleged revolutionaries were exiled or were
imprisoned without proper trial.

Montague - Chelmsford Reforms 1919

Montford Report of 1919
Govt of India Act 1919
Q.Why did the British introduce 1919 reforms? [7]
R1…..The British had decided to introduce reforms in india after every 10 years. It was to make
their governance easy and on the style of Britain.
R2….Another reason was to please Indians because they had supported the British in the first
WW-I and could support them again if need arose.
R3…..Perhaps the most important reason was that Indians were demanding larger share in the
govt so this was the time to respond more quickly before things could aggravate further.

Main Provision of the Reforms

1) The reforms proposed Bi-Cameral legislature for the first time in India.
2) Diarchy introduced in the provinces
3) Extension of separate electorates (separate electorates given to the Muslims, Sikhs and
the Schedule caste (Untouchables).
4) Voting criteria introduced……only 5.5 million people allowed to vote which was 2% of
India’s 250 million population.)Property qualification criteria

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 5) Executive powers still in the hands of the viceroy … final decision maker

Diarchy ---- A system of two governing bodies

Q.Why was Montague-Chelmsford Refoms opposed by Congress? [7]

R1….One of the reason was that Muslims did not get anything new as they got separate
electorates ( same in Morley-Minto Refoms), hindus were expecting more concessions and hoping
for self-rule but denied by the British. They conveyed that the reforms were inadequate,
unsatisfactory and disappointing and condemned them.[5]
R2….Another reason was that Congress disagreed with the extension of separate electorates as
separate electorates awarded to Sikhs and schedule caste which meant there would be clear
division of their motherland in the future.[6]
R3…Perhaps the most important reason was that the Congress was not happy with the voting
rights as only 5.5 million allowed to vote out of 250 million population which was discriminatory and
the final decision maker was still the viceroy. [7]
The Rowlatt Act 1919 [4]
….Modified form of Defence of India Act 1915
…..This was a very cruel act of the british to counter and punished the Revolutionaries.
1….arrest without warrant
2….detention without bail
3….The govt could ask anyone to leave a place or live at some other place.
The Recommendations caused great unrest in India but the viceroy ignored the sentiments of
Indians and passed the law.

Jallianwala Bagh Incident / Amritsar Massacre (13 April 1919)

….Riots started in Amritsar…two banks were looted….and almost 5 Europeans were
killed….People gathered in jallianwala for the mass protest because of the missing persons…
Almost 20,000 people were estimated to be there….General Dyer determine to crush the
opposition , ordered his troops to open fire on innocent unarmed Indians….Killing 400 to 1000
people with some 1200-2000 wounded….It was a sad event an investigation committee was
established as “the Hunter Commission” which didn’t punish Dyer but removed him from the
service.

Khilafat Movement ---- 1919 -1924

Q Why did the Khilafat Movement emerge?
….. Muslims had fear that British would harm turkey…..dismember turkey from the ottoman
empire…British might sign treaty of severs.
Muslims also had a fear that the ottoman empire consist of sacred places like Makkah, Madinah
and Jerusalem…Muslims go every year for pilgrimage …. So british might harm those sacred
places.
Caliph had a prestigious position in the heart of the Muslims ….British decided to exile Khalifa and
ended the Khilafat
Failures of Khilafat Movement
…. All India Khilafat conference ….. Founders were Molana Mohammad ali johar and shokat ali
johar….Molana Abul Kalam Azad….Mr.Gandhi ….in the conference Gandhi planned for non-
cooperation ( banning of British goods)…..The delegation should be send to England and remind
Sir Loyd George about the promises he made before the war…Sir Loyd didn’t met with Molana
Mohammad Ali Johar but send the message that treaty of sevres would be implemented as treaty
of Versailles was also signed against Germany….the delegation back with a failure….Non-
cooperation reached to peak ,muslims left govt jobs also….some 30,000 Indians were imprisoned
including Ali Brothers.
Hijrat Movement ….. Muslim leaders/Ulemas asked to migrate to the nearest Muslim country that
is Afghanistan…..Some 18000 Muslims mainly from Sindh and Balochistan migrated….
Afghans refused to entertain ….. Muslims became backward….The Afghans didn’t show any
sympathy to the Caliph or Khalifa….

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Chaura chauri Incident
In gorakhpur chaura chauri incident took place where a policeman fired on a mob and in retaliation
mob killed 22 policemen and a police station was put on a fire because of this violent event Gandhi
call of NCM
….The last nail in the coffin was put by Mustafa Kamal Attaturk Pasha who was a pro-british and
started a nationalist movement in turkey , he communicate that the muslims of the sub-continent
had sympathy only with khalifa not with the general public therefore the turks themselves exiled
khalifa.

Why Simon Commission came to the subcontinent in 1927? [7]

One of the reason was that it was decided in Montague-chelmsford reforms that after 10 years
new reforms would be announced by the British with more concessions.
Another reason was that after the end of the Khilafat movement the communal tension arose
between Muslims and hindus and Simon commission came to resolve the issues between the two
communities
Perhaps the most important reason was that the conservative party had a fear that if the labor
party would win the elections they would give more concessions and implemented democracy
therefore conservatives send Simon Commission in 1927.
Simon Plan
1) Diarchy abolished and introduced federal form of govt.
2) Separate electorates retained for the Muslims but rejected 1/3 rd representation for the
Muslims in the central.
3) Sindh should not be separated from Bombay
4) Muslims seats decreased in majority area and increased in minority area same done with
the hindus this would cause overall decrease in hindu seats.
Why the Indians rejected the Simon Commission? [7]
One of the reason was that all the members in the Simon commission were british and they didn’t
induct any Indians therefore the Indians opposed becoz the commission would favor the govt
Another reason was that Muslims seats decreased in majority area and increased in minority area
same done with the hindus this would cause overall decrease in hindu seats.
Perhaps the most important reason was that Sindh was not separated from Bombay and no 33%
representation for the Muslims in the central therefore the report was opposed.

MMA= 50
HMA = 50
MMA = 25+25
HMA = 25+25

The Nehru Report 1928

Q Why was the Nehru report rejected? [7]
Or Why did Jinnah produce his 14 points? [7]
One of the reason was that it was strictly a hindu version of India’s future constitution. It asked for
Hindi to be made as an official language of India. As urdu was great cultural importance for the
Muslims, they opposed it as it was a threat to their cultural rights.
Another reason was that the report suggested that Muslims should not be given separate
electorates. This angered the Muslims and they opposed the Nehru Report as hindus were going
against the Lucknow pact and were not accepting the Muslims as the separate community of india.
Perhaps the most important reason was that INC wanted all the powers in the center with limited
provincial autonomy which was opposed by the Muslims as their demand of full provincial
autonomy was not accepted.

Jinnah’s Response to the Nehru Report

1) One third representation of the Muslims in the central
2) Seats should be increased in Punjab and Bengal
3) Sindh and NWFP should be considered as provinces

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Simon Commission reject …. British
Nehru Report reject …. Hindus
14 points of Jinnah …. Muslims
1929 President Congress ---- Jawahar Lal Nehru
He protested near River Ravi in 1929 Dec and call for independence
26th January 1930 … Gandhi wrote declaration of Independence
---British demolish Indians morally, politically, socially, economically and spiritually and now it was
the time to call for Independence
----Nothing would be pass if INC rejected the proposal.
---- No British plan to be followed.
Salt March 1930 [4]
Congress launched more NC and Mr. Gandhi was the incharge.
He started his famous Salt March from his Ashram near Ahmedabad to the seaside Village Dandi.
It was basically an attack on the so called Salt Laws made by the British .
It was a challenge to the british govt and they arrested Gandhi, Nehru and other congress leaders.
Mr. Jinnah rejected the NC believing that the Congress was trying not only to get rid of British but
also to dominate the Muslims.
The Allahabad Address of 1930
….It was after the Congress rejected all proposals of the AIML.
….Allama Iqbal delivered his historic presidential address saying that he would like to see Punjab,
NWFP and Baluchistan
Should be considered as muslim majority area within or outside the British govt.

The Round Table Conferences 1930 --- 1932

First Round Table Conference…1930
 INC boycotted the conference
 INC didn’t agree on power given to the provinces
 INC put a deadlock on the federal form of govt
 British promised to make responsible govt in the provinces.
 Separate electorates retained for the Muslims
Second Round Table Conference…..1931
 Gandhi-Irwin Pact
 Jinnah didn’t support Gandhi’s point of view
 Protest in England and the Labor Party Lost the govt
 Ramsy Mcdonald issued communal awards
 Sindh and NWFP considered as provinces

Third RTC … 1932

 Gandhi was imprisoned by Lord Willington
 Jinnah went into voluntary exile
 It was just a formality as nothing fruitful was discussed

Q How Successful was the three Round Table Conferences? Explain your answer [14]
..In the first RTC the congress was not present as it was the biggest party of India the RTC could
not be very successful. However in its absence Muslims did get some benefits. Congress was
absent because it wanted assurance that the discussed points would be implemented by the
British whereas the British didn’t give any assurance. Muslims were granted separate electorates
and NWFP and Sindh were to be separate provinces and extra weightage would also be given to
the Muslims hence the Muslims were happy.
In the Second RTC although Gandhi was present because of Irwin-Gandhi pact, he refused to
recognize and protect the Interests of the minorities due to which the 2 nd RTC failed. Besides this
the new conservative party in Britain was less inclined towards granting concessions as the
organizers of the RTC were not interested in it themselves. Beside this the deadlock was created
as between Congress and the Muslim league over 14 points of Jinnah and the Nehru Report.

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The third RTC was held in November 1932. This was the most unsuccessful RTC as compared to
the two. Lord Irwin was replaced by Lord Willington who was less likely to give concession to the
Indians. Secondly the major leadership of congress was jailed due to NCM and Jinnah went into
voluntary exile due to which the third RTC failed without any success.
Conclusively, the RTCs didn’t give any successful result but the most important thing realized by
the british was to grant provincial autonomy to Indians which was inducted in a white paper later
called govt of India Act 1935 which became the interim constitution of Pakistan and India.

Govt of India Act 1935

Q1. Why Govt Of India Act 1935 was opposed by Indians?[7]
Q2. Why govt of india Act 1935 was important for the future of the subcontinent? [7]
Answer1.
One of the reason was that provincial autonomy granted by the British but Governor could
intervene if any discrepancy occurred or if there would be any religious elements issues.
Another reason was that Governor had the veto power , he could use to dismiss any minister or
dismiss the provincial assemblies if the ministers didn’t perform well , the executive powers were
still in the hands of the viceroy.
Perhaps the most important reason was that only 35 million people were allowed to vote which
was 25% of the population according to the property qualification criteria which was discriminatory
therefore the reforms were opposed by Indians.

Answer 2…
One of the reason was that first time ever British realized and grated full provincial autonomy
which means Indians would run their own program Independently and had decision making power.
Another reason was that voting criteria increased to 35 million people were allowed to vote
previously it was only 5.5 million allowed to vote so more Indians would have a say in the govt.
Perhaps the most important reason was that this act/reform became the interim constitution of
Pakistan and India right after the Independence.

What were the outcomes of the provincial elections of 1936-37?

Answer…The Elections caused great disappointment for the Muslims as Congress won absolute
majority in 8 provinces and the largest party in 3 others. Muslims won only 109 seats. However it
was the first major election that Muslim league fought and learnt a number of lessons
Election Result
1. Madras (INC)
2. Central Province (INC)
3. Behar (INC)
4. Orissa (INC)
5. Assam (INC)
6. NWFP (INC)
7. United Province (INC)
8. Bombay (INC)
9. Sindh (mixed)
10. Bengal (mixed)
11. Punjab (mixed)
Q3.How successful were the elections of 1937? Explain you answer [14]
Success for the Muslims/AIML
1.First major elections fought which helped to unify the Muslim league.

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2. Muslim analyzed that their support laid in areas where the Muslim community was in minority
rather than in majority, enabling more informed future planning.

Failure for the Muslims/AIML

1. Muslims won only 109/489 seats.
2. In the Punjab Muslim league only won 1/86 Muslim seats the remaining being taken by
unionist party.

Success for the INC

1. Congress gains an overall victory.
2. The victory confirmed their views that they were the sole party representing Indians
3. Led to formation of cabinets in 8 provinces.
Failure for Congress
1. The AIML distant themselves from the Congress as they saw post-election atrocities
2. The attitude of Congress strengthens Muslims views in support of a separate nation.

Congress Rule 1937-1939

1. Vand-e-Matram
 It was a hindu nationalist song
 This song contained degrading remarks against the Muslims and Islam
 It was written by Bankim Chatergee
 This song became the National Anthem of congress at that time.
2. Religious Atrocities
 Ulemas were beaten during Azan
 Pigs were thrown during prayers
 Cow slaughter was banned
 Sub-continent became Dar-ul-Harb

3. Wardha Scheme
 This was a brainchild of Gandhi
 It was mandatory to bow in front of Gandhi’s picture
 It was introduced in educational institutes
4. Vidiya Mandir Scheme
 The schools were converted into temples
 Known as temple schools
 Muslim religious teaching was banned
 Hindu religion teaching made compulsory

5. Muslim mass contact campaign

 The leaders of INC contacted AIML to join the party by giving temptations
 INC communicated that AIML was finished
 AIML launched complain to British govt but the efforts went in vain.
Day of deliverance 1939
 INC resigned from the ministries
 Jinnah call for the celebration day
 Sweets were distributed
 Muslim offered thanksgiving prayers
 Jinnah decided to call for separate nation.

Events from 1940 till1947

1. Pakistan Resolution --- 1940

 Maulvi Fazlul Haq announced the Lahore Resolution
 He communicated that Northwestern and Eastern part of the subcontinent should be
considered as Pakistan
 AIML became undisputed for the Pakistan Movement
 Hindu call it Pakistan Resolution.

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2. Cripps Mission – 1942
 A committee should be formed including Indians which would devise the future
constitution of India named as constituent assembly.
 Elections of constituent assembly would be held after the war
 Dominion status would be given after the war
 Provinces would have an option to opt out from united India.
 Govt of india act 1935 would remain as an interim constitution
 Gandhi and Jinnah would accept the conditions unconditionally.
3. QUIT India Movement…..1942
 Satyagarh
 NCM
 Do and die effort to drive British out from the sub-continent
 Jinnah did not support it and termed this as black mailing from Gandhi
 British first time use ammunition to stop the nonsense movement
 Gandhi was imprisoned.

4. Jinnah Gandhi Talks…1944

 Lord Wavell release Gandhi on health grounds
 Meeting held at the residence of Jinnah in Bombay
 Jinnah disagreed with Gandhi
 Gandhi now knew the power of Jinnah
5. Simla Conference…..1945
 Lord Wavell decided to form an interim govt while British plan their withdrawal
 An executive committee would have 5 Muslim and 5 hindu members
 Gandhi asked for one Muslim seat but Jinnah refused
Clement Atlee
Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
 British disagreed with the name Pakistan
 They planned Groupings in the sub-continent
 Group A: Muslim majority area
 Group B: Hindu Majority area
 GroupC: Bengal and Assam
 Jinnah agreed
 INC rejected
 Jinnah call for Direct Action Day in which 4,000 people were killed and British decided to
separate them

3rd June Plan 1947

 There would be two states India and Pakistan
 Both have their governor General
 Govt of India Act 1935 would remain as an interim constitution till both implemented their
own constitution.
 Princely states would join India or Pakistan after conducting plebiscite or referendum.
 The decision of Punjab and Bengal would be taken by the boundary commission.

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