Scribd
Upload
11 views

Unit 4 - Drying Equipments

UNIT OPERATIONS AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

Uploaded by

DS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Unit 4 - Drying Equipments

UNIT OPERATIONS AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

Uploaded by

DS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

21CHS252J

CHEMICAL ENGG. PRINCIPLES


UNIT 4 DRYING

Drying Equipment
CLASSIFICATION OF
DRYERS
◼ Batch/Continuous
◼ Agitated/unagitated
◼ Vacuum to reduce temperature

Direct or adiabatic Indirect or


Direct-indirect dryers
dryers non-adiabatic dryers
• Dryers that expose • Dryers in which heat • Combine adiabatic
the solids to a hot gas is transferred from an and non-adiabatic
external medium (hot drying
fluid circulating
through a jacket
surrounding a sealed
vessel)
• Also dryers heated by
dielectric, radiant or
microwave energy
SOLIDS HANDLING IN
DRYERS
◼ Adiabatic dryers:

Patterns of gas-solid interaction in dryers:


(a) Gas flow across a static bed of solids (b) Gas passing through a bed of preformed solids
SOLIDS HANDLING IN
DRYERS
◼ Adiabatic dryers (contd…):

Patterns of gas-solid interaction in dryers


(contd…):
(c) Showering action in a rotary dryer
(d) Fluidized solids bed
(e) Co-current gas solid flow in a pneumatic
conveyor flash dryer
SOLIDS HANDLING IN
DRYERS
◼ Non-adiabatic dryers:
✔ Indirect method of removal of a liquid phase from the solid material
through the application of heat, such that the heat-transfer medium is
separated from the product to be dried by a metal wall.
✔ Heat transfer to the product is predominantly by conduction.
DRYING EQUIPMENT

◼ Dryers for rigid or


granular solids and
semi-solid pastes

◼ Dryers that accept


slurry or liquid feeds
DRYERS

◼ Tray dryers
◼ Rotary dryers
◼ Spray dryers
◼ Fluidized bed dryer
TRAY DRYER
TRAY DRYER
TRAY DRYER

◼ Simplest batch dryer


◼ Also called cabinet dryer or compartment dryer
◼ Construction
▪ Enclosed insulated cabinet or large compartment
▪ Material to be dried is placed on a number of
removable trays
▪ Removable trays may be stacked sheets or screens
▪ Inlet and outlet connections for air
▪ Heating coil (electrical/steam-heating)
▪ Drying medium: steam/gas/electrically heated air
▪ Air circulation by fan at top/side
TRAY DRYER
◼ Working
▪ Material to be dried is spread over the trays, put in the cabinet,
and closed.
▪ Air is heated by heating coils and circulated by fan.
▪ Hot air passes over the trays.
▪ Moisture is evaporated from the wet feed, gets added to the air,
and leaves the dryer through the outlet.
▪ Continue the process until solids are dried.
▪ Cabinet is opened and dried material is removed from the trays.
▪ A fresh batch is charged.
▪ Overall rate of drying: 0.2 to 2 kg water/ (m2.h)
▪ Dimensions: Trays are 600 mm wide, 900 to 1500 mm long, and
30 to 40 mm deep, 3 to 6 mm thick sheets
▪ Material of trays: mild steel, stainless steel, enamelled iron
TRAY DRYER
◼ Advantages
▪ Cheap and easy to construct
▪ Low space requirement
▪ Ease of cleaning
▪ Low maintenance
▪ No loss of product during drying

◼ Disadvantages
▪ High labour requirements for loading and unloading the
dryer
▪ Long drying time ( 4 to 48 h per batch)
▪ Small quantities are handled
TRAY DRYER

◼ Applications
▪ Small scale production
▪ Drying valuable materials like
dyes and pharmaceuticals Lumpy
solids
▪ Useful for drying wet lumpy
solids and wet filter cakes
▪ Can be operated under vacuum –
for thermally unstable materials.

Filter cake
ROTARY DRYER

Direct heat counter current flow Rotary Dryer


ROTARY DRYER
ROTARY DRYER

◼ Direct/indirect heating
◼ To dry free-flowing granular material on large
scale
◼ Construction
▪ Hollow cylindrical shell, dia 1 to 3 m, length 3 to 30
m, slightly inclined to advance the material from one
end to the other.
▪ Supporting rollers for rotation
▪ Thrust wheels to avoid slipping of rollers
▪ Flights to lift the material upward and shower it from
top
ROTARY DRYER
◼ Working
▪ Feed at high end of dryer; Product removed at lower end.
▪ Material moves due to rotation of dryer and inclination of
the cylindrical shell.
▪ Shell is rotated by gear mechanism ( 2 to 25 rpm).
▪ Air is taken in from product end, heated in a heater, moves
countercurrent w.r.t. to the feed.
▪ Moisture evaporates and gets added to the drying medium.
▪ Finally moist air leaves the dryer at feed end. Sometimes,
exhaust fan is used to pull the moist air.
▪ Cyclone separator: placed between dryer and exhaust fan;
removes dust particles (fines)
ROTARY DRYER (with
cyclone)
ROTARY DRYER
◼ Advantages ◼ Applications
▪ Good gas contacting
▪ Moderate drying time To dry salt, sugar, and all
▪ Low capital cost kinds of granular and
▪ Drying and calcining in same unit crystalline materials that
▪ High thermal efficiency
have to be kept clean and
▪ Better control of gas velocity
may not be directly
◼ Disadvantages exposed to very hot gases
▪ Difficulty of sealing
▪ Product build up on inner walls
▪ High structural load
▪ Non-uniform residence time
ROTARY DRYER - variation

Direct heat co-current flow Rotary Dryer


SPRAY DRYER
SPRAY DRYER
◼ Continuous direct contact dryer
◼ To evaporate solutions and slurries entirely to
dryness
◼ Feed is introduced as very fine droplets into a stream
of hot gas.
◼ Construction
▪ Drying chamber - vertical cylinder with conical bottom
where feed is contacted with hot air
▪ Atomizer (Pressure nozzles/spray nozzles/rotating discs)-
to spread the feed as fine droplets
▪ Heater – to heat fresh air sucked in by a fan/blower
▪ Cyclone separators – for dust separation and collection
SPRAY DRYER
◼ Working
▪ Feed is pumped to top of drying chamber; disintegrated into
small droplets by atomizer
▪ Fresh air taken in by a fan is heated and fed below the
atomizer.
▪ Large surface area of drops ensures rapid evaporation of
liquid from the solids before hitting bottom of chamber.
▪ Dried product is collected a the conical bottom.
▪ Air containing dust is fed into a cyclone separator to recover
the fines.
▪ Air from cyclone is thrown out to the atmosphere.
▪ Product (fines) from cyclone is collected at the bottom.
SPRAY DRYER
SPRAY DRYER

◼ Advantages ◼ Applications
▪ Short drying times (2 to 20 s) ▪ Dairy and food
▪ Can handle heat sensitive industry
solids
▪ Detergent, chemicals,
▪ Control of particle size
▪ Rapid dehydration
and dye industry
▪ Products:
◼ Disadvantages ▪ Milk powder
▪ Low solids content ▪ Coffee
▪ Maintenance of atomizer ▪ Detergents
▪ Product build-up on inner ▪ Dyes
walls ▪ Pharmaceuticals
FLUIDIZED BED DRYER
FLUIDIZED BED DRYER
◼ Hot air is passed through a wet material at a velocity
sufficiently high to fluidize the solids but not too high to
cause pneumatic conveying
Particle size (µm) Velocity (m/s)
300 to 800 0.4 to 0.8
800 to 2000 0.8 to 1.2

◼ Construction
▪ Fluidizing chamber
▪ Air blower
▪ Hot air generator
▪ Cyclone separator
FLUIDIZED BED DRYER

◼ Working
▪ Wet feed admitted to top of bed.
▪ Hot air is sent from bottom at a velocity enough to keep
the wet feed in a fluidized state.
▪ Material to be dried and hot air are in cross flow with
respect to each other.
▪ Dry product is collected at the bottom.
▪ Residence time: few sec to hours
▪ Moist air from the dryer is sent to a cyclone separator
to recover the fines.
FLUIDIZED BED DRYER

◼ Advantages ◼ Applications
▪ Absence of moving parts; ▪ To dry free flowing
easy maintenance materials of very
▪ High heat transfer rates fine size
▪ Rapid mixing; Hence, ▪ Well-suited for
uniform drying heat-sensitive
▪ Batch operation is also materials
possible.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy