Chapter 1 –Compound Interest

Some Important Terms

i. Principal : The money borrowed, lent or deposited in a bank for a certain period of time is called
the principal or the sum.
ii. Amount : The sum total of principal and interest after a specified time is called the amount.
iii. Interest : Extra money given by the bank or borrower or given to the lender is called the interest.
(a) Simple interest : In simple interest, the interest is calculated uniformly on the original
principal throughout the loan perid.

Using the formula:

Where, S. I. = Simple Interest

P = Principal
R = Rate of interest
T = Time in year

(b) Compound interest : In this case, interest is calculated for a given unit of time called
conversion period and then the interest is added to the previous principal to get new principal.
Again interest is calculated and added is calculated and added to the principal and so on.
The different interest so obtained is added to get compound interest.

iv. Rate : Rate means rate of interest which is generally specified as a percentage per year or half
year.
v. Time : The period for which money is borrowed or lent or deposited in a bank is called time.
Generally time is taken in year.

Example – 1. A man invests Rs. 46,875 at 4% per annum compound interest for 3 years. Calculate

i. The interest for the 1st year.

ii. The amount standing to his credit at the end of 2nd year.
iii. The interest for the third year.

Solution : P = Rs. 46875, T = 3 years, R = 4%

(i) Interest for the first year

(ii) Principal for the second year

= Amount after one year

Interest for the second year

(iii) Principal for the second year = Rs. 50,700

Interest for third year = Rs. 50,700 X 4 X 1/100

= Rs. 2028

Example - 2. Simple interest on a sum of money for 2 years at 4% is 450. Find the C.I. at the same rate
for 1 year if the interest is reckoned half yearly.

Solution:P = ?, S.I. = Rs. 450, R = 4%p.a.

T = 2 years

P = Rs. 5625.

R = 2% half yearly

Compound interest after for 1 year

Example – 3. Calculate the compound interest for the second year on Rs. 8,000 invested for 3 years at
10% p.a. Also find the sun due at the end of third year.

Solution : P = Rs. 8,000, R = 10% p.a. T = 3 years

Interest for the 1st year

= Rs. 8000 X 10 X 1/100
= Rs. 800

Principal for the second year

= Amount at the end of one year
= Rs. 8000 + Rs. 800
= Rs. 8800

Interest for the second year

= Rs. 8800 X 10 X 1/100
= Rs. 880

Compound interest for second year

= Rs. 880

Principal for the third year

= Amount at the end of two years
= Rs. 8800 + Rs. 880
= Rs. 9680

Interest for the third year

= Rs. 9680 X 10 X 1/100
= Rs. 968

Sum due at the end of third year

= Rs. 9680 + Rs. 968
= Rs. 10,648

Example – 4. A man borrowed Rs.5000 at 12% C.I. per anum, interest payable every six months. He
pays back Rs.1,800 at end of every six months. Calculate the third payment the he has to make at the
end of 18 months in order to clear the entire loan.

Solution : P = Rs. 5000, R = 12% p.a. = 6% half yearly

Amount after 1st half year

= Rs. 5000 + Rs. 300
= 5300

Amount paid after 1st half year = Rs. 1800

Balance amount = Rs. 5300 – Rs. 1800
= Rs. 3500

Amount paid after 2nd half year = Rs. 1800

Balance amount = Rs. 3710 – Rs. 1800
= Rs. 1910

Amount at the end of 3rd half year

= Rs. 1910 + Rs. 114.60
= Rs. 2024.60

Example – 5. A man invests Rs. 5,000 for three years at a certain rate of interest, compounded annually.
At the end of one year it amounts to Rs. 5,600. Calculate.

i. The rate of interest per annum

ii. The interest accrued in the second year
iii. Tthe amount at the end of third year.

Solution :

(i) P = Rs. 5,000, A = Rs. 5,600, T = 1 year

I = A – P = Rs. (5600 - 5000) = Rs. 600

(ii) Principal for the second year = Rs. 5600

(iii) Amount at the end of 2nd year
= Rs. (5600 + 672)
= Rs. 6272
= Principal for third year

Example – 6. A person invests Rs. 10,000 for two years at a certain rate of interest compounded
annually. At the end of one year the sum amount to Rs. 11,200. Calculate:

i. The rate of intersect per annum

ii. The amount at the end of second year.

Solution :

(i) P = Rs.10,000, A = Rs.11,200, T = 1 year

I = A – P = Rs. (11,200 – 10,000)
= Rs. 1200

(ii) Principal for the second year = Rs. 11,200

The amount at the end of the second year

= Rs. (11,200 + 1,344)
= Rs. 12,544

COMPOUND INTEREST BY USING FORMULAE

Here we use

P = Principal, r = Rate in percent

t = Time in year, A = Amount

n = No. of conversion period.

Example – 1. Calculate the amount and the compound interest on a sum of Rs.30,000 at the end of 3
years at the rate of 5% p.a. compounded annually.

Solution : Here, P = Rs.30000, r = 5% p.a.

t = 3 year, n = 3

Example - 2. Find the compound interest on Rs.160000 at 15% per annum for 2 years 4 months
compounded annually.

Solution: Here P = Rs.160000, r = 15% p.a.

t = 2 years 4 months

A = 2(4/12) = 2(1/3) years

Example - 3. The simple interest on a sum of money for 2 years at 4% p.a. is Rs.450. Find the compound
interest on this sum of money at the same rate of 1 year if the interest is reckoned half yearly.

Solution : Here, P = ? T = 2 years, R = 4% p.a.

Example - 4. What sum of money will amount to Rs.3630 in 2 years at 10% per annum compound
interest?

Solution : Here, P=? A = Rs.3630, r = 10% p.a.

t = 2 years, n = 2

A = P (1 + r/100) n

Rs.3630 = P(1 + 10/100)2

= P(110/100)2

= (121/100)P

Example – 5. On a certain sum of money, the difference between the compound interest for a year,
payable half yearly and the simple interest for a year is Rs.180. Find the sum lent out, the rate of interest
in both the cases being 10% per annum.

Solution : Let the principal P = x, t = 1 year

r = 10% p.a = 5% per conversion period,

n = 2.
Example – 6. A certain sum of money amounts to Rs.5292 in 2 years and to Rs.5556.60 in 3 years,
interest being compounded annually. Find the rate percent and the sum.

Solution : Here, r =? P = x (say)

T = 2 years and 3 years

A = Rs.5292 in 2 years and Rs.5556.60 in 3 years.

using (i)
Example – 7. The difference between the C.I. and S.I. on a sum of money deposited for 2 year at 5% per
annum was Rs.12. Find the sum of the money.

Solution : Let P = x, r = 5%, t = 2 years

Chapter 2 - Sales Tax

Example – 1. Mrs. Jaya buys a refrigerator whose list price is Rs.8000. If sales tax is charged at the rate
of 7%, find the amount paid by Mrs. Jaya.

Solution : List Price = Rs.8000

Sales tax = 7% of list price

= 7/100 x Rs.8000
= Rs.560

Amount paid by Mrs. Jaya

= Rs. (8000 + 560)
= Rs. 8560

Example - 2. The cost of a motor cycle including 10% of sales tax is Rs. 44000. Find the list price of the
cycle.

Solution : Let list price of cycle be Rs..x

Example - 3. Sarita buys goods worth Rs.5,500. She gets a rebate of 5% on it. After getting the rebate,
sales tax @ 5% is charged. Find the amount she will have to pay for the goods.

Solution : Price of goods = Rs. 5,500

Rebate = 5% of Rs. 5500

= Rs. 5/100 X 5500
= Rs. 275

Price after rebate = Rs. (5500 - 275)

= Rs. 5225

Sales tax = 5% of Rs. 5225

= Rs. 5/100 X 5225
= Rs. 261.25

amount she will have to pay

= Rs. (5225 + 261.25)
= Rs. 5486.25

Example - 4. Lata goes to a shop to buy a leather coat costing Rs. 654. The rate of sales tax is 9%. She
tells the shopkeeper to reduce the price of the coat to such an extent that she has to pay Rs. 654
inclusive of sales tax. Find the reduced price and the reduction needed in the price of the coat.

Solution : Let reduced price be x

 Reduced price = Rs.600

Reduction needed = Rs. (654 - 600)

= Rs.54

Chapter 3 - Banking

Banking

Bank - A financial institution where money is deposited by the public for future use. Bank also accepts
money from public.

The types of deposites are :

i. Saving Bank account

ii. Current Bank Account
iii. Fixed deposits
iv. Recurring deposits

We shall deal with saving bank account and recurring deposits.

Saving Bank Account

This account is opened in a bank with minimum amount of Rs.500 or Rs.1000 (for cheque facility).

Calculation of interest in a saving bank account:-

i. Minimum balance between 10th and last day of each month is written.
ii. Minimum balance is converted as a multiple of Rs.10. For example balance between Rs.510 to
515 is rounded to Rs.510 and Rs.15.01 to Rs.520 to Rs.320
iii. All the minimum balance is added.
iv. The simple interest for one month is calculated on the given rate of interest.
v. No interest is paid for the month if minimum balance is Rs.5 or less.
vi. The interest of B less than rupee 1 (one) is neglected.
vii. No interest is paid for the month in which account is closed.

Example - 1. Mr. Ashok has account in the Central Bank of India. The following entries are from his pass
book:-

Date Particular Withdrawal Rs. P Deposite Rs. P Balance Rs. P

01 - 01 - 05 B/F 1200.00

07 - 01 - 05 By cash 500.00 1700.00

17 - 01 - 05 To cheque 400.00 1300.00

10 - 02 - 05 By cash 800.00 2100.00

25 - 02 - 05 To cheque 500.00 1600.00

20 - 09 - 05 By cash 700.00 2300.00

 21 – 11 - 05 To cheque 600.00 1700.00

05 - 12 - 05 By cash 300.00 2000.00

If Mr. Ashok gets Rs.83.75 as interest at the end of the year where the interest is compounded annually,
calculate the rate of interest paid by the bank in his saving bank account on 31st December, 2005.

Solution :

Balance During the

Month Balance on 10th Minimum Balance Qualifying Balance
month
Jan 1700, 1300 1700 1300 1300
Feb 2100, 1600 2100 1600 1600
March 1600 1600 1600 1600
April 1600 1600 1600 1600
May 1600 1600 1600 1600
June 1600 1600 1600 1600
July 1600 1600 1600 1600
August 1600 1600 1600 1600
September 1600, 2300 1600 1600 1600
Oct 2300 2300 2300 2300
Nov 2300, 1700 1700 1700 1700
Dec 2000 2000 2000 2000

Total 20100

Let rate of interest be r

P = 20100, T = 1 month = 1/12 years

I = 83.75
Example – 2. Given below the entries in a saving bank account pass book

Date Particular Withdrawal Deposite Balance

Feb 8 B/F Rs. 8,500.00

Feb 18 To self Rs. 4,000.00

April 12 By cash Rs. 2,238,00
June 15 To self Rs. 5,000,00
July 8 By cash Rs. 6,000.00

Calculate the interest for the six months February to July, at p.a. on minimum balance on or after
the 10th day of each month.

Solution :

Balance During Minimum Qualifying

Month Balance on 10th
the month Balance Balance
Feb 8500, 4500 8500 4500 4500
March 4500 4500 4500 4500
April 4500, 6738 4500 4500 4500
May 6738 6738 6738 6740
June 6738, 1738 6738 1738 1740
July 7738 7738 7738 7740

Total 29729

Recurring Deposites

To save a certain sum of money an indivisual is allowed to open an account of recurring deposited in any
bank. The amount is deposited monthly in a multiple of 10 for a period of 3 months to 10 years. The
depositer has to deposit the monthly instalment on or before due date to get maximum benefit of the
interest.

At the expiry of the period i.e. the maturity period, the depositer is paid the total amount deposited by him
and the interest. These two types of amount is called maturity value. The rate of interest is fixed by
Reserve bank and is revised from time to time.

Example - 1. Mohan deposits Rs.80 per mouth in a cumulative deposite account for six years. Find the
amount payable to him on maturity, if the rate of interest is 6% per annum.

Solution : The bank keeps first instalment for 72 months

The bank keeps 2nd instalment for 71months

The bank keeps 3rd instalment for 70 months

--------------------------------------

--------------------------------------

Total amount deposited in 6 years = 6 X 12 X Rs. 80

= Rs. 5760

Total amount received after maturity = Rs. 5760 + Rs. 1051.20

= Rs. 6811.20

Example - 2. Mr. Kumar deposits Rs.600 per month in a recurring deposite account for 12 months. Find
the amount he will receive at the lime of maturity at the rate of 6% per annum.

Solution : In this account the amount Rs.600 deposited in 1st month will remain in the bank for 12 month
and it will earn interest for 12 months. The amount Rs.600 deposited in the 2nd month will earn interest
for 11 months and so on.
Hence
Rs.600 for 12 months = Rs.7200 for 1 month
Rs.600 for 11 months = Rs.6600 for 1 month
Rs.600 for 10 months = Rs.6000 for 1 month
Rs.600 for 9 months = Rs.5400 for 1 month
Rs.600 for 8 months = Rs.4800 for 1 month
Rs.600 for 7 months = Rs.4200 for 1 month
Rs.600 for 6 months = Rs.3600 for 1 month
Rs.600 for 5 months = Rs.3000 for 1 month
Rs.600 for 4 months = Rs.2400 for 1 month
Rs.600 for 3 months = Rs.1800 for 1 month
Rs.600 for 2 months = Rs.1200 for 1 month
Rs.600 for 1 months = Rs.600 for 1 month

Total principal for 1 = 7200 + 6600 + 6000 + 5400 + 4800 + 4200 + 3600 + 3000 + 2400 + 1800 + 1200
month + 600
= (7200 + 600) + (6600 + 1200) + (6000 + 1800) + (5400 + 2400) + (4800 + 3000) +
(4200 + 3600)
= 6 X 7800
= Rs.46800

Interest of Rs.46800 for 1 month at 6% p.a.

= Rs.46800 X 1/12 X 6/100

= Rs.234

Total amount on maturity

= Rs. (600 X 12) + Rs.234

= Rs.7200 + Rs.234

= Rs.7434

Example – 3. Jaya wants to receive Rs.41490 at the end of 5 years by depositing a certain sum of money
on a monthly basis in a bank paying 6% simple interest p.a. what is the monthly instalment?

Solution : Let the monthly instalment be P

Here, t = 5 years = 60 months r = 6%

Total deposited money in the bank = 60 P

The amount due = 60 P + 9.15 P = 69.15 P

69.15 P = 41490

P = (41490) / (69.15)

= 600

Example - 4. Mr. Kalara invests Rs.500 every month for 24 months in a bank and collects Rs.12750 at
the end of the term. Find the rate of simple interest paid by the bank on this recurring deposit.

Solution : Let rate of interest be r %

P = Rs.500, n = 24 months

Amount deposited with the bank = Rs.500 X 24

= Rs.12000

12000 + 125 r = 12750

Or, 125 r = 750

r = 750/125
=6

Example - 5. Which is the better investment Rs. 20000 in a saving deposit with a bank for 3 years the
interest being compounded half – yearly at the rate of 6% or Rs. 600 per month in a recurring deposit with
a bank paying simple interest at 6% p.a. for 3 years?

Solution : For saving deposit, p = 20,000

t = 3 years, n = 6 half years

r = 6% p.a. = 3% per half year

log A = log 20000 + 6 log (1.03)

= 4.3010 + 6 (0.0128)

= 4.3010 + 0.0768

= 4.3778

A = antilog (4.3778)

= 23870

Maturity value = Rs. 23,870

For recurring deposit,

P = 600, t = 3 years, n = 36 months

r = 6%

Amount deposited in the bank = 36 X 600

= 21,600
 Maturity value = 21600 + 1998

= Rs.23598

The former is better.

Chapter 4 - Shares and Dividends

Example - 1. A man invests Rs. 4,800 in shares of a company which was paying 8% dividend at the time
when a Rs. 100 share costs Rs. 160. Find

i. His annual income from the shares.

ii. The rate of interest he gets on his investment.

Solution : Investment = Rs. 4,800

Face value = Rs. 100

Market value = Rs. 160

Rate of dividend = 8%

(i) Annual income = Rs. 240

(ii) By investing Rs. 4,800 earning is Rs. 240
Example - 2. By purchasing Rs. 25 shares for Rs. 40 each, a man gets 4% profile on his investment.
What rate percent is the company paying? What is his dividend if he buys 60 shares?

Solution : Face value = Rs.25

Market value = Rs.40

Profit = 4%

No. of shares = 60

Profit = 4% of Rs. 40
= 4/100 X Rs. 40
= Rs. 1.60

In Rs. 25 profit is Rs. 1.60

Rate of dividend = 6.4%

Total dividend = Rs. 1.60 X 60

= Rs. 96

Example - 3. A man invests Rs. 8,800 on buying shares of face value of rupee hundred each at a
premium of 10% in a company. If he earns Rs. 1,200 at the end of year as dividend, find: (i) The number
of shares he has in the company (ii) What is dividend percentage per share?

Solution : Investment = Rs. 8,800

Par value = Rs. 100

Premium = 10%

Dividend income = Rs. 1,200

Example - 4. A man wants to buy 62 shares available at Rs. 132 (par value of Rs. 100)

i. How much should he invest?

ii. If the dividend is 7.5%, what will be his annual income?
iii. If he wants to increase his annual income by Rs.150; how many extra shares should he buy?

Solution : No. of share = 62

Par value = Rs. 100

Market value = Rs. 132

Rate of dividend = 7.5 %

(i) Investment = (Rs. 132) X 62

= Rs. 8184

(ii) Dividend per share = 7.5 % of Rs. 100

= 7.5/100 X Rs. 100

= Rs. 7.50

Annual income = (Rs. 7.50) X 62

= Rs. 465

(iii) For income of Rs. 7.50, no of share is 1

For income of Rs.150 no. of shares = 1/7.50 X 50 = 20

Example - 5. Mr. Ram Gopal invested Rs. 8,000 in 7% Rs. 100 shares at Rs. 80. After a year he sold
these shares at Rs. 75 each and invested the proceeds (including his dividend) in 18%, Rs. 25 shares at
Rs. 41. Find :

i. His dividend for the first year

ii. His annual income in the second year
iii. The percentage increase in his return on his original investment.

Solution : For 1st year

Investment = Rs. 8000

Par value = Rs. 100

Market value = Rs. 80

Rate of dividend = 7%

For 2nd year:

Selling price per share = Rs. 75

Par value = Rs. 25

Market value = Rs. 41

Rate of dividend = 18%

(i) Dividend for the first year = (Rs. 7) X 100 = Rs. 700

Sale Proceeds = (Rs.75) X 100 = Rs.7500

Investment in the second year

= Rs. (7500 + 700)
= Rs.8200

No. of shares purchased in the second year = Rs. 8200/Rs. 41 = 200

Dividend per share = 18% of Rs. 25

= 18/100 X Rs. 25

= Rs. 4.50

(ii) Annual income in 2nd year = (Rs. 4.50) X 200 = Rs. 9 00

Increase in income = Rs. (900 - 700) = Rs. 200

Chapter 6 - Linear Inequations

Linear Inequation

Some Important Point to Remember

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

6.

Example - 1. Solve the inequation Represent the solution set on a

number line.

Solution :

Example - 2. Given that solve the following inequality and graph the solution on the number
line.

Solution :
Example - 3. Draw the graph of the solution set.

Solution :

Example - 4.

Solution : Taking the first two parts

Taking the last two parts

Combining (i) and (ii) we get

 Chapter 7 - Quadratic Equations

Example - 1. Solve (x - 2) (x - 3) = 0

Solution : (x - 2) (x - 3) = 0

Example - 2. Solve 2x2 - x - 1 = 0

Solution : 2x2 - x - 1 = 0

Or, 2x2 + x - 2x - 1 = 0

Or, x (2x + 1) - 1(2x + 1) = 0

Or, (2x + 1) (x - 1) = 0

Example - 3. Solve 15x - 2 = 1/x

Solution : 15x - 2 = 1/x

Or, 15x2 - 2x = 1

Or, 15x2 - 2x - 1 = 0

Or, 15x2 - 5x + 3x - 1 = 0

Or, 5x (3x - 1) + 1 (3x - 1) = 0

Or, (3x - 1) (5x + 1) = 0

Example - 4.

Solution :

Squaring both sides we get

3x2 - 2 = (2x - 1)2

Or, 3x2 - 2 = 4x2 - 4x + 1

Or, x2 - 4x + 3 = 0

Or, x2 - x - 3x + 3 = 0

Or, x (x - 1) -3 (x - 1) = 0

Or, (x - 1) (x - 3) = 0

Example - 5. Solve 3x + 2 + 3 - x = 10

Solution : 3x + 2 + 3 - x = 10

Or, 3x . 32 + 3 - x = 10

Or, 9.3x + 1/3x = 10

Put 3x = y

Or, 9y2 + 1 = 10y

Or, 9y2 - 10y + 1 = 0

Or, 9y2 - 9y - y + 1 = 0

Or, 9y(y - 1) -1 (y - 1) = 0

Or, (y - 1) (9y - 1) = 0

When y = 1 ; 3x = 1 = 30

When y = 1/9 ; 3x = 1/9

= 1/32 = 3-2

Ans. x = 0, - 2

Example - 6. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are 1/3 and - (1/4)

Solution : The quadratic equation whose roots are 1/3 and - (1/4) is

(x - 1/3) (x + 1/4) = 0

Or, (3x - 1) (4x + 1) = 0

Or, 12x2 - 4x + 3x -1 = 0

Or, 12x2 - x - 1 = 0

Quadratic Equation by Formula

The general quadratic equation is

Multiplying by 4a we get 4a2x2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0

The two roots of the above quadratic equation are

Nature of roots :

(i) If the roots are real and unequal.

(a) If and perfect square, the roots are rational provided a, b, c are rational
(b) If and not perfect square, the roots and are irrational

(ii) If D = 0, roots are real and equal

(iii) If D < 0, roots are imaginary.

Example - 1. Solve x2 - x - 2 = 0

Solution : x2 - x - 2 = 0
Example - 2. Solve x2 - 6x + 4= 0

Solution : x2 - 6x + 4 = 0

Example - 3.

Solution :
xample - 4.

Solution :

y + 6.1/y = 5

y2 + 6 = 5y

y2 - 5y + 6 = 0

a = 1, b = -5, c = 6

D = b2 - 4ac = (-5)2 - 4 x 1 x 6 = 1
When y = 2, (x - 2)/(x + 2) = 2

2x + 4 = x - 2

x = -6

When y = 3, (x - 2)/(x + 2) = 3

3x + 6 = x - 2

2x = -8

x = -4

Problem on Quadratic Equations

The unknown quantity is represented by x or y. The problem is formulated according to the given
conditions. The problem is them solved.

Example - 1. The sum of two numbers is 18 and their product its 45. Find the numbers.

Solution : Let x and y be two numbers

Taking y = 18 - x from (i) and putting in (ii) we get

x(18 - x) = 45

Or, 18x - x2 = 45

Or, - x2 + 18x - 45 = 0

Or, x2 - 18x + 45 = 0
Or, x2 - 15x -3x + 45 = 0

Or, x(x - 15) -3(x - 15) = 0

Or, (x - 15) (x - 3) = 0

Example - 2. A train covers a distance of 300km at a certain average speed. If its speed were decreased
by 10km/hour, the journey would take 1 hour longer. What is the average speed of the train?

Solution : Let the average speed of the train be x km/hr.

Decreased speed = (x - 10) km/hr

Distance covered = 300km.

According to the question

Either x - 60 = 0 or x + 50 = 0

As speed is never negative

Example - 3. Find two consecutive natural numbers the sum of whose squares is 181.
Solution : Let first natural number be x then the next natural number is x + 1.

According to question

x2 + (x + 1)2 = 181

Or, x2 + x2 + 2x + 1 - 181 = 0

Or, 2x2 + 2x - 180 = 0

Or, x2 + x - 90 = 0

Or, x2 + 10x - 9x - 90 = 0

Or, x(x + 10) - 9 (x + 10) = 0

Or, (x + 10) (x - 9) = 0

Either x + 10 = 0 or x - 9 = 0

As natural number is never negative.

and x + 1 = 9 + 1 = 10

Example - 4. A person on tour has Rs. 360 for his daily expenses. If he exceeds his tour programme by 4
days, he must cut down his daily expenses by Rs. 3 per day. Find the number of days of his tour
programme.

Solution : Let the number of days be x

Extended number of days = x + 4

Amount to be spend = Rs. 360

According to the question

Either x + 24 = 0 or x - 20 = 0

As days are never negative

Example - 5. A shopkeeper buys a number of books for Rs. 80. If he had bought 4 more books for the
same amount, each books would have cost him Re. 1 less. How many books did he buy?

Solution : Let number of book initially be x

Number of books finally = x + 4

Amount to be paid = Rs. 80

According to question
Either x + 20 = 0 or x - 16 = 0

As number is never negative

Chapter 8 - Ratio and Proportion

Example - 1. Which is greater ; 4 : 5 or 5 : 9

Solution : 4 : 5 is equivalent to 4/5 and 5 : 9 is equivalent to 5/9

Example - 2. A school collected Rs.6,300 for charity. The money was divided into two parts in the ratio of
3 : 4. Find the money of each parts.

Solutio : Let the two parts be 3x and 4x

 First part = Rs.3 X 900 = Rs.2,700

and second part = Rs.4 X 900 = Rs.3,600

Example - 3. Two trains traveled 440 km in 8 hours and 528 km is 12 hours respectively. Find their
average speeds (km/hr) as a ratio in its lowest term.

Solution :

Ratio of average speed of 1st train to the average speed of 2nd train

Example - 4. If A : B = 2 : 3 and B : C = 5.6, find (i) A : B : C (ii) A : C

Solution : A : B = 2 : 3

B:C=5:6

Multiplying the first ratio by 5 and the second ratio by 3, we get

A : B = 2 : 3 = 2 X 5 : 3 X 5 = 10 : 15

B : C = 5 : 6 = 5 X 3 : 6 X 3 = 15 : 18

(i) A : B : C = 10 : 15 : 18

(ii) A : C = (A : B) X (B : C)

= A/B X B/C
= 2/3 X 5/6

= 5/9

=5:9

Example - 5. Three numbers are in the ratio of 1/2 : 1/3 : 1/5. If the sum of the greatest and the least
exceeds the other by 22, find the numbers.

Solution : 1/2 : 1/3 : 1/5 = 1/2 X 30 : 1/3 X 30 : 1/5 X 30

= 15 : 10 : 6

Let the numbers be 15x, 10x and 6x

As per question

Numbers are 15 X 2 = 30, 10 X 2 = 20 and 6 X 12 = 12

= 30, 20, 12

Example - 6. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1/2 : 1/3 : 1/6. Find the angles.

Solution : Given ratio = 1/2 : 1/3 : 1/6

= 1/2 X 12 : 1/3 X 12 : 1/6 : 12

=6:4:2

Sum of the terms = 6 + 4 + 2 = 12

Sum of the angles = 1800

First angle = 6/12 X 1800 = 900

Second angle = 4/12 X 1800 = 600

Third angle = 2/12 X 1800 = 300

Proportion

When two ratio are equal, they are said to be in proportion and the four quantities are said to be
“proportionals”.

When a : b = c : d ; a, b, c, d are proportional. a and d are called the extreme and b and c are called the
mean.
Also , ad = bc

i.e. product of extremes = product of means.

Some Results

i. If a : b = c : d then b : a = d : c
ii. If a : b = c : d then a : c = b : d
iii. If a : b = c : d then (a + b) : b = (c + d) : d
iv. If a : b = c : d then (a - b) : b = (c - d) : d
v. If a : b = c : d then (a + b) : (a - b) = (c + d) : (c - d)
vi. If a : b = c : d then a : (a - b) : c : (c - d)
vii. If a : b = c : d then a : (a - b) = c : (c - d)
viii. a/b = c/d = e/f = (a + c + e) / (b + d + f)

Continued Proportion

When a, b, c, d are of same kind and a/b = b/c = c/d then a, b, c, d are said to be in continued proportion.

If a/b = b/c then ac = b2

Here ‘b’ is called ‘mean proportional’ between ‘a’ and ‘c’ and the third quantity ‘c’ is called the “third
proportional” to ‘a’ and ‘b’

Example - 1. If 3, 4, x and 12 are in proportion. Find x.

Solution : 3 : 4 = x : 12

Example - 2. What must be added to each to the numbers 2, 7, 10 and 25 so that they become
proportional?

Solution : Let the required number be x.

According to the question

Hence 2 must be added.

Example - 2. A school collected Rs.6,300 for charity. The money was divided into two parts in the ratio of
3 : 4. Find the money of each parts.

Solutio : Let the two parts be 3x and 4x

First part = Rs.3 X 900 = Rs.2,700

and second part = Rs.4 X 900 = Rs.3,600

Example - 3. If a/b = c/d ; show that (9a + 13b) (9c - 13d) = (9c + 13d) (9a - 13b).

Solution : Let a/b = c/d = k

(9a + 13b) (9c - 13d) = (9c + 13d) (9a - 13b)

 L. H. S = R. H. S

Example - 4. If (4a + 7b) (4c - 7d) = (4a - 7b) (4c + 7d)

Prove that a/b = c/d

Solution : (4a + 7b) (4c - 7d) = (4a - 7b) (4c + 7d)

Example - 5. , show that 3by2 - 2ay + 3b = 0

Solution :

Squaring both sides we get

Example - 6.

Solution :
Example - 7. Find the mean proportional between x2/4ab and a/by2

Solution :

Example - 8. If a, b, c, d are in continued proportion

prove that (a2 + b2 + c2) (b2 + c2 + d2) = (ab + bc + cd)2

Solution :

Example - 9. Using the properties of proportion, solve the following equation :

Solution :
 Factor Theorem

If x - a is a factor of f(x) then f(a) = 0

If x + a is a factor of f(x) then f(-a) = 0

If ax - b is a factor of f(x) then f(b/a) = 0

If ax + b is a factor of f(x) then f (-b/a) = 0

Example - 1. Show that x - 2 is a factor of 2x3 + x2 - 13x + 6

Solution : Let f(x) = 2x3 + x2 - 13x + 6

F(2) = 2(2)3 + 22 - 13 X 2 + 6

= 16 + 4 - 26 + 6

= 26 - 26

=0

x - 2 is a factor of f(x)

Example - 2. show that 2x + 7 is a factor of 2x3 + 5x2 - 11x - 14. Hence factorise the give expression
completely, using the factor theorem.

Solution : Let f(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 - 11x - 14

Now, x2 - x - 2 = x2 - 2x + x - 2

= x(x - 2) + 1 (x - 2)

= (x - 2) (x + 1)

Example - 3. Determine the value of m such that x + 3 is a factor 2x3 + 3x2 + mx + 6

Solution : Let f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + mx + 6

x + 3 is a factor of f(x)

f (-3) = 0
Example - 4. Find the value of a and b such that x + 1 and x – 3 are factors of x3 - 3x2 + ax - b.

Solution : Let f(x) = x3 - 3x2 + ax - b

x + 1 is a factor of f(x)

f (-1) = 0

Again x - 3 is a factor of f(x)

f (3) = 0

Putting b = 3a from (ii) in (i)

from (ii) b = 3a = 3(-1) = -3

a = -1, b = -3