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Image Processing lecture 2

The document discusses imaging, defining digital images as discrete samples of continuous images, where each pixel represents brightness or color. It also describes the human visual system, detailing the structure and function of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, and retina, as well as the roles of photoreceptors in vision. Key concepts include spatial resolution and the process of accommodation for focusing on objects at varying distances.

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Frank Fang
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4 views15 pages

Image Processing lecture 2

The document discusses imaging, defining digital images as discrete samples of continuous images, where each pixel represents brightness or color. It also describes the human visual system, detailing the structure and function of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, and retina, as well as the roles of photoreceptors in vision. Key concepts include spatial resolution and the process of accommodation for focusing on objects at varying distances.

Uploaded by

Frank Fang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Imaging

Image: a visual representation in form of a function f(x,y),


where f is related to brightness (or color) at a point (x,y).
Most images are defined as a rectangle.
Continuous in amplitude and space.
Digital Imaging

Digital Image: discrete samples f[x,y]


representing a continuous image f(x,y).
Each element of the 2-d array f[x,y] is called a
pixel or pel.
λ = c* f

λ = c/ f E = h* f
λ: Wavelength E: Enengy
f: Frequency f: Frequency
c: speed of light (2.998 x 108 m/s) h: Planck’s constant (10-6 m)
F[X,Y,3] F[X,Y,1]=R[X,Y]
Monochromatic

R[X,Y]=G[X,Y]=B[X,Y]
F[X,Y,2]=G[X,Y] F[X,Y,3]=B[X,Y]
Characteristics of an Image

Spatial Resolution: Related to the number of


pixels that compound an image.
Human Visual System

The Eye is a sphere enclosed by three membranes: the


cornea and sclera outer cover, the choroid, and the retina.
Human Visual System

The cornea is transparent and functions like a window that


controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye.
The sclera is a protective membrane to the eye (White).
Human Visual System

The choroid is divided into the ciliary body and the iris.
The iris contracts or expands to control the light that enters the
eye. The central opening of the iris (the pupil) varies in diameter
from 2 mm to 8mm.
Human Visual System

The choroid is divided into the ciliary body and the iris.
The iris contracts or expands to control the light that enters the
eye. The central opening of the iris (the pupil) varies in diameter
from 2 mm to 8mm.
Human Visual System

The choroid is divided into the ciliary body and the iris.
The ciliary body produces the fluid in the eye called aqueous
humor. It also contains the ciliary muscle, which changes the
shape of the lens when your eyes focus on a near object. This
process is called accommodation.
Human Visual System

The lens consists of concentric layers of fibrous cells. It filters 8% of


the visible spectrum light (infrared and ultraviolet). By changing its
shape, the lens focuses light onto the retina. Through the action of
small muscles (called the ciliary muscles), the lens becomes thicker
to focus on nearby objects and thinner to focus on distant objects.
Human Visual System

The retina contains the cells that sense light (photoreceptors) and
the blood vessels that nourish them.
The photoreceptors in the retina convert the image into electrical
signals, which are carried to the brain by the optic nerve.
Human Visual System

Cones are responsible for sharp, detailed central vision and color vision
and are clustered mainly in the macula.
Rods are responsible for night and peripheral (side) vision. Rods are
more numerous than cones and much more sensitive to light. Rods are
grouped mainly in the peripheral areas of the retina.
Human Visual System

The fovea is about 1.5 mm in diameter ~area of 1.77 mm2 .


155,000 elements / mm2
#elemens(fovea)=155,000 elements / mm2* 1.77 mm2 =265,500
.

Distance between center of lens and retina (focal length) vary between 14-17 mm

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