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K-Means is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm that partitions data points into a user-defined number of clusters by minimizing the variance within each cluster. The algorithm involves initializing centroids, assigning points to the nearest centroid, recalculating centroids, and repeating these steps until convergence. While K-Means is simple and efficient, it requires the number of clusters to be specified in advance and is sensitive to the initial placement of centroids.

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5 views3 pages

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K-Means is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm that partitions data points into a user-defined number of clusters by minimizing the variance within each cluster. The algorithm involves initializing centroids, assigning points to the nearest centroid, recalculating centroids, and repeating these steps until convergence. While K-Means is simple and efficient, it requires the number of clusters to be specified in advance and is sensitive to the initial placement of centroids.

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Discuss how the Kmeans clustering works.

K-Means Clustering

K-Means is one of the most popular unsupervised machine learning algorithms used for
clustering data points into a predefined number of clusters. The goal of K-Means is to
partition a dataset into KK clusters in which each data point belongs to the cluster with the
nearest mean (centroid). It is widely used in data mining, pattern recognition, and customer
segmentation, among other tasks.

How K-Means Works:

The basic idea of the K-Means algorithm is to:

1. Partition the dataset into KK clusters, where KK is a user-specified number.


2. Minimize the variance within each cluster, i.e., the distance between the data points
and the cluster’s centroid.

Steps of the K-Means Algorithm:

1. Initialize the centroids:


o First, we randomly select KK points from the dataset to serve as the initial
centroids (or means) of the clusters.
2. Assign points to clusters:
o Each data point is assigned to the nearest centroid. The "nearest" centroid is
typically determined using a distance metric such as Euclidean distance.

d(p,c)=(x1−x2)2+(y1−y2)2d(p, c) = \sqrt{(x_1 - x_2)^2 + (y_1 - y_2)^2}

where pp is the data point and cc is the centroid.

3. Recalculate centroids:
o Once all the points have been assigned to clusters, the centroids are updated.
The new centroid of each cluster is the mean of all points assigned to that
cluster:

ck=1∣Ck∣∑i∈Ckxic_k = \frac{1}{|C_k|} \sum_{i \in C_k} x_i

where ckc_k is the centroid of cluster kk, CkC_k is the set of points in cluster kk, and
xix_i are the points in the cluster.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3:


o The algorithm repeats steps 2 and 3 until the centroids no longer change (or
the change is minimal). This means the clusters have stabilized and the
algorithm has converged.
5. Convergence:
o The algorithm stops when the centroids do not change significantly from one
iteration to the next, or after a predetermined number of iterations.

Key Points:

 K (number of clusters): The number of clusters KK must be specified before


running the algorithm, and the algorithm will attempt to divide the dataset into KK
groups. Selecting the optimal KK is not always straightforward and can be done using
methods like the Elbow Method or Silhouette Analysis.
 Centroids: These represent the "average" position of all the points in a cluster.
Initially, centroids are randomly chosen, but as the algorithm iterates, they get closer
to the actual centers of the clusters.
 Euclidean Distance: The most common distance metric used for K-Means clustering.
However, other distance metrics (like Manhattan distance) can be used depending on
the context.

Example:

Let’s walk through a simple example with 2D data and K=2K = 2 clusters.

Step 1: Initialize Centroids

 Suppose we have a 2D dataset of points: (1,2),(3,3),(6,5),(8,8),(9,10)(1, 2), (3, 3), (6,


5), (8, 8), (9, 10).
 We initialize two centroids (randomly selected points):
o Centroid 1: (1,2)(1, 2)
o Centroid 2: (9,10)(9, 10)

Step 2: Assign Points to Clusters

 Compute the Euclidean distance of each point from both centroids and assign each
point to the nearest centroid.
o Point (1,2)(1, 2) is closer to Centroid 1: Assign to Cluster 1.
o Point (3,3)(3, 3) is closer to Centroid 1: Assign to Cluster 1.
o Point (6,5)(6, 5) is closer to Centroid 1: Assign to Cluster 1.
o Point (8,8)(8, 8) is closer to Centroid 2: Assign to Cluster 2.
o Point (9,10)(9, 10) is closer to Centroid 2: Assign to Cluster 2.

Step 3: Recalculate Centroids

 Compute the new centroids based on the points assigned to each cluster:
o New Centroid 1: Mean of points (1,2),(3,3),(6,5)(1, 2), (3, 3), (6, 5) →
(3.33,3.33)(3.33, 3.33)
o New Centroid 2: Mean of points (8,8),(9,10)(8, 8), (9, 10) → (8.5,9)(8.5, 9)

Step 4: Repeat Assigning and Recalculating

 Repeat the process of assigning points to the nearest centroid and recalculating
centroids until the centroids stabilize.
After a few iterations, the centroids will no longer move, and the algorithm will converge to
the final clusters.

Advantages of K-Means:

 Simplicity: It is easy to understand and implement.


 Speed: The algorithm tends to be faster compared to hierarchical clustering,
especially with large datasets.
 Scalability: K-Means scales well with large datasets.

Disadvantages of K-Means:

 Requires KK: The number of clusters must be specified beforehand, which is not
always easy to determine.
 Sensitivity to Initial Centroids: Random initialization of centroids can lead to
different final results. This is often addressed by running the algorithm multiple times
and choosing the best result (K-Means++ initialization).
 Assumes spherical clusters: K-Means works best when clusters are roughly
spherical and of similar size, which may not be true for all datasets.

Applications:

 Market Segmentation: K-Means can be used to group customers based on their


purchasing behavior.
 Image Compression: It can cluster pixel colors in an image to reduce the number of
colors used.
 Anomaly Detection: K-Means can help identify outliers by detecting points that don't
fit well within any cluster.

Thank You

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