NSTP Reviewer 2. Human rights are inalienable.

– They
cannot be rightfully taken away from an
LESSON 9: Human Dignity and Rights individual.
3. Human rights are imprescriptible. – They
HUMAN RIGHTS cannot be lost even by a long passage of
time.
 These are the rights and entitlement 4. Human rights are indivisible. – They
integral to all people no matter what cannot be denied even when other rights
class, gender, age, race, and ethnicity have already been enjoyed.
they have. 5. Human rights are interdependent. – The
 Rights apply to everyone. Incorporated in exercise of one cannot be fully achieved
these is the collection of all the individual without the realization of the other.
and collective entitlement provided by 6. Human rights are universal. – They are
nations and international human rights available to all human beings irrespective
conventions. of their origin, status or condition, or place
 Every person, authority, and institution is where they live.
duty bound to uphold, protect, and realize 7. Human rights are fundamental. – Without
these rights. them, the life and dignity of man will be
meaningless.
Human rights assure that each person will be
safeguarded from any harm that can hinder his
2 MAIN APPROACHES TO STUDY THE
or her freedom and human dignity. Many human
rights regulations were influenced by the post- NATURE OF HUMAN RIGHTS
war situation that motivated the Universal
1. The philosophical approach - also
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
known as the theoretical approach, can be
categorized into five sub theories.
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF 2. The pragmatic approach
HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR)
SUB-THEORIES OF THE
 contends that every person is born with PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH
entitlement like the right to be free and to
be treated fairly and with dignity. A. The Natural Rights Theory - According to
 The United Nations General Assembly John Locke, an American philosopher,
adopted the UDHR in December 1948. human beings are born with inalienable
 The realization of UDHR is necessary to natural rights. According to Locke, these
achieve better conditions for the world, rights are God-given rights and can never
including letting everyone experience be taken away or given away. Locke also
freedom, justice, and lasting peace stated that the fundamentals of natural
rights are life, liberty, and property
Human rights are expressed in various treaties,
B. The Legal Rights Theory - The theory
in relation to international laws and in other
holds that human rights completely
sources of laws. They compel different states to
depend on the recognition of states and
act and protect their citizens from specific
institutions. The theory dictates that an
actions against abuses to their rights
individual cannot claim his or her rights if
they are not recognized by their states
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN
and institutions in the first place.
RIGHTS C. The Historical Theory of Rights - This
theory states that the rights of human
1. Human rights are inherent. – They are not
beings are not created by the state but
granted by any person or authority.
are actually products of the historical
evolution of humans.
 D. The Social Welfare Theory of Rights - The THE KIAN LLOYD DELOS SANTOS
theory believes that human rights are
created by society based on consideration CASE
of the common welfare of human beings.
• This case was one of the infamous examples of
The theory also assumes that if society
EJK. Seventeen-year-old Kian Lloyd delos Santos
does not approve of a right, then it will not
was shot and killed during the Oplan Galugad
be recognized.
that took place on the night of August 16, 2017
E. The Idealistic Theory of Right - Also
in Caloocan City.
known as the “Personality Rights Theory,”
it suggests that human rights are external • The Kian Lloyd delos Santos Case The most
factors affecting the internal and real noteworthy and controversial aspect of the drug
development of an individual. This theory war was that President Duterte offered a
treats the right to personality as a reward/bounty to those who turned in people
supreme and absolute right. related to drug use, “dead or alive.”

• With this premise, the police forces especially

THE WAR ON DRUGS acted and spearheaded the campaign as major
forces behind the war on drugs (Amnesty
• Former President Rodrigo Roa Duterte International UK, 2020).
spearheaded the rigorous anti-illegal drug
campaign, which is commonly called the “war on THE MARTIAL LAW IN MINDANAO
drugs.”
 On May 23, 2017, the president was
• It was estimated that in 2016 alone, around compelled to declare martial law in
6,600 drug suspects were killed due to Duterte’s Mindanao due to the rising conflicts in
war on drugs, as reported by the Philippine Marawi between the Armed Forces of the
National Police (Bueza, 2016). Philippines and a terrorist group.
 This meant that public officials were
• The President ordered the country’s police
allowed to detain individuals without
forces to go on a campaign of seizing people
bringing them before a court of law.
they believe are related to drug use/drug trade
with an interesting premise: if those who get
caught resist, the police are allowed to fight
UNTIMELY RELEASE OF ALLEGED
back and put down the life of the accused DRUG LORDS
suspects.
 Among the identified drug lords were
RECENT EVENTS INVOLVING HUMAN Peter Lim and Kerwin Espinosa. Peter Lim
RIGHTS IN THE PHILIPPINES immediately denied the accusation; in
contrast, Kerwin Espinosa surrendered
and acted as a witness for the court.
THE EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLINGS
 Despite Kerwin Espinosa’s confession as a
 RA 11188 defines extrajudicial killing (EJK) drug lord, the court dismissed his charges
as the act of slaying individuals together with Peter Lim due to a lack of
committed by state actors without evidence (Punay, 2018).
appropriate legal process.
 As the Duterte administration’s war on PRESIDENT DUTERTE
drugs started, the bodies of people THREATENING TO LEAVE UN
reportedly involved in drugs have been
documented.  As the United Nations grew wary of the
 Minors started becoming casualties as “War on Drugs,” the UN repeatedly tried
well. to condemn the endeavor as a violation of
human rights.
  President Duterte then threatened to 4. Visit people who are incarcerated, jailed,
“separate” from the UN and form another or detained;
alliance with China and some African 5. Research and educate about human
nations. rights;
6. Recommend or support policies related to
human rights;
7. Monitor the state’s compliance with
OPLAN TOKHANG standards of international human rights;
8. Protect witnesses related to human rights
 This was part of the war on drugs,
investigation or cases;
famously known as an operation where
9. Invite assistance of any government
police would knock on the doors of alleged
office;
users and ask them to surrender.
9. Assign its officers and employees; and
 Do remember that one of the president’s
10.Perform other duties related to human
ultimate mandates for the police is that if
rights (Section 3, EO 163).
the suspect “fights back,” they are free to
gun down that alleged suspect. The Department of Justice (DOJ) - Because the
Philippines is a signatory to the UDHR, one of its
THE HUMAN SHIELD CASE government agencies that is focused on
upholding human rights is the Department of
 Another minor casualty was recorded, as Justice (DOJ). This agency is the government’s
one more child’s life was taken. legal counsel, and it supervises the criminal
 This time, a three-year-old was in her justice system, acts as the arbiter on cases and
home during the anti-drug operation in disputes, and provides free legal services to
Rizal. marginalized sectors.
 The police stated that the suspect used
the child as a human shield against them. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) -
 The casualties were the lives of one police DOLE is tasked with protecting the well-being of
officer, the suspect, and the child. Filipino workers here and abroad. It formulates
policies and plans and implements programs
HUMAN RIGHTS INITIATIVES OF depending on the sociopolitical and economic
DIFFERENT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES situations of the time.
IN THE PHILIPPINES The International Labor Organization (ILO) - This
is a three party organization that initially worked
Commission on Human Rights (CHR) - Among
with the Philippines in 1994. It is known for
the tangible human rights initiatives in the
endorsing the Workman’s Compensation
Philippines is the formation of the CHR. This is an
(Accidents) Convention 17 based on Act No.
independent office to realize the state policy that
1874, which expands the duties of employers
the country needs to prioritize the dignity of
related to personal injuries and deaths obtained
individuals and ensure full respect for human
by employees at the workplace (ILO, 2010).
rights.
The Judiciary - Some of the important reforms it
The following are CHR’s powers and
has implemented are speedy trial, a more
functions:
efficient and responsive justice system, docket
1. Independently investigate human rights decongestion, a review of judicial systems and
violations; procedures, collaboration with society, increased
2. Formulate and promulgate its own access to justice for the poor, the improvement
operational guidelines; reprimand anyone of free legal services, and the enhancement of
who violates the said guidelines in the integrity and competence of judges, court
accordance with the rule of law; personnel, and all other officers of the court.
3. Provide legal and preventive measures for
Jail Reforms - Because the welfare of political
people to enjoy their human rights;
prisoners and other incarcerated individuals is a
concern of human rights, jail reform is one of the genders, typically against women.
country’s priority programs. The Bureau of Jail Manifestations of gender bias include
Management and Penology (BJMP) and the marginalization, subordination,
Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) mentioned that stereotyping, multiple burdens, and
the prisons in the country are 500% gender-based violence.
overcrowded. Moreover, the facilities in prisons
and jails remain old and dilapidated (Jones & CONCEPTS RELATED TO GENDER BIAS
Narag, 2019).
1. Stereotyping – prejudiced beliefs or opinions
Vision 2040 - Aside from preventing violations, regarding the characteristics of males and
another key concern of human rights is the females
welfare and well-being of the citizens. The 2. Marginalization – denying someone’s voice
Philippine government initiated Vision 2040 with and access to basic services by virtue of
the aim of letting people enjoy equal prosperity one’s gender
and live in a just and fair society. Vision 2040 3. Subordination – bestowing less control or
serves as the overarching framework of progress power on someone considered to be of
in which the criminal justice system must be in “inferior” sex
sync. 4. Multiple Burden – the notion that women are
expected to work longer than men as they
are expected to play various roles at home,
at work, and in the community
LESSON 10: Gender and Development
5. Gender-Based Violence (Violence against
(GAD)
Women) – usually associated with violence
against women, as it involves the abuse of
SEX ROLES
power arising from unequal power
- are those roles that are based on the relationships based on socially ascribed
biological characteristics of a person; they gender differences
are universal, permanent, and
unchanging. GENDER EQUALITY
- is defined as a state characterized by
GENDER ROLES
granting an individual the opportunity to
- are those roles that are learned by a equally take part in all the domains of life
person as appropriate to their gender and (economic, social, and political) no matter
are determined by cultural norms. what sex or gender he or she may have.

GENDER SOCIALIZATION GENDER GAP

- refers to the process by which an - is defined as the distance between males
individual, starting from childhood and females in relation to their access to
development, continuously learns about social, political, cultural, and economic
the attitudes and actions expected by the lives (Hausmann, Tyson, & Zahidi, 2012).
society in relation to the gender of a The 2020 Global Gap Index depicts that
person. the Philippines is one of the top countries
in the world that is able to narrow the
gender gap, as it ranked 16th out of 153
countries.

GLOBAL GENDER GAP INDEX

GENDER BIAS
• In the East Asia region, the Philippines ranks
- As a social construct, gender unpins the
2nd when contrasted with other Asian countries
concepts of bias and inequality across all
in terms of the gender gap index. The country 4. JOINT MEMORANDUM CIRCULARS 2012-1,
has yielded high scores on the four parameters 2013-01, AND 2016-01 – These guide the
of global gender gap: economic participation and distribution of the Gender and Development
opportunity, educational attainment, health and budget.
survival, and political empowerment.
GAD-Related Plans

1. PHILIPPINE PLAN FOR GENDER RESPONSIVE

POLICY IMPERATIVES ON GAD
DEVELOPMENT (1995-2025) – This is a
International Policies national plan that addresses, offers, and
seeks complete equality for female and male
1. UN CONVENTION ON ELIMINATION AND development.
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (CEDAW) 2. GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S
– This is frequently referred to as a global EMPOWERMENT (GEWE) PLAN (2019- 2025) –
charter of rights for women. It establishes an The government will use this as a guide and
agenda for national action to end such primary resource for creating Gender and
prejudice against women while defining what Development (GAD) plans and budgets.
constitutes such behavior. 3. PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2017-2022)
2. BEIJING PLATFORM FOR ACTION – On – This shall offer a guide for achieving
September 15, 1995, the UN passed a inclusive and sustained progress for all
resolution known as the Beijing Declaration Filipinos.
at the conclusion of the Fourth World
Conference on Women. The resolution was Policies on Gender-Based Violence/Violence
passed to establish a set of guidelines for against Women
gender equality.
Republic Acts
3. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS – Also 1. RA 9262: ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
known as the Global Goals, these are a set of AND CHILDREN ACT (VAWC) – prescribes
17 interconnected international objectives penalties for violence against women and
that are intended to serve as a common children, provides protective measures for
blueprint for peace and prosperity for people victims and other purposes related to VAWC
and the planet, now and into the future. 2. RA 7877: ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT ACT – a
law making sexual harassment illegal in
National Policies settings of employment, education, or training
1. THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION – This is 3. RA 11313: SAFE SPACES ACT – a law defining
the Republic of the Philippines' constitution, gender-based sexual harassment in public
which is also its highest legislation. On places, online, at work, and in educational or
October 12, 1986, the Constitutional training facilities
Commission completed the final text, and on 4. RA 8353: ANTI-RAPE LAW – According to this
February 2, 1987, a countrywide referendum law, anyone can be a victim of rape, including
approved it. prostituted individuals, Non-virgins and those
2. RA 9710: MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN – The with active sexual lives.
Magna Carta of Women is a thorough human 5. RA 8505: RAPE VICTIM ASSISTANCE AND
rights law for women that aim to end PROTECTION ACT – This law guides the
discrimination against them by recognizing, establishment of rape crisis centers in every
upholding, and advancing their rights, province and city, authorizing the
particularly those of underprivileged Filipino appropriation of necessary funds and other
women requirements to provide assistance and
3. RA 7192: WOMEN IN NATION-BUILDING ACT – protection for victims of rape.
The Act's goal is to support the participation 6. RA 10364: EXPANDED ANTI-TRAFFICKING LAW
of women as full, equal partners with men in – establishes the essential institutional
economic growth and national development. arrangements for the defense and assistance
 of trafficked individuals by formulating POLICIES PROMOTING AND
sanctions for violations.
PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF THE
7. RA 9775: ANTI-CHILD PORNOGRAPHY LAW –
The purpose of this law is to define the crime LGBTQI+ COMMUNITY
of child pornography and prescribe penalties.
International Policies
8. RA 7610: ANTI-CHILD ABUSE LAW – institutes
greater defenses and security against child 1. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN
abuse, exploitation, and discrimination RIGHTS – an international charter that
protects the freedoms and rights of all
REVISED PENAL CODE CRIMES people and was approved by the United
Nations
1. Acts of Lasciviousness – the act of making
2. INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND
physical contact with another person's body
POLITICAL RIGHTS (ICCPR) – This multilateral
to satisfy one's sexual needs even without
agreement binds the states parties to uphold
intending to engage in sexual activity
the civil and political rights of all citizens,
2. Seduction (Simple and Qualified) –
including the right to life, freedom of religion
persuading another to engage in prohibited
or belief, freedom of expression, freedom of
sexual activity by using promises, flattery,
association, the right to vote, and the right
bribery, or other means without employing
to a fair trial and due process.
physical force or violence
3. INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC,
3. Concubinage – any male spouse who
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS (ICESCR) – It
maintains a mistress in the marital
binds the UN member nations to work for the
residence, engages in scandalous sexual
granting of economic, social, and cultural
activity with a woman who is not his wife, or
rights (ESCR) to the non-self-governing and
cohabits with her in another location
trust territories and to people, including
4. Unjust Vexation – any nonviolent human labor rights and the right to health, to
action that unjustly irritates a person who is education, and to a livable wage
innocent
National Policies
POLICIES PROMOTING AND
PROTECTING THE RIGHTS AND 1. THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
2. RA 9710: MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN
PRIVILEGES OF WOMEN 3. RA 10627: ANTI-BULLYING ACT – This law
establishes the adoption of policies and
1. RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women
programs against bullying in primary and
2. RA 11210: Expanded Maternity Leave Law –
secondary schools.
increases the maternity leave period for
4. RA 11166: PHILIPPINE HIV AND AIDS ACT –
female employees to 105 days, with the
This law helped enhance the Philippines’
option of extending for an additional 30 days
wholistic policy on HIV and AIDS prevention,
without pay. It grants an additional 15 days
treatment, care, and support, reconstituted
for solo mothers as well.
the Philippine National Aids Council (PNAC),
3. RA 6725: Prohibition on Discrimination
and repealed RA 8504 or the "Philippine Aids
against Women – strengthens the restriction
Prevention and Control Act of 1998."
on discrimination against women in relation
to employment
4. RA 7882: Provision of Assistance to Women
Engaging in Micro and Cottage Business LESSON 11: Community Engagement
Enterprises – gives assistance to women in COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT (OR
the micro and cottage business
5. RA 6949: National Women’s Day – COMMUNITY WORK)
designates March 8 as the National Women’s
- the activity and the process to change
Day and a working holiday
society, acquire equality, attain social
 justice, and realize human rights. It is the 1. Community Entry – includes identifying a
employment of the principles of genuine partner community, creating contact with
participation, democratic decision-making, community leaders or community
and empowerment. organizations, and initial gathering of
information
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY 2. Integration/Immersion – immersing in
ENGAGEMENT community life, which includes informal and
non-formal conversations, and living with the
1. Trust in People – Community engagement people to empathize with and share in their
volunteers believe that the poor are not pains and dreams
victims and passive recipients of services but 3. Joint Analysis of Community Situation –
are active participants in social change. conversations with community people to
2. Solidarity with People – Community workers encourage them to become “researchers” of
share in the aspirations, pains, and their own situation
experiences of the people; gain empathy; 4. The Action Learning Cycle (Action,
share in local work; and immerse themselves Reflection, Learning, Planning) – a cyclical
in the community. process that encompasses joint/participatory
3. Collective Action and Participation – This planning and joint implementation of
refers to people coming together to learn activities
and reflect on their conditions. The act of 5. Joint Planning allows people to decide on:
raising awareness and consciousness can • what they want to do based on their
bind people toward common aspirations. awareness of community issues;
4. Empowerment – People are seen as the main • what they want to do differently from
actors in community development; they are their common practice;
the ones claiming their voice and power to • what short-term and long-term needs
pursue the kind of development they need. should be addressed; and
• what strategies/actions will address
STRATEGIES IN COMMUNITY these needs.
ENGAGEMENT 6. Joint Implementation of activities allows
people to share tasks and set their plans into
A. Consciousness-Raising – The volunteer helps actions.
poor sectors and groups reclaim their self- • After implementing the collective
confidence. One must not fall into the actions, what changed?
common trap of treating poor people as • Who were involved in the actions?
helpless and that outsiders need to do things • What were the sentiments/feelings of
for the people. the people?
B. Consciousness-raising- is also about the • What factors led to the success or
equal exchange of knowledge between failure of the collective actions?
community people and volunteers. • What can be improved next time?
C. Promoting Participation – Participation of • What insights can be derived from
people in processes and matters concerning doing the actions?
their lives is a basic human right. It can be
realized by motivating people, ensuring their
active involvement, and building
organizations and groups together with the
most disadvantaged sectors. It is a crucial
aspect of human development.

PROCESSES OF COMMUNITY
ENGAGEMENT