Cambridge IGCSE™(9–1)

CHEMISTRY WEEK 4
Paper 4 Theory (Extended)

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

[Turn over
 2

1 A list of gases is shown.

ammonia
helium
hydrogen
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
chlorine
methane
nitrogen dioxide
propene
sulfur dioxide

Answer the following questions about these gases.

Each gas may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(a) State one gas which:

(i) is the main constituent of natural gas

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) is responsible for both photochemical smog and acid rain

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) is unsaturated

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) has monatomic particles

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(v) reduces iron(III) oxide in a blast furnace.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, and carbon monoxide are removed from a car exhaust by a catalytic
converter.

Write the symbol equation for this reaction.

................................................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 7]
 3

2 A list of five metals is shown.

copper
iron
magnesium
potassium
silver

(a) All metals form positive ions.

(i) Describe how atoms form positive ions.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State which of the five metals in the list has the greatest tendency to form positive ions.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Suggest one of the five metals in the list which is not likely to show catalytic properties.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) State which of the five metals in the list is a major component of stainless steel.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) A student adds a sample of a metal to an aqueous metal salt in a beaker to see if a displacement
reaction takes place.

Complete Table 2.1 to show the colour of the solution in the beaker at the start and at the end
of the experiment.

Table 2.1

metal aqueous solution colour at the start colour at the end

magnesium iron(II) sulfate green

silver copper(II) sulfate

[3]

[Turn over
 4

(c) Most Group II metals form a gas when placed into cold water. An alkaline solution is also
formed.

(i) Name the gas formed when strontium is added to cold water.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Name the alkaline solution formed when strontium is added to cold water.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) One Group II metal reacts very slowly when placed in cold water. When heated, the metal
reacts with steam to form a white solid.

Identify this metal and name the white solid formed.

metal ...................................................................................................................................

white solid ...........................................................................................................................

[2]

(d) Under certain conditions, iron will react with steam to form an oxide of iron with the formula
Fe3O4.

Fe3O4 reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a mixture of iron(II) and iron(III) salts and
water.

Deduce the symbol equation for the reaction between Fe3O4 and dilute hydrochloric acid.

................................................................................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 14]
 5

3 The symbol equation for the industrial production of ammonia is shown.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) H = –90 kJ / mol

(a) Name this industrial process.

................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) State the meaning of H.

................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) State the typical conditions and name the catalyst used in the industrial production of ammonia.

temperature and units ........................................

pressure and units .............................................

catalyst used ......................................................

[3]

(d) State two methods of increasing the rate of this reaction.

1 .................................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Turn over
 6

(e) The symbol equation for the reaction can be represented as shown in Fig. 3.1.

H H H N H H N H
N N + H H  + H = –90 kJ / mol
H H H H

Fig. 3.1

Table 3.1 shows some bond energies.

Table 3.1

bond N≡N H–H

bond energy in kJ / mol 945 435

Use the bond energies in Table 3.1 and H to calculate the bond energy of an N–H bond, in
kJ / mol.

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the energy needed to break bonds in the reactants.

.................................. kJ

● Calculate the energy released when bonds form in the products.

.................................. kJ

● Calculate the energy of an N–H bond.

.................................. kJ / mol
[3]
 7

(f) An incomplete symbol equation for the preparation of ammonia in the laboratory is shown.

CaO + 2NH4Cl  CaCl 2 + ......................... + 2NH3

(i) Complete the symbol equation. [1]

(ii) Name NH4Cl.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Calculate the volume of ammonia, NH3, measured at room temperature and pressure,
which forms when 1.12 g of CaO is heated with excess NH4Cl.
[Mr: CaO, 56]

.............................. cm3 [3]

[Total: 15]

[Turn over
 8

4 A carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to produce an ester and water.

Under certain conditions, this reaction can be reversed so an ester reacts with water to produce a
carboxylic acid X and an alcohol Y.

The reaction reaches an equilibrium.

CH3CH2COOCH3 + H2O X + Y

The forward reaction is endothermic.

(a) Deduce the empirical formula of the ester.

................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Name the ester.

................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Name carboxylic acid X and draw its displayed formula.

name ..........................................................................................................................................

displayed formula

[2]

(d) Name alcohol Y and give its structural formula.

name ..........................................................................................................................................

structural formula .......................................................................................................................

[2]
 9

(e) Complete Table 4.1 to show the effect, if any, for each change of condition.

Table 4.1

effect on the concentration of

change of condition
carboxylic acid X at equilibrium

temperature is decreased

concentration of CH3CH2COOCH3
is decreased

more alcohol Y is added

a catalyst is added

[4]

(f) At the beginning of the reaction between the ester and water, no carboxylic acid is present in
the reaction mixture.

(i) Suggest how the pH of the reaction mixture changes from the start of the reaction until
equilibrium is reached.
Assume alcohols and esters are neutral.

pH at start of reaction .........................................................................................................

pH at equilibrium .................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Identify the ion that causes the change in pH.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Name an indicator which can be used to follow the change in pH.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 14]

[Turn over
 10

5 Sulfur is a Group VI element.

(a) A sample of sulfur contains two isotopes, 32S and 34S.

(i) Complete Table 5.1 to show the number of protons and neutrons in one atom of each
isotope of sulfur.

Table 5.1

32
S 34
S

protons

neutrons

[2]

(ii) State why these isotopes have identical chemical properties.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) State the mass of 6.02  1023 atoms of 34S. Include units in your answer.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) State the name of the amount of substance which contains 6.02  1023 atoms.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(v) Table 5.2 shows the relative abundance of these isotopes of sulfur in the sample.

Table 5.2

atom 32
S 34
S
relative abundance 95% 5%

Calculate the relative atomic mass of sulfur in this sample to one decimal place.

relative atomic mass =.................................... [2]

 11

(b) Sulfur reacts with magnesium to form magnesium sulfide, MgS, an ionic compound.

(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 5.1 of the ions in magnesium sulfide.

Give the charges on the ions.

........ ........

Mg S

Fig. 5.1
[3]

(ii) State why MgS has a high melting point.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) State why molten MgS conducts electricity.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) An acid containing sulfur reacts with sodium hydroxide, NaOH, to form a salt and water. The
salt has the formula Na2SO3.

(i) Deduce the formula of this acid.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Deduce the formula of the anion in Na2SO3.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(d) Na2SO3 is oxidised by acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII).

(i) State what VII refers to in the name potassium manganate(VII).

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State the colour change when this reaction happens.

from ............................................................ to........................................................................ [2]

.
[Total: 17]

[Turn over
 12

6 Glucose is involved in two processes.

(a) Glucose, C6H12O6, is made in plants from carbon dioxide and water.

(i) Name this process.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Write the symbol equation for this process.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) State two essential conditions needed for this process to happen.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Glucose is converted to ethanol.

(i) Name this process.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Name the other product formed when glucose is converted to ethanol.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Ethanol is made by reacting ethene with steam in an industrial process.

(i) State the conditions and type of catalyst used in this industrial production of ethanol.

temperature and units ...........................................

pressure and units ................................................

type of catalyst used .............................................

[3]

(ii) Explain why this reaction is an addition reaction.

........................................................................................................................................................ [1]
 13

(iii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 6.1 of a molecule of ethanol.

H H

H C C O H

H H

Fig. 6.1
[3]

[Total: 13]

[Turn over
 14

BLANK PAGE
 15

BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2024

The Periodic Table of Elements

Group
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
0971/42/M/J/24

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

16
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Cs Ba lanthanoids
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

Fr Ra actinoids
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm 3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).