ME 30 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UTILITIES

PLUMBING MATERIALS,FITTINGS AND FIXTURES

PIPING MATERIALS STEEL PIPE
PIPE is a hollow tube used to carry liquids, or mixtures that
include solids
Two categories of pipe in plumbing system:
 PRESSURE PIPE used to deliver water.
Usually smaller in size and made from materials that won’t
react with the chemicals or minerals in the water.
 DWV PIPE drain, waste, & vent pipe.
used to carry waste and dirty water away from sinks and
toilets in a building using gravity.

METAL PIPES durable, rigid , and corrosion-resistant conduits

made from various metals, used for transporting fluids, gases,
and other materials in plumbing,industrial, and structural
applications.
commonly use in:

COPPER PIPE AND TUBING copper is the most commonly

used material for water supply pipes.the thin walls of copper
tubing are typically joined to fittings using solder, which
allows the pipes and fittings to be positioned before the
soldering of the joints is completed.

IRON PIPE

THERMOPLASTIC PIPES
 referred as plastic pipe
 made from plastic materials that become soft and
pliable when heated and harden when cooled.
 popular for their ease of installation, costeffectiveness,
and resistance to corrosion, making them ideal for a
BRASS PIPE wide range of applications across plumbing, industrial,
and agricultural sectors.
Commonly use:
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Acrylonite butadiene styrene Styrene Rubber (SR):
(ABS):  A rigid thermoplastic mainly used in septic tanks, drain
 made from a polymer blend of acrylonitrile, butadiene, fields, and storm sewers. Available in straight lengths
and styrene. It is known for its strength, impact resistance, with nominal diameters from 3 to 8 inches.
and ability to handle a wide range of temperatures.
ABS pipes are black in color and are often used in
residential and commercial plumbing, especially for drainage
and venting systems.
Polypropylene (PP):
 A thermoplastic used primarily in chemical waste lines
but can handle hot and cold water. Rarely used in
buildings due to the requirement for heat fusion joining.

POLYTHYLENE (PE):
 Polyethylene (PE) pipes, made from high-density (HDPE)
or mediumdensity polyethylene (MDPE), are known for
their flexibility, corrosion resistance, and ease of
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF):
installation. They are widely used in water, gas, and
 An expensive thermoplastic used in ultrapure water
sewer systems, offering durability and a long service life
systems and industrial settings, including the
with minimal maintenance
pharmaceutical industry.

Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic Pipe:

Cross-linked polyethelene (PEX)  Made from thermosetting resin combined with
 flexible plastic pipe that has undergone a process called reinforcements (typically glass fiber) and fillers (like
"cross-linking" to enhance its chemical and temperature sand). Commonly composed of 15-70% glass fiber and
resistance. It is commonly used in residential plumbing used in industrial applications for its strength and
and heating systems. durability.
 stronger and more stable than PE with respect to
temperature extremes, chemical attack, and creep
deformation

Composite Pipe - is a flexible pipe material that is

constructed of an aluminum tube laminated between two
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC):
layers of polyethylene thermoplastic. It is available in 3 ⁄8 , ½,
 A rigid thermoplastic approved for cold-water supply
5 ⁄8 , ¾, and 1 in nominal diameter coils ranging from 100 to
outside buildings, such as DWV and irrigation piping.
1000 ft (30 to 30 m).
Typically, white or gray but may come in other colors.
It is available in two types:
Rated for 100 psi at 73°F (23°C), making it unsuitable for
potable hot water. Available in nominal diameters from
PE-AL-PE: Features an aluminum core laminated
1 to 6 inches. Joined by solvent-cement welding or
between two layers of polyethylene. Rated at 200 psi at
threaded/flanged connections.
73°F and 160 psi at 140°F. Approved for cold water and
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC):
compressed air. Color-coded dark blue.
 A rigid thermoplastic suitable for both hot and cold
PEX-AL-PEX: Consists of an aluminum core between
potable water, residential fire sprinkler systems, and
temperature-resistant cross-linked polyethylene layers.
process piping. Rated for 100 psi at 180°F (82°C).
Suitable for hot and cold water, high-pressure systems,
Resistant to chemicals, it is also used for sanitary
and radiant floor heating. Rated at 125 psi at 180°F. Color
drainage. Available in Schedule 40 and 80, with nominal
coded orange, light blue, or black for exposed installations.
diameters from ½ to 12 inches. Beige or tan in color.
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CLAY AND CONCRETE PIPE Adapters -are used in a supply system where threaded pipe is
Clay pipes are made from vitrified clay, while being connected to copper or thermoplastic.Adapters have
concrete pipes are cast from concrete. They are used for one threaded end to accommodate threaded pipe.
sewage, industrial waste, stormwater, and drainage
applications. These materials are uncommon in building
plumbing but are available with plain ends (PE), beveled ends
(BE), or threaded and coupled (T&C).

FITTINGS AND VALVES

JOINING PIPES AND FITTINGS

Elbows - usually at 45° and 90° , are angular fittings used to

change the direction of a supply pipe. On a sanitary drainage
system, a sanitary bend makes a more gradual turn to
prevent blockage.

Tees - are used in a supply system when a line must branch

off at a straight run. A reducing tee allows different pipe sizes
to be joined together in a supply system. Sanitary T and
sanitary Y are tee-like fittings used in sanitary drainage
systems that make a more gradual turn to prevent blockage.
A sanitary Y can accept two or three branches before
combining flow into one pipe.

Couplings - are used to join straight runs of pipe. A union

joins straight runs of pipe but also allows the pipes
to be more easily disconnected when future piping revisions
are expected or equipment needs to be replaced. A reducer
CATEGORIES OF VALVES
is a straight fitting used to decrease the diameter in a pipe in
a Water supply system . An increaser is a straight fitting used
GATE VALVES
to increase the diameter in a pipe in a sanitary drainage
system.
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GLOBE VALVES

ANGLE VALVES

CHECK VALVES
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PLUMBING FIXTURES

Flush valve urinal – a wall-mounted urinal.

Waterless urinal - is a urinal that is specifically engineered to
eliminate potable water consumption for urinal flushing. The
chief benefit of waterless urinals is that they do not use
water. A waterless urinal fixture blocks odors and gasses by a
means other than a traditional trap

WATER CLOSET - is a plumbing fixture that serves as an

indoor receptacle and removal system for human waste

Bidets - are personal hygiene plumbing fixtures used for

genital and perineal cleanliness.Itis typically used after using
the water closet.Equipped with valves for hot and cold water,
the inside walls of the bowl are washed the same way as a
standard toilet

Flush tank water closet- has a watertank as part of the

fixture.As the handle or button on a water closet is pushed, it
lifts the valve in the tank,releasing the water to flush out the
bowl. Then, when the handle is released,the valve drops and
the tank fills through a tube attached to the bottom of the Bathtubs - are plumbing fixtures used for bathing. Tubs
tank. This type of water closet cannot be effectively flushed are available in a variety of sizes, the most common being
again until the tank is refilled. 30 or 32 in (760 or 810 mm) wide; 12, 14, or 16 in (300, 350
or 400 mm) high; and 4 to 6 ft (1.2 to1.8m)long.

Flush valve water closets - have no tank to supply water. Lavatory - is a bathroom basin or sink used for personal
Instead, when the handle is pushed, the water to flush the hygiene. Lavatories are generally available in vitreous china
bowl comes directly from the water supply system at a high or enameled iron, or they may be cast in plastic or a plastic
rate of flow. When used, it is important that the water supply compound with the basin an integral part of the countertop.
system be designed to supply the high flow required. They are also available in stainless steel for high-vandalism
applications.
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DRINKING FOUNTAINS AND WATER COOLERS

SINKS
Kitchen sinks - are most commonly made of enameled cast
iron or stainless steel. Sinks are usually available in a single or
double bowl arrangement; some even have a third bowl,
which is much smaller. A waste disposal is typically
connected to one of the sink drains.

Utility or service sink - has a deep, fixed basin that is supplied

with hot and cold water and is used for rinsing mops and
disposing cleaning water. They are often called slop sinks or
mop sinks. These sinks are made of enameled cast iron or
vitreous china. Most service sinks have high backs, and there
may be two or as many as three bowl compartments.

Laundry tubs - sometimes called trays, are a large deep sink

used in laundry rooms. They are usually available in a
single or a double-bowl arrangement. Laundry tubs are
typically floor or wallmounted units available in low-cost
plastic, enameled iron, or stainless steel.
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STANDARDS

CODES & STANDARDS

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CODES
ADMINISTRATION OF THE CODE

BUILDING INSPECTOR
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