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The document is a mechanical lab manual for a geology course spanning four weeks, covering topics such as minerals, rock types, topographic maps, and geological structures. Each week includes specific lab objectives, activities, and assessments to enhance understanding of geological concepts. Safety guidelines and a grading rubric are also provided to ensure a structured learning experience.

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4 views8 pages

2024 Min 31

The document is a mechanical lab manual for a geology course spanning four weeks, covering topics such as minerals, rock types, topographic maps, and geological structures. Each week includes specific lab objectives, activities, and assessments to enhance understanding of geological concepts. Safety guidelines and a grading rubric are also provided to ensure a structured learning experience.

Uploaded by

tabishmajid83
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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9/27/2024

mining deptt. mechanical lab manual

Prepared By: Anas Shoukat Roll # 2024-MIN-9,


Muhammad Tabish (2024-MIN-31)
Haseeb Malik (2024-MIN-6)
Hammad Riaz (2024-MIN-15)
Table of Contents

 Introduction

 Week 1: Introduction to Minerals

 Lab Objectives
 Identifying Physical Properties of Minerals
 Lab Activities
 Report and Assessment

 Week 2: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks

 Lab Objectives
 Rock Identification
 Lab Activities
 Report and Assessment

 Week 3: Topographic Maps and Earth Surface Processes

 Lab Objectives
 Understanding Topographic Maps
 Lab Activities
 Report and Assessment

 Week 4: Geological Structures and Plate Tectonics

 Lab Objectives
 Interpreting Geological Structures
 Lab Activities
 Final Lab Report and Assessment

 Safety Guidelines

 Grading Rubric

 Conclusion
1. Introduction

Welcome to the Geology Lab! Over the next four weeks, you will
explore the fundamental concepts of geology through hands-on
experiments and exercises. The goal of this lab is to help you understand
the physical properties of minerals and rocks, analyze geological maps,
and comprehend Earth’s dynamic systems like plate tectonics and
surface processes.
Required Materials:
 Hand lens (10x magnification)
 Mineral and rock sample kits
 Geology hammer
 Topographic maps
 Safety goggles
2. Week 1: Introduction to Minerals
Lab Objectives:

 Understand the physical properties of minerals (e.g., color, luster, hardness).


 Learn the steps involved in identifying different minerals using physical tests.

Key Concepts:

 Physical Properties of Minerals: Hardness (Mohs scale), color, streak,


luster, cleavage, fracture, and specific gravity.

Lab Activities:

1. Observation and Identification: Examine 10 mineral samples using


provided tools (streak plate, glass plate for hardness testing, hand lens).
o Perform streak tests for each mineral.
o Test for hardness using the scratch method.
o Record other properties such as luster (metallic or non-metallic) and
cleavage/fracture patterns.
2. Diagnostic Tests:
o Use dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) to identify carbonate minerals
(reaction with calcite).
3. Recording Results:
o Create a table documenting each mineral's observed physical
properties.

Report and Assessment:

 Write a short report summarizing the tests conducted and how the results
were used to identify each mineral.
 Due: Mineral Identification Table.
3. Week 2: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks

Lab Objectives:

 Identify and classify igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks based on


their characteristics.
 Understand the rock cycle and how each rock type forms.

Key Concepts:

 Igneous Rocks: Intrusive vs. extrusive, texture (grain size), mineral


composition.
 Sedimentary Rocks: Clastic, chemical, and organic sediments; depositional
environments.
 Metamorphic Rocks: Foliated vs. non-foliated, metamorphic grade, parent
rock.

Lab Activities:

1. Rock Identification:
o Study 12 rock samples (4 from each group: igneous, sedimentary,
metamorphic).
o Identify texture, grain size, mineral content, and classify each rock.

2. Observation:
o Use hand lenses to examine grain sizes and mineral compositions.
o Classify igneous rocks based on whether they are intrusive or
extrusive.
o Identify sedimentary rock structures like bedding and fossils.
o Identify metamorphic textures, such as foliation.

3. Rock Cycle Diagram:


o Create a diagram explaining the rock cycle, showing how rocks
transition between types.

Report and Assessment:

 Submit a Rock Classification Table documenting the characteristics and


type of each rock.
 Include a labeled Rock Cycle Diagram.
 Due: Rock Classification Report.

4. Week 3: Topographic Maps and Earth Surface Processes

Lab Objectives:

 Learn how to read and interpret topographic maps.


 Understand landforms created by various surface processes (e.g., rivers,
glaciers, wind).

Key Concepts:

 Contour Lines: Lines representing points of equal elevation on a map.


 Map Scale and Elevation: Understanding scale and measuring horizontal
distances.
 Earth Surface Processes: Weathering, erosion, deposition by wind, water,
and glaciers.

Lab Activities:

1. Topographic Map Interpretation:


o Work with 2 topographic maps and identify features such as hills,
valleys, rivers, and depressions.
o Practice calculating slope and relief.
2. Landform Identification:
o Use the maps to identify erosional and depositional landforms (e.g.,
alluvial fans, deltas, and U-shaped valleys).
3. Stream Profile:
o Sketch the longitudinal profile of a river from the topographic map
and analyze its gradient.
4. Map Exercises:
o Complete worksheets that require identifying contour intervals,
calculating distances, and recognizing landform patterns.

Report and Assessment:

 Submit a Topographic Map Worksheet with answers to map interpretation


questions.
 Due: Topographic Map Analysis.
5. Week 4: Geological Structures and Plate Tectonics

Lab Objectives:

 Understand the principles of geological structures (faults, folds) and their


relationship to plate tectonics.
 Learn to interpret cross-sections and geological maps.

Key Concepts:

 Plate Tectonics: Divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries.


 Geological Structures: Folds (anticlines, synclines), faults (normal, reverse,
strike-slip).

Lab Activities:

1. Geological Structure Models:


o Study models or diagrams of different types of folds and faults.
o Sketch and label each structure.

2. Map Analysis:
o Analyze geological maps and cross-sections to identify structures and
their relationship to tectonic forces.
o Determine the relative ages of formations based on cross-cutting
relationships.

3. Tectonic Plate Boundaries:


o Use maps of Earth’s tectonic plates to identify major boundaries and
associated geological features (e.g., earthquakes, volcanoes).

Final Lab Report:

 Write a comprehensive report on the geological structures observed, the role


of plate tectonics in shaping Earth’s surface, and the lab findings.
 Due: Final Geological Structures and Plate Tectonics Report.
6. Safety Guidelines

 Always wear safety goggles when using chemicals like HCl.


 Use geology hammers carefully; only break rocks when necessary.
 Clean up any spills immediately, especially chemicals.
 Handle all tools, including sharp objects, with care.

7. Grading Rubric

 Week 1 Report (Minerals): 20%


 Week 2 Report (Rocks): 20%
 Week 3 Worksheet (Topographic Maps): 20%
 Week 4 Report (Geological Structures): 30%
 Participation and Attendance: 10%

8. Conclusion

This 4-week lab course is designed to give you a hands-on experience


with fundamental geological concepts. By the end of this course, you
will have a better understanding of Earth’s materials, processes, and
structures, along with how to interpret geological and topographic data.

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