Department of History

A Project Report On

ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY OF AKBAR

Submitted to

Berhampur University
For partial fulfillment of the requirement for the awarded

Degree B.A. (Hons.) in History

By
BANDANA MUNI
+3 Final Year Arts, 6th Semester History (Hons.)
Examination Roll No- NR2212136

Regd. No. 19364/2021

Under the supervision of

Dr. Jayaprada Mahapatra
Lecture in History
NIRANJAN GOVT. WOMEN’S COLLEGE, ASKA
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled

“ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY OF AKBAR” is the research
work of Miss Bandana Muni and she completed his work under my
guidance and supervision for the award of the degree of B.A in History.
This is an outcome of the candidate’s own efforts. I have gone through
her research work and recommended it fit for submission to
Beharampur University, Ganjam, Odisha.

Date: Signature of the Supervisor

Place…..
 DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that theproject"ADMINISTRATIVE

POLICY OF AKBAR" submitted by me to the Berhampur
University through the center superintendent of Niranjan
Government Women's College, Aska For the award of the
degree Bachelor of Arts of the (History Honors) under the
supervision and guidance of Dr. Jayaprada Mahapatra
lecture of History is of my own and is not submitted before
to any other institution or university published at any time
before.

Date: Name: BANDANA MUNI

ARoll No: NR2212136
Regn No: 19364/2021
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The investigator would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude and
sincere acknowledgment to my respected Supervisors. Dr.Jayaprada
Mahapatra HOD OF Department of History, K.Subha Prasad Patra
Department of History, Mr.Ashirbad Kumar Mohanty Lecturer in History at
NGW College, Aska.
The investigator expresses my sincere thanks to Sri. Ganeswar Majhi,
Principal of Niranjan Govt. Women’s College, Aska for providing me a
wonderful opportunity to conduct a project work on the topic of my own
choice.
The investigator deep devotion goes to her beloved parents, who have
extended all possible help in preparation of this project. Last but not the list
the investigator thank to almighty for best owed the blessings on her to
complete the project work successfully.

Signature of the Investigator

Date:
Sr. No Description Page
No
1. Introduction 6
2. Social and religious Reform movement 6-7
3. Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj 7-8
4. Young Bengal Movement and Hennery 8-9
Vivian Derozio
5 Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 9
6 Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj 9-10
7 Ramakrishna Paramhansa and Swami 10-11
Vivekananda
8 Theosophical 11
9 MG Ranade and Prarthana Samaj 11-12
10 Satyashodhak Samaj and Jyotiba Phule 12
11 Balshastri Jambhekar 12-13
12 Sir Syed Ahmed khan and the Aligarh 13
Movement
13 Ahmadiya Movement 13
14 Titu mr’s Movement 14
15 Deoband Movement 14
16 Sebasadan 14
17 Deva Samaj 14
18 Dharma Sabha 14
19 Radhaswami Movement 14
20 The Servant’s of India society 15
21 Conclusion 15
 INDIAN RENAISSANCE
 Introduction:-

Indian Renaissance is the way to stem the declining values in society and rethink
the relationship between politics and culture. Indian renaissance is also called the
socio intellectual revolution that took place in the 19th century .Renaissance in
India resulted in social and cultural awakenings inspired by the western concepts
of reason, equality and liberty. The Renaissance which means “resurrection “or
“rebirth” was a great European transitional movement that swept away medieval
un progressive ideas and replaced them with individualism ,material
emancipation ,skepticism ,nationalism amore sound economic system and self –
expression. Raja Ram Mohan Ray was a pivotal figure in the cultural awakening in
India. He was called the “father of the Indian Renaissance” The Renaissance in
india is generally considered the pre –political phase of the anti-colonial struggle
.it was a period when Indians were mainly engaged in social and cultural
preparation for participation in more progressive, political programs.
 SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENT

The first phase of India’s Renaissance was embodied in socio-religious movement,

which were primarily ,but not exclusively, initiated by the country’s burgeoning
middle class, which was educated in British liberalism .social Reforms are referred
to the changes brought in Indian society during the 19th century. These changes
gave promotion to rational thinking ,scientific education, Abolishment of caste
rigidity, improvement in the condition of women and development in the sense of
pride for glorious Indian past the most important result of the impact of western
culture was the replacement of blind faith in current traditions, beliefs and
conventions by a spirit of rationalism.
The major social problems which came in the purview of the reforms movements
were emancipation of women in which sati, infanticide, child marriage and widow
remarriage were taken up, casteism and un touch ability, education for bringing
about enlightenment in society.in the religious sphere main issues were idolatry,
polytheism ,religious superstitions and exploitation by priest .two intellectual’s
criteria of social reform movement included –(I)Rationality (II) Religious
universalism
Social relevance was judged by a rationalist critique. It is difficult to match the
uncompromising rationalism of the early Raja Ram Mohan Roy or Akshay kumar
Dutt. Raja Ram Mohan Roy affirimed the principle of causality linking the whole
phenomenal universe. To him demonist ability was the sole criterion of truth in
proclaiming that ‘rationalism is our only preceptor’ Akshay kumar Dutt went a
step further.
 RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY AND BRAHMO SAMAJ

Raja Ram Mohan Roy ,the father of Indian Renaissance who opposed the idolatry
,denounced sati, polygamy and abused of the caste system, favoured remarriage
of Hindu widows. He started the ‘Atmiya sabha’ in 1815 and carried a consistent
struggle against the religious and social malpractices in first philosophical work
“Tuhfat-ul muwahidden” he analyzed major religious of the world in light of
reason and social comfort .Roy believed in modern scientific approach and
principles of human dignity and social equality. He put his faith in monotheism. He
wrote Gift to monotheist’s and translated the Vedas and the five Upanishads in to
Bengal to prove his conviction that ancient hindu texts support monotheism
“Sambad Kaumudi” was a Bengali weekly newspaperpublished from Kolkata in the
first half of the 19th century by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Sambad Kaumudi regularly
editorialised against Sati, denouncing it as barbaric and un Hindu. It was the main
vehicle of Ram Mohan Roy's campaign against Sati. In August 1828, Roy founded
the BrahmoSabha which was later renamed ‘BrahmoSamaj’. the BramhoSamaj
was the worship and adoration of the eternal, unsearchable, Immutable God. The
worship was performed through prayers, meditation, and readings from the
Upanishads. It should be clearly understood that Ram Mohan Roy never intended
to establish a new religion. He only wanted to purge Hinduism of the evil practices
that has crept into it. From the beginning the appeal of BrahmoSamaj had
remained limited to the intellectuals and educationally enlightened Bengalis living
in the towns. The orthodox Hindu led by Raja Radhakant Deb organised the
‘Dharma Sabha’ with the object of countering the propaganda of BrahmoSamaj.
The early death of Ram Mohan Roy in 1833 left the BrahmoSamaj without the
guiding soul and a steady decline set in. The role of the BrahmoSamaj as the ‘first
intellectual movement which spread the ideas of rationalism and enlightenment
in modern India’ cannot be over-emphasized.

 Young Bengal Movement and Henry Vivian Derozio

During the late 1820s and early 1830s, a radical, intellectual trend emerged
among the youth in Bengal, which came to be known as the ‘Young Bengal
Movement’.Henery Louis Vivian Derozio was the founder and leader of the young
Bengal movement, who taught at the Hindu College from 1826 to 1831. he
influenced many people in the college and encouraged them to think freely, and
promoted radical ideas in his teachings. The Young Bengal was a group of
Bengali free thinkers emerging from Hindu College, Calcutta. They were also
known as Derozians, after their firebrand teacher Henery Vivian Derozio. Henry
Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-1831) was an Indian poet, philosopher, and assistant

headmaster at Hindu College in Kolkata in the 1820s. He disseminated

Western learning and science among young men of Bengal and was a
radical thinker of his time. Henry Vivian Derozio founded the Young
Bengal movement in Bengal, India, and his radical ideas and thoughts
greatly influenced the movement in the late 1820s and early 1830s. His
students fought against orthodox tradition and custom, demanded
education for women, and advocated for freedom of thought and
expression.
 Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a great Indian philosopher, social reformer and
writer. He was born in 1820 in Calcutta and died in 1891. He was a very important
figure in the Bengal Renaissance. he is a key figure in the history of modern
Indian education.He belived in high moral values, was a deep humanist, and was
generous to the poor. in 1850 he become the principle of Sanskrit collage He was
determined to break the priestly monopoly of scriptural knowledge and for this
he opened the Sanskrit collage to break the self imposed isolation of sanskritic
learning.
Vidyasagar started a movement in support of widow remarriage which resulted in
legislation of widow remarriage. He was also a crusade against child marriage and
polygamy. He did much for the cause of Women’s education. As government
inspector of schools, he helped organize thirty-five girls’ schools many of which he
ran at his own expense. As secretary of Bethune School (established in 1849), he
was one of the pioneers of higher education for the women in India. The first
lawful Hindu widow remarriage was celebrated in Calcutta in 1856 under the
inspiration and supervision of Vidyasagar.
 Dayanand Saraswati and Arya Samaj

AryaSamaj ("Noble Society") is a Hindu reform movement founded by Swami

Dayananda on 7 April 1875. He was a sanyasi who promoted the Vedas.
Dayananda emphasized the ideals of brahmacharya (chastity). Swami Dayananda
wandered as an ascetic for fifteen years (1845-60) in search of truth. The first
AryaSamaj Unit was formally set up by him at Bombay in 1875 and later the
headquarters of the samaj were established at Lahore. Swami Dayanand gave the
mantra, “Go back to Vedas” as he believed that priestly class and Puranas had
perverted Hindu religion. He wrote a book SatyarthPrakash which contains his
philosophical and religious ideas. He believed that every person had the right to
have direct access to God. It started the Shuddhi Movement to bring back those
Hindus who had converted to Islam and Christianity. Today, temples set up by
AryaSamaj are found all over India. The organization also has played an important
role in spread of education through its network of schools known by name of
Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) schools in India.
in the country, the samaj played a dual role at once progressive and retrogressive.
Thus in attacking religious superstition, propagating mass education, inculcating
equality of man to man as well as between man and woman, it acted as a catalyst
for progressive reform.
 Ramakrishna Paramhansa and Swami Vivekananda

Ramakrishna Paramhansa was a mystic who sought religious salvation in the

traditional ways of renunciation, meditation and devotion. Ram Krishna
Paramahansa founded the vedantic movement. Vivekananda was his chief disciple
who carried his message far and wide. He preached identity of the soul with the
supreme being in his opinion God could be realised not by passive contemplation
but by living a life of selfless service swami vivekanda preached unity of religious
“we must” he proclaimed conquer the world by our spirituality and philosophy.
He said the only condition of Indian national life ,is the conquest of the world by
Indian through Vivekananda was hailed as “messenger of anew hope’ the proud
apposite of Indian freedom .
Narendranath Datta who later came to be known as Swami Vivekananda spread
Ramakrishna’s message and tried to reconcile it to the needs of contemporary
Indian Society. His mission was to bridge the gulf between paramartha (service)
and vyavahara (behavior), and between spirituality and day-to-day
life.Vivekananda was a great humanist. He believed in the fundamental oneness
of God and said,” For our own motherland a junction of the two great systems,
Hinduism and Islam, is the only hope.” At the Parliament of Religions held at
Chicago in 1893, Swami Vivekananda made a great impression on people by his
learned interpretations.
 Theosophical Society

The Theosophical society was founded in the United States by Madam H.P.
Blavatsky and Colonel H.S. Olcott in 1875. The two theosophist leaders reached
India in 1882 and set up their Headquarters at Bombay before moving to Adyar, in
Madras. By 1884, the society had 100 branches in India, apart from several in
Europe and America. Annie Besant popularized the movement in India theosophy
was a philosophy that combined mysticism and spiritualism with metaphysics the
society was designed to be a “brotherhood “ that promotes unity.
The term “Theosophy “is derived from the Greek word Theosophia which literally
means “Gods wisdom”. The theosophical advocated for a comparative study of all
oriental religions ,but it regarded ancient Hinduism as the worlds most profoundly
spiritual religion .The Theosophical established the greatness’ of Hindu
metaphysical doctrines and installed a sense of national pride of educated Indian
youth giving rise to the modern concept of nationalism .
 M G Ranade and PrarthanaSamaj

Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade (1842 –1901) was a distinguished Indian scholar,
social reformer and author. He was a founding member of the Indian National
Congress and owned several designations as member of the Bombay legislative
council, member of the finance committee at the centre, and the judge of
Bombay High Court. He was one of the founders of the Widow Marriage
Association in 1861. Mahavdev Govind Ranade (1842-1901) devoted his entire life
to Prarthana Samaj. He was the founder of the Widow Remarriage Association
(1861) and the Deccan Education Society. He established the Poona Sarvajanik
Sabha as well. To Ranade, religious reform was inseparable from social reform. He
also believed that if religious ideas were rigid there would be no success in social,
economic and political spheres. MG Ranade was the leader of social reformation
and cultural renaissance in Western India. Ranade’s great message to the persons
who were involved in social service was “Strength of numbers we cannot
command, but we can command earnestness of conviction, singleness of
devotion, readiness for self-sacrifice, in all honest workers in the cause.” Although
Prarthana Samaj was powerfully influenced by the ideas of Brahmo Samaj, it did
not insist upon a rigid exclusion of idol worship and a definite break from the
caste system. It did not regard the Vedas as the last word, nor did it believe in the
doctrine of transmigration of the human soul and incarnation of God. Its central
idea was one positive belief in the unity of God.
 Satyashodhak Samaj and Jyotiba Phule

Jyotiba Phule belonged to the Mali (gardener) community and organized a

powerful movement against upper caste domination and brahminical supremacy.
Phule founded the SatyashodhakSamaj in 1873,sep-24 the satyashodhak samaj
was also known as the society that searches for truth.it espoused a mission of
education and increased social right and political access for under privileged
groups ,focused especially on women ,Sudras and Dalits in Maharastra .
The main aims of the movement were special service and spread of education
among women and lower caste people .Jyotiba phule used the symbol of Rajah
Bali as opposed to the Brahmins symbol of ram.Phule aimed at the compiled
abolition of caste system and socio-economy in equalities.
 Balshastri Jambhekar

He is known as Father of Marathi journalism for his efforts in starting journalism

in Marathi language with the first newspaper in the language named 'Darpan' in
the early days of British Rule in India. He was one of the pioneers in Bombay who
attacked orthodoxy and tried to reform popular Hinduism

 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement

Syed Ahmed Khan, born in 1817 in a respectable Muslim family, was a loyalist
member of the judicial services of the Government. After retirement in 1876, he
became a member of Imperial Legislative Council in 1878. His loyalty earned him a
knighthood in 1888.
The Aligarh movement was a social reform movement in india that was launched
by sir syed Ahmed khan in 1875 The primary goals of the movement were to
promote western education among the Muslim community and to work for the
up liftment of Muslims in the country .The Aligarh movement played an important
role in promoting Muslim education and social reform in India .The movement
started with the foundation of the Muhammad an Anglo oriental college in 1875.
The college wasfounded by sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Syed’s progressive social ideas
were propagated through his magazine Tandhib-Ul-Akhla of the Aligarh
movement aimed at spreading social reforms among Muslims relating to purdah,
polygamy, widow remarriage ,women education ,slavery, divorce etc.
 Ahmadiya Movement

This movement was founded by MirzaGhulam Ahmed in 1889. It was based on

liberal principles. It described itself as the standard bearer of Mohamedan
Renaissance, and based itself, like BrahmoSamaj, on the principle of Universal re.
Tligion of all humanity, opposing jihad. The movement spread western liberal
education among the Indian Muslims.
  Titu Mir’s Movement

Titu Mir was a disciple of Sayyid Ahmed Raebarelvi, the founder of Wahabi
Movement. Titu Mir organised the Muslim peasants of Bengal against the Hindu
landlords and the British indigo planters.

 Deoband Movement

Deoband Movement was established by Mohammad QasimNanautavi (1832-

1880) and Rashid Ahamd Gangohi (1828-1916) as a revivalist movement with the
twin objectives of propagating pure teachings of Quaran and Hadis among
Muslims and keeping alive the spirit of jihad against the foreign rule.
 SevaSadan

A parsi social reformer, Behramji M. Malabari, founded the Sevasadan in 1885.

The organization specialized in taking care of those women who were exploited
and then discarded by society.
 Deva Samaj

It was founded in 1887 at Lahore by Shiv Narain Agnihotri. This sect emphasized
on the eternity of the soul, the supremacy of the guru, and the need for good
action.
 Dharma Sabha

Radhakant Deb founded this sabha in 1830. An orthodox society, it stood for the
preservation of status quo in socio-religious matters, opposing even the abolition
of sati. However, it favoured the promotion of western education, even for girls.
 Radhaswami Movement

Tulsi Ram, a banker from Agra, also known as Shiv DayalSaheb , founded this
movement in 1861. The Radhaswamis believe in one Supreme Being, supremacy
of the guru, a company of pious people (satsang), and a simple social life.
  The servants of India Society-

Gopal Krishna Gokhale, the liberal leader of Indian National Congress, founded
the Servants of India Society in 1905. The aim of the society was to train national
missionaries for the service prepare a cadre of selfless workers who were to
devote their lives to the cause of the country in a religious spirit.
 Conclusion

The urgent need for social and religious reform that began to emerge in the early
decades of the nineteenth century arose as a result of contact with western
culture and education .The weakness and decay of Indian society became clear to
educated Indians who began to work systematically for their abolition. They were
no longer willing to accept Hindu society’s tradition’s beliefs and practices simply
because the they had been observed for centuries.