Scribd
Upload
2 views

Design of compression Members up

The document discusses the design of compression members, which are structural elements that carry axial loads, commonly referred to as columns or struts. It covers the types of sections used, the loads they experience, modes of failure including crushing and buckling, and the classification of cross-sections based on their behavior under load. Additionally, it explains the concepts of effective length and compressive resistance, referencing relevant standards from BS 5950.

Uploaded by

paullemein93
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Design of compression Members up

The document discusses the design of compression members, which are structural elements that carry axial loads, commonly referred to as columns or struts. It covers the types of sections used, the loads they experience, modes of failure including crushing and buckling, and the classification of cross-sections based on their behavior under load. Additionally, it explains the concepts of effective length and compressive resistance, referencing relevant standards from BS 5950.

Uploaded by

paullemein93
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Design of compression members.

Introduction.

Compression members carry the axial compressive load. They are called columns or stanchions.
Compression members in roof truss and bracing are called a strut.

Compression member sections


• Rolled, compound, and built-up sections are used for columns.
• Universal columns are used in buildings where axial load predominates
• Universal beams are often used to resist heavy moments that occur in columns in
industrial buildings.
• Single angles, double angles, tees, channels, and structural hollow sections are the
common sections used for struts in trusses, lattice girders, and bracing.
Loads on compression members

✓ Axial loading on columns in buildings is due to loads from roofs, floors, and walls
transmitted to the column through beams and to self-weight (a).
✓ Bending moment in columns can be due to the eccentricity of the floor beam reactions
from the column axis.
✓ Wind loads on multi-story buildings designed to the simple design method are resisted by
the bracings at floor levels and so do not cause moments.
✓ In industrial buildings, loads from cranes and wind cause moments in columns, as shown
in (b). In this case, the wind is applied as a distributed load to the column through the
sheeting rails.
✓ In rigid frame construction, moments are transmitted through the joints from beams to the
column, as shown in (c). The rigid frame design is outside our scope.

Mode of failure of column


The column may fail due to
Crushing
Buckling
Both crushing and buckling.
1. Crushing failure:
A short column, post, or pedestal fails by crushing or squashing, as shown in Figure (a) below.
The squash load Py= pyA,
Where A is the area of cross-section.
2. Buckling failure
A long or slender column fails by buckling, as shown in (b) below. Such a member has a critical
load that causes elastic instability, due to which the member fails.
The above two failures occur in extreme cases.
3. Crushing and buckling: This is a common type of failure. For all intermediate slenderness
ratios, the column fails due to the combined effect of crushing and buckling.
Local buckling
The cross-section of most of the structural members may be considered to be an assembly of flat
plate elements as these plates are relatively thin; they may buckle locally when subjected to
compression. This phenomenon is independent of the length of the member, and hence, it is
termed local buckling.

❖ Local buckling has the effect of reducing the load-carrying capacity of columns and
beams due to the reduction in stiffness and strength of the locally buckled plate elements.
❖ Most of the hot-rolled steel sections have enough wall thickness to eliminate local
buckling before yielding. However, fabricated sections and thin-walled cold-formed steel
members usually experience local buckling of plate elements before the yield stress is
reached.
Local buckling is dependent on several parameters. They are
1. Width to the thickness of the element.
2. Support conditions –internal or outstanding elements.
3. Yield strength of the material higher: the yield strength greater the likelihood of buckling
before the yield is reached. (Reason: High yield strength means the member is subject to
large deformation before it develops full plastic capacity).
4. Stress distribution across the width of the element.
5. Residual stresses- The presence of weld within the cross-section can produce residual
stresses, which adversely affect the behavior with respect to local buckling.
The class into which a particular section falls depends upon
a} Slenderness of each elements {defined by a width–to--thickness ratio}
b} The compressive stress distribution
Flat elements in a cross-section are classified as:
- Internal elements supported on both longitudinal edges;
- Outside elements attached on one edge with the other free.

Internal or outstand elements


Refer to tables 11 and 12 of BS 5950.
Section classification
Column cross-sections are classified as follows by their behavior under load:
Class 1 - Plastic: Cross sections are those in which a plastic hinge can be developed with
significant rotation capacity. If the plastic design method is used in the structural analysis, all
members must be of this type. Elements subject to compression that meet the limits for class 1
given in table 11 or table 12 (of BS 5950-Part1:2000) should be classified as class 1 plastic.
Class 2 - Compact: Cross sections are those in which the full plastic moment capacity can be
developed. However, local buckling may prevent the production of the plastic hinge with
sufficient rotation capacity to permit plastic design. Elements subject to compression that meet
the limits for class 2 given in Table 11 or Table 12 (of BS 5950-Part1:2000) should be classified
as class 2 compact.
Class 3 - Semi-compact: Cross sections can develop their elastic moment capacity, but local
buckling may prevent production in the full plastic moment. Elements that meet the limits for
class 3 given in Table 11 or Table 12 (of BS 5950-Part1:2000) should be classified as class 3
semi-compact.
Class 4 – Slender: Cross sections in which it is necessary to make explicit allowance for the
effects of local buckling. Elements subject to compression that do not meet the limits for class 3
semi-compact in Table 11 or 12 (of BS 5950-Part1:2000) are classified as slender.

Moment rotation behavior of cross-sections


Buckling
When a structural member is subjected to compressive stresses, it deflects outward (similar to
bending). This is called “buckling”. The load at which a compression member buckles is called
the “critical load” (Pcr) or the Euler Buckling Load (PE) after Leonhard Euler, the Swiss
mathematician, who computed it about three hundred years ago:
where,
π = 3.14,
E is the modulus of elasticity (N/mm2),
Ι is the moment of inertia (mm4) about which the column buckles,
kl is the effective length of the column against buckling (m), and
PE (or Pc r) is the Euler Buckling Load (in N)

The column under a concentric axial load exhibits buckling.

Effective length. (cl. 4.7.3, page81 of BS 5950-1)


The effective length is defined as the distance between points of zero moments. The effective
length of the member depends on its segment length (L) and the ‘k’ factor. The k factor depends
on the end conditions of the member.
Effective length LE = k L ( Table 22 of BS 5950 Part-1. Pg 81)

Note: Table 22 is not applicable for angles, channels, and T sections. They should be designed
in accordance with section 4.7.10 of BS 5950-1, pg 94, and Table 25, page 96 of BS 5950-1.
Buckling will occur in the major axis and minor axis.
Minor axis buckling will be the critical one as it is the weak axis.
But sometimes, we have to check for both minor and major axis buckling if there is some support
between the columns, as shown in the figure below. The reason is the effective length of the
compression member will be different, which is explained below.
Major axis (strong axis) buckling Minor axis (weak axis) buckling

In the above figure, Let the length of the compression member be L. The ends are pinned. There
is an
intermediate connection in the web.
For major axis buckling, The effective length of the compression member in the major axis=
KL =1xL=L
For minor axis buckling, The effective length of the compression member in the minor axis =
0.5 KL = 0.5L (as K=1)
Compressive resistance (Pc) (cl. 4.7.4 pg 81-82, BS 5950-1)
The compression resistance Pc of a member should be obtained as follows;
a) Pc = Ag pc (For class 1 plastic, class 2 compact, class 3 semi-compact sections)-obtained
from Table 24, pg 84-91 BS 5950-1.
b) Pc= Aeff pcs (For slender sections);
where Ag=gross cross-sectional area;
pc = compressive strength, obtained from Table 24, pg 84-91, BS 5950-1);
Aeff = effective cross-sectional area from cl. 3.6 of Bs 5950-1
pcs=is the value of pc for a reduced slenderness of λ (Leff/ryy)
Tables 23 and 24 of BS 5950:1:2000

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy