"Everything About Automobiles"

Submitted To :
Name : Saadman Saqueeb
Designation : Captain
Team Crack Platoon ;

Submitted By :
Name : Abhishek Acharya
Sub Team : Business Sub Team
Department : IPE
ID : 2205006

Date Of Submission : 27 January , 2025

Introduction : Automobiles have had an enormous impact on our lives and the world around
us. From the early days of horse-drawn carriages to today's sophisticated electric vehicles, the
journey of automobiles has been nothing short of remarkable. These machines are not only
mode of transportation but also symbols of freedom, engineering marvels, and integral parts of
our daily lives. We’re entering an exciting new chapter in transportation, with sustainability
and innovation taking center stage. Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more common,
offering a cleaner, greener alternative to traditional cars while reducing our reliance on fossil
fuels. At the same time, autonomous vehicles are on the verge of transforming how we drive
and think about mobility. Automakers are pushing boundaries like never before, designing cars
that are smarter, more connected, and better for the planet.

Figure : Modern Car

History of Automobiles : The history of cars is more complicated than we think, and the
timeline stretches back to the late 1600s when a Dutch physicist designed the very first
internal combustion engine. It wasn't until almost 100 years later that the very first self-
powered road vehicles debuted powered by steam engines.
 Figure : First Internal Combustion Engiene

Nicolas Joseph Cugnot of France built what is said to be the first automobile in 1769. While
his invention is recognized by the British Royal Automobile Club and the Automobile Club de
France as being the first, many history books say that the automobile was invented by
either Gottlieb Daimler or Karl Benz. This is because both Daimler and Benz invented highly
successful and practical gasoline-powered vehicles that ushered in the age of modern
automobiles. They invented cars that looked and worked like the cars we use today.

Figure : First Automobile by Benz

Lets see a flow chart by which we can get a clear idea of history of automobiles

A CAR IS BORN : Karl benz is considered to have built and patented the
1880s first proper automobile ,in 1886--the aptly named ,three wheeled patent
motorwagen .

CARS FOR THE MASSES : By the begining of the 20th

1990s century,the automobile was changing the landscape of cities and cultures
around the world . Ransom and Ford made the car a ubiquitos part of
American life .

1920s
CARS GET RICH, QUICK : In the pre-war era cars became ordinary
,unless you are wealthy. Transportation was no longer the luxury.

CARS GO TO WAR : World war II reconfigured the auto industruy ,

1940s
shaking out minor players and turning the major companies to manufacturers for
the military for a time .

MORE CARS FOR THE MASSES : As the world pulled out of the
1960s post war eracars flourished with fantastic "JET" Age designs that gave way to a
new generation of compact cars heavily influenced by the VW beetle,
Germany's "peoples car" .

1980s
THE SUV TAKES OVER THE SUBERBS : The SUV really was
invented in the 1930s with the first four wheel drive chevy suburban wagon
,but it came into its own in the 1990s .

2000s TRUCKS TAKE THE LEAD : As the SUV repalced the wagon, the
pickup truck also became an alternative to the car . truck dominates the sales
charts in the first decade of this century .

FUTURE CARS OF THE FUTURE : Forget flying cars--the cars of the future
are going to look a lot like the cars of today, with more efficient gas-
powered engines leading the way .
Types of Automobiles :

1. Passenger Vehicles : These include sedans, hatchbacks, SUVs, and minivans, designed
primarily for transporting people.

Figure : Passenger Vehicles

2. Commercial Vehicles: Trucks, buses, and vans fall into this category, used mainly for
goods and public transportation.

Figure : Various Commercial Vehicles

3. Electric Vehicles (EVs): EVs are powered by electricity, offering a greener alternative to
traditional gasoline-powered cars. Companies like Tesla and Nissan are at the forefront of
this revolution.

Figure : Modern EV Car

4. Hybrid Vehicles: Combining an internal combustion engine with an electric motor,

hybrids offer improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions.

Figure : Hybrid Car

[Image Source : https://www.shutterstock.com]

 Key Components of Automobiles :

1. Engine: The heart of the automobile, converting fuel into mechanical energy. Most
traditional car engines are internal combustion engines (ICEs), which work by igniting
a mixture of fuel (usually gasoline or diesel) and air within the engine's cylinders. This
combustion process creates pressure that pushes the pistons, which in turn rotate the
crankshaft, generating power to move the vehicle.

Figure : External View Of An Internal Combustion Engine

Figure : Cross Section Of IC Engine

Working Procedure Of IC Engine

Types of engienes used in automobiles :

Internal Combustion
Engines Electric Engines

Battery Electric
Gasoline Engines Vehicles

Fuel cell Electric

Petrol Engines Vehicles
 Alternative Fuel
Hybrid Engines
Engines

Compressed
Mild Hybrid Natural Engines
(CNGs)

Liquefied
Full Hybrid Petruleum Gas
(LPGs)

2. Transmission : Transfers power from the engine to the wheels .

Key Components Of Power Transmission :

1. Gearbox
2. Clutch
3. Propeller Shaft
4. Differential
5. Live Axle

Figure : General Arrangement of Power Transmission

3. Chasis : The frame of the automobile, supporting the body and other components .

Structural Support

Stability & Handeling

Mounting Points

Functions Of Chasis

Figure : Pyramid Containing The Main Function of Chasis

Figure : Chasis of a Car

4. Braking System : The braking system is one of the most crucial safety components in
an automobile. Its primary function is to slow down or stop the vehicle by converting
kinetic energy into heat energy, which is then dissipated.

Key Components of the Braking System :

1. Brake Pedal: The driver applies force to the brake pedal to activate the braking
system.

2Master Cylinder: Converts the force from the brake pedal into hydraulic pressure.

5. Brake Lines and Hoses: Carry the hydraulic fluid to the brake calipers or wheel
cylinders.
6. Brake Calipers: House the brake pads and apply pressure to the rotor in disc brakes.
7. Brake Pads: Create friction with the rotor to slow down the wheel in disc brakes.
8. Brake Rotors (Discs): Rotating discs that the brake pads clamp onto in disc brakes.
9. Brake Shoes: Create friction with the drum to slow down the wheel in drum brakes.
10. Brake Drums: Rotating drums that the brake shoes press against in drum brakes.
11. ABS Sensors and Control Unit: Monitor wheel speed and control brake pressure to
prevent wheel lock-up.

Figure : General Braking Overview Of car

 Figure : How Actually a Break System Works

5. Suspension System : The suspension system in a car is an essential component that works
to ensure a smooth and comfortable ride, regardless of road conditions. It plays a crucial
role in maintaining vehicle stability and safety, particularly during sharp corners or sudden
braking.

Figure : General Overview Of Suspension System

Conclusion : Automobiles have come a long way since their invention, shaping our world in
countless ways. As we look to the future, a focus on sustainability, safety, and connectivity
will continue to drive the evolution of this vital industry.