1

Abhyas Test Series

(Hindi)
15 100
•
• 14
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1. (i) ^vkfndky^ dk xzUFk ugha gS&

(A) dhfrZyrk
(1 × 5 = 5) (B) chlynso jklks
(C) vkYg[k.M
(i) ^esjh vlQyrk,¡^ fdl fo/kk dh jpuk gS\ (D) in~ekorA
(A) dgkuh (B) Mk;jh
(C) vkRedFkk (D) thouh (ii) J`axkj vkSj okRlY; jl ds vej dfo gS&
(A) ds'konkl
(ii) ^mfä&O;fä&çdj.k^ ds jpukdkj gSa& (B) dchjnkl
(A) xksdqyukFk (C) lwjnkl
(B) nkeksnj 'kekZ (D) dfooj fcgkjh
(C) ukHkknkl
(D) eqa'kh lnklq[k yky (iii) ^v"VNki^ ds dfo;ksa dk lEcU/k gS] Hkfädky dh&
(A) jkeHkfä 'kk[kk ls
(iii) HkkjrsUnq ;qx dh if=dk gS% (B) KkukJ;h 'kk[kk ls
(A) dfoopu lq/kk (C) çsekJ;h 'kk[kk ls
(B) ljLorh (D) —".kHkfä 'kk[kk ls
(C) e;kZnk
(D) gal (iv) ^pkSjklh oS".koksa dh okrkZ^ dk lEcU/k fdl lEçnk; ls
gS\
(iv) ^?kqeDdM+ 'kkL=^ ds ys[kd gSa (A) oYyHk lEçnk; (B) jkekuqt lEçnk;
(A) fo|kfuokl feJ (C) Jh lEçnk; (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
(B) jkgqy lka—R;k;u
(C) ukxktqZu (v) ^pk¡n dk eq¡g Vs<+k gS^ jpuk dh fo/kk gS&
(D) çsepUn (A) dkO; (B) miU;kl
(C) fucU/k (D) dgkuh
(v) ^frryh^ ds ys[kd gSa
(A) vKs; (B) ';kelqUnj nkl 3.
(C) t;'kadj çlkn (D) çsepUn ^^Hkk"kk dh lk/kkj.k bdkbZ 'kCn gSA 'kCn ds vHkko esa Hkk"kk
2. dk vfLrRo gh nq[kwg gSA ;fn Hkk"kk esa fodlu'khyrk
'kq: gksrh gS rks 'kCnksa ds Lrj ij ghA nSuafnu lkekftd
(1 × 5 = 5) O;ogkjksa esa ge dbZ ,sls uohu 'kCnksa dk bLrseky djrs
gSa] tks vaxzsth] vjch] Qkjlh vkfn fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa ls
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m/kkj fy;s x;s gSaA oSls gh u;s 'kCnksa dk xBu Hkh vutkus vksg! og eq[k if'pe ds O;kse]
esa vuk;kl gh gksrk gSA ;s 'kCn vFkkZr mu fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa chp tc f?kjrs gks ?ku';keA
ls lh/ks vfo—r <ax ls m/kkj fy, x, 'kCn] Hkys gh v#.k jfo eaMy mldks Hksn]
dkepykÅ ek/;e ls ç;qä gksa] lkfgfR;d nk;js esa dnkfi fn[kkbZ nsrk gks Nfo/kkeAA
xzg.kh; ughaA ;fn xzg.k djuk iM+s rks mUgsa Hkk"kk dh ewy (i) çLrqr i|ka'k ds ikB ,oa dfo dk uke fyf[k,A
ç—fr ds vuq:i lkfgfR;d 'kq)rk çnku djuh iM+rh (ii) js[kkafdr va'k dh O;k[;k dhft,A
gSA^^ (2 × 5 = 10) (iii) ^es?k&ou chp xqykch jax^ esa dkSu lk vyadkj gS\
(i) nSuafnu lkekftd O;ogkj esa fdu Hkk"kkvksa ls m/kkj fy, (iv) uhys oL= esa fyiVh ukf;dk dh Nfo dSlh fn[k jgh gS\
x, 'kCnksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gS\ (v) ^ifj/kku vkSj e`nqy^ 'kCn dk vFkZ crkb,\
(ii) mi;qZä x|ka'k ds ikB ,oa ys[kd dk uke fyf[k,A
(iii) Hkk"kk esa fodlu'khyrk fdl Lrj ij 'kq: gksrh gS\ bl /kkjk lh tx dk Øe] 'kk'or bl thou dk mnxEA
(iv) lkfgfR;d nk;js esa fons'kh 'kCnksa dks xzg.k djus dh 'krZ
'kk'or gS xfr] 'kk'or laxeA
'kk'or uHk dk uhyk fodkl] 'kk'or 'kf'k dk ;g jtr
D;k gS\ gklA 'kk'or y?kq ygjksa dk foyklA
(v) x|ka'k ds vuqlkj] lkfgfR;d nk;js esa fons'kh 'kCnksa dks gs tuthou ds d.kZ/kkj! fpj tUe ej.k ds vkj&ikjA
fcuk la'kks/ku ds D;ksa ugha viuk;k tkrk\ 'kk'or thou ukSdk fcgkjA
eS Hkwy x;k vfLrRo Kku] thou dk ;g 'kk'or çek.kA
Hkwfe dk fuekZ.k nsoksa us fd;k gS] og vuar dky ls gSA djrk eq>dks vejRo nkuA
(i) çLrqr i|ka'k ds ikB ,oa dfo dk uke fyf[k,A
mlds HkkSfrd :i] lkSUn;Z vkSj le`f) ds çfr lpsr gksuk
(ii) js[kkafdr va'k dh O;k[;k dhft,A
gekjk vko';d drZO; gSA Hkwfe ds ikfFkZo Lo:i ds çfr
(iii) uko dh xfr dks ns[kdj dfo ds eu esa dSls fopkj vk
ge ftrus vf/kd tkx:d gksaxs] mruh gh gekjh jk"Vªh;rk
jgs gSa\
cyorh gks ldsxhA ;g i`fFkoh lPps vFkksaZ esa leLr jk"Vªh;
(iv) dfo ds vuqlkj thou esa D;k 'kk'or gS\
fopkj/kkjkvksa dh tuuh gSA tks jk"Vªh;rk i`fFkoh ds lkFk
(v) ^bl /kkjk&lk tx dk Øe^ es dkSu lk vyadkj gS\
ugha tqM+h og fuewZy gksrh gSA jk"Vªh;rk dh tM+sa i`fFkoh
esa ftruh xgjh gksx a h] mruk gh jk"Vªh; Hkkoksa dk vadqj 5.
iYyfor gksxkA blfy, ifFkoh ds HkkSfrd Lo:i dh
vk|ksikar tkudkjh çkIr djuk] mldh lqUnjrk] (i) oklqno s 'kj.k vxzoky (3+2=5)
mi;ksfxrk vkSj efgek dks igpkuuk vko';d /keZ gSA (ii) iaå nhun;ky mik/;k;
(i) x|ka'k ds vuqlkj] Hkwfe dk fuekZ.k fdlus fd;k gS\ (iii) çkså thå lqUnj jsìh
(ii) x|ka'k esa jk"Vªh;rk dks fdlls tksM+k x;k gS\
(iii) x|ka'k ds vuqlkj] Hkwfe ds çfr lpsr gksuk D;ksa vko';d
gS\
(iv) x|ka'k esa Hkwfe dh tkudkjh çkIr djus dk D;k ykHk (i) t;'kadj çlkn (3+2=5)
crk;k x;k gS\ (ii) jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj^
(v) x|ka'k ds vuqlkj] i`fFkoh ds HkkSfrd Lo:i ds çfr lpsr (iii) lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh ^fujkyk^
gksus dk D;k mís'; gS\ (iv) v;ks/;k flag mik/;k; gfjvkS/k
4. 6.
(2 × 5 = 10)
uhy ifj/kku chp lqdqekj]
[kqy jgk e`nqy v/k[kqyk vaxA
f[kyk gks T;ksa fctyh dk Qwy] ^deZuk'kk dh gkj^ dgkuh ds çeq[k ik= dk pfj=&fp=.k
es?k ou chp xqykch jaxAA dhft,A
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7.
8.
^jf'ejFkh^ [k.MdkO; ds vk/kkj ij ç/kku ik= ds pfj=
ij çdk'k Mkfy,A ;qod% ekyoh;% Lodh;su çHkkoiw.kZHkk"k.ksu tukuka eukafl
veksg;r~A vr% vL; lqân% ra çkfMookdinoha çkI;
^jf'ejFkh^ [k.MdkO; ds fdlh ,d lxZ dh dFkkoLrq ns'kL; Js"Brjka lsok dqrqaZ çsfjroUr%A rnuqlkje~ v;a
la{ksi esa fyf[k,A fof/kijh{kkeqÙkh;Z ç;kxLFks mPpU;k;ky;s çkfMokddeZ
drqZekjHkrAA fo/ks% ç—"VKkusu e/kqjkykisu mnkjO;ogkjs.k
^Jo.k dqekj^ [k.MdkO; ds r`rh; lxZ dh dFkk dk pk; 'kh?kzeso fe=k"kka U;k;k/kh'kukTp lEekuHkktueHkor~A
lkjka'k fyf[k,A
vrhr çFkedYis prq"ink% flaga jktkuedqoZUA eRL;k
vkuUneRL;a 'kdqu;% lqo.kZglaEk~A rL; iqu%
^Jo.k dqekj^ [k.MdkO; ds vk/kkj ij ^ç/kku ik=^ dk lqo.kZjktgalL; nqfgrk galiksfrdk vrho #iorh vklhRk~A
pfj=fp=.k fyf[k,A l rL;S ojenkr~ ;r~ lk vkReuf'pÙk#fpra Lokfeua
o`.kq;kr bfrA galjkt% rL;S oja nÙok fgeofr 'kdqfulaxs
^lR; dh thr^ [k.MdkO; dh dFkkoLrq la{ksi esa fyf[k,A lU;irRA ukukçdkjk% gale;wjkn;% 'kdqfux.kk% lekxR;
,dfLeu~ egfr ik"kk.krys lU;irRk~A galjkt% vkReu%
fpÙk#fpra Lokfede~ vkxR; o`.kq;kr bfr nqfgrjekfnns'kA
^lR; dh thr^ [k.MdkO; ds vk/kkj ij æksinh dk lk 'kdqfulaxs voyksdu;Urh ef.ko.kZxzhoafp=çs{k.ka e;wja
pfj=fp=.k dhft,A
–"V~ok ^v;a esa Lokfedks Hkorq^ bR;Hkk"krA
^eqfä;t^ [k.MdkO; ds uk;d dh pkfjf=d fo'ks"krkvksa
dk mYys[k dhft,A

^eqfä;t^ [k.MdkO; dh fdlh ?kVuk dk la{ksi esa mYys[k Hkk"kklq eq[;k e/kqjk fnO;k xhokZ.k HkkjrhA rL;k fg e/kqja
dhft,A dkO;a rLeknfi lqHkkf"krEAA

vkyksdo`Ùk [k.MdkO; ds vk/kkj ij ^vlg;ksx vkUnksyu^ Kkus ekSua {kek 'käkS R;kxs ^yk?kkfoi;Z;%A xq.kk
dh ?kVuk dk o.kZu dhft,A xq.kkuqcfU/kRokr~ rL; lçlok boa

^vkyksdo`Ùk^ [k.MdkO; ds vk/kkj ij egkRek xka/kh dh 9.

pkfjf=d fo'ks"krkvksa ij çdk'k Mkfy,A
(i) ukp u tkus vk¡xu Vs<k+ 2+5 = 7
^R;kxiFkh^ [k.MdkO; dh çeq[k ukjh ik= ds pkfjf=d (ii) nk¡rksa rys m¡xyh nck
xq.kksa ij çdk'k Mkfy,A (iii) gkFk eyrs jg tkuk
(iv) ikuh&ikuh gksuk

10.
^R;kxiFkh^ [k.MdkO; ds vk/kkj ij ç/kku ik= dk
pfj=fp=.k fyf[k,A vktkn Hkkjr esa nqxkZ HkkHkh dks mis{kk vkSj lEeku nksuksa
çkIr gq,A ljdkjksa us mUgs iSlksa ls rksyuk pkgkA dfri;
o"kZ iwoZ muds lEeku esa vk;ksftr ,d lekjksg esa
rRdkyhu eq[;eU=h us mUgsa 51 gtkj #i;s HksaV fd,A
HkkHkh us os #i;s ogha okil dj fn,A mUgksaus dgk fd
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^tc ge Lok/khurk ds fy, laxzke dj jgs Fks] ml le; ¼[k½ gekjh lQyrk dk ewyea= D;k gks ldrk gS vkSj dSls\
fdlh O;fäxr ykHk dh vkdka{kk ugha Fkh] dsoy Lok/khurk ¼x½ le; dk gekjs thou esa D;k egÙo crk;k x;k gS\
çkfIr y{; FkkA^ bl /ku ls ;gk¡ 'kghnksa dk ,d cM+k ¼?k½ ge varr% y{; ls dSls nwj gksrs tkrs gSa\ blls dSls cpk
Lekjd cuk;k t,A 2+5 = 7 tk ldrk gS\
¼d½ LorU= Hkkjr esa nqxkZ HkkHkh dk lEeku fdl çdkj fd;k ¼³½ Hkfo"; o orZeku esa ls dkSu vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gS vkSj D;ksa\
x;k\ ¼p½ mi;qZä x|ka'k ds fy, ,d mi;qä 'kh"kZd nhft,A
¼[k½ Lok/khurk laxzke esa Hkkx ysus dk y{; D;k Fkk\
¼x½ nqxkZ dks lEeku esa tks /ku HksaV fd;k x;k] mls fdl gsrq 11.
ç;ksx djus ds fy, ykSVk fn;k x;k\ 1+1=2
¼?k½ nqxkZ HkkHkh ds O;fäRo dh dkSu&lh fo'ks"krk bl ?kVuk (i) olu&O;lu
ls >ydrh gS\ ¼v½ foo'k vkSj O;kdqyrk
¼³½ nqxkZ HkkHkh us /ku dk D;k lq>ko fn;k\ ¼c½ oL= vkSj vknr
¼l½ dop vkSj Hkkstu
vkt dk fo|kFkhZ Hkfo"; dh lksp esa dqN vf/kd yx x;k ¼n½ vof/k vkSj foLrkj
gSA Hkfo"; dSlk gksxk] og Hkfo"; esa D;k cusxk] bl ç'u]
dks lqy>kus esa ;k fnokLoIu ns[kus esa og cgqr le; u"V (ii) vfHkjke&vfojke&
dj nsrk gSA Hkfo"; ds ckjs esa lksfp, t:j] ysfdu Hkfo"; ¼v½ lqUnj vkSj yxkrkj
dks orZeku ij gkoh er gksus nhft, D;ksafd orZeku gh ¼c½ jke vkSj y{e.k
Hkfo"; dh uhao cu ldrk gSA vr: uhao dks etcwr ¼l½ vc vkSj rc
cukus ds fy, vko';d gS fd Hkku rks Hkfo"; dk Hkh gks] ¼n½ lqUnj vkSj etcwr
ysfdu /;ku orZeku ij jgsA vkidh lQyrk dk ewyea=
;gh gks ldrk gS fd vki ,d LoIu ysa] lkspsa] fd vkidks
D;k cuuk gS vkSj D;k djuk gS vkSj LoIu ds vuqlkj 1+1=2
dk;Z djuk çkjaHk djsaA orZeku :ih uhao dks etcwr djsa (i) dfi (ii) f}t
vkSj ;fn orZeku :ih uhao lcy curh xbZ] rks Hkfo"; (iii) vfy
dk Hkou Hkh vo'; cu tk,xkA ftruh esgur gks lds]
mruh esgur djsa vkSj fujk'kk dks thou esa LFkku u nsaA
;g lksprs gq, le; [kjkc u djsa fd vc esjk D;k gksxk- 1+1=2
eSa lQy Hkh gks ikšxk ;k ugha\ ,slk djus esa vkidk (i) ftls tkuk u tk lds&
le; u"V gksxk vkSj tks le; u"V djrk gS] rks le; ¼v½ vKs; ¼c½ vKkr
mls u"V dj nsrk gSA orZeku esa le; dk lnqi;ksx ¼l½ vYiK ¼n½ vKkuh
Hkfo"; ds fuekZ.k esa lnk lgk;d gksrk gSA Hkfo"; ds ckjs
esa vf/kd lksp ;k vf/kd ppkZ djus ls fpark,¡ ?ksj ysrh (ii) ftlds leku nwljk u gks&
gSaA ;s fpark,¡ orZeku ds deZ esa ck/kk mRiUu djrh gSaA ¼v½ vf}rh; ¼c½ vrqyuh;
;s ck/kk,¡ gekjs mRlkg dks] yxu dks /khek djrh gSa vkSj ¼l½ Js"B ¼n½ vleku
y{; gels nwj gksrk pyk tkrk gSA
fu:lansg Hkfo"; ds fy, ;kstuk,¡ cukuh pkfg,] fdarq 1+1=2
orZeku dks foLe`r ugha djuk pkfg,A Hkfo"; dh uhao ¼v½ dkSu esa nks"k ugha gksrkA
cukus esa orZeku dk ifjJe Hkfo"; dh ;kstukvksa ls vf/kd ¼c½ cPps dks dkVdj lsc f[kykvksA
egÙoiw.kZ gSA ¼l½ egknsoh oekZ fgUnh dh lqçfl) dfo=h gSaA
¼d½ vkt dk fo|kFkhZ viuk le; fdu ckrksa esa u"V dj nsrk ¼n½ esjs dks vHkh tkuk gSA
gS\ bls R;kT; D;ksa ekuk x;k gS\
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12. ¼d½ d:.k 'k`axkj jl ds LFkk;h Hkko ds lkFk 'kgj esa QSyh laØked chekjh dh rjQ ftykf/kdkjh dk
mldh ifjHkk"kk vFkok mnkgj.k fyf[k,A /;ku vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, vkosnu i= @ çkFkZuk i=
¼[k½ ^#id^ ^vfr'k;ksfä^ vyadkj dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A
mnkgj.k lfgr fyf[k,A
¼x½ dqaMfy;k¡ pkSikbZ NUn dk ek=klfgr y{k.k 14.
vFkok mnkgj.k fyf[k,A 1+1=2
¼d½ jk"Vªh; ,drk&orZeku le; dh vfuok;Z vko';drk
13. cSad esa [kkrk [kksyus ds fy, cSad çcU/kd dks ¼[k½ ekuo&thou esa ouksa dh mi;ksfxrk
vkosnu/çkFkZuk i= fyf[k,A 2+6 ¼x½ ngst çFkk & ,d vfHk'kki
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Hints & Solutions

1. 4.
(i) (C) vkRedFkk (i) çLrqr i|ka'k ^uhy ifj/kku chp lqdqekj^ gS vkSj blds
(ii) (B) nkeksnj 'kekZ dfo ^t;'kadj çlkn^ gSaA
(iii) (A) dfoopu lq/kk
(iv) (B) jkgqy lka—R;k;u (ii) js[kkafdr va'k esa dfo us if'pe fn'kk ds vkdk'k dk
(v) (C) t;'kadj çlkn o.kZu fd;k gS] tc ?kus dkys ckny Nk, gksrs gSa vkSj
lwjt dh ykfyek muds chp >ydrh gSA ;g –'; fdlh
2.
lqanj eq[keaMy tSlk çrhr gksrk gS] tks jgL; vkSj
(i) (D) in~ekorA
vkd"kZ.k ls Hkjk gqvk gSA dfo us ç—fr ds bl lkSan;Z dks
(ii) (C) lwjnkl
dkO;kRed :i esa fpf=r fd;k gS] ftlls bldh eksgdrk
(iii) (D) —".kHkfä 'kk[kk ls
(iv) (A) oYyHk lEçnk; mtkxj gksrh gSA
(v) (C) fucU/k
(iii) ^es?k&ou chp xqykch jax^ esa ^:id^ vyadkj gSA
3.
(i) nSuafnu lkekftd O;ogkj esa ftu Hkk"kkvksa ls m/kkj fy, (iv) uhys oL= esa fyiVh ukf;dk dh Nfo cgqr gh lqanj vkSj
x, 'kCnksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gS] os gSa% vkd"kZd fn[k jgh gS] tSls fd fctyh dk Qwy cknyksa ds
vaxzsth] vjch] Qkjlh vkfn fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡A chp f[ky jgk gksA

(ii) ikB dk uke& Hkk"kk vkSj vk/kqfudrk] ys[kd dk uke& (v) ^ifj/kku^ dk vFkZ gS oL= vkSj ^e`nqy^ dk vFkZ gS dkseyA
çks- th- lqUnj jsìh
(i) lanHkZ& çLrqr i|ka'k gekjh ikBî&iqLrd ^fgUnh^ ds
(iii) Hkk"kk esa fodlu'khyrk 'kCnksa ds Lrj ij 'kq: gksrh gSA dkO;& [k.M esa ladfyr ^vfHkuo euq";^ 'kh"kZd ls m)`r
(iv) lkfgfR;d nk;js esa fons'kh 'kCnksa dks xzg.k djus dh 'krZ% gSA blds jpf;rk ^Jh jke& /kkjhflag fnudj^ th gSaA
fons'kh 'kCnksa dks Hkk"kk dh ewy ç—fr ds vuq:i lkfgfR;d ;g i|ka'k muds çfl) dkO;&xzaFk ^dq#{ks=^ ls fy;k
'kq)rk çnku djuh gksrh gSA x;k gSA

(v) blfy, ugha viuk;k tkrk D;ksafd fons'kh 'kCn Hkk"kk dh (ii) çLrqr js[kkafdr va'k esa dfo Jh jke/kkjhflag fnudj th
ewy ç—fr vkSj lkfgfR;d 'kq)rk ds vuq:i ugha gksrAs
la'kks/ku djds gh mUgsa Hkk"kk esa lekfgr fd;k tk ldrk dgrs gSa fd vkt dh nqfu;k ubZ rks gS fdUrq cgqr gh
gSA fofp= gSA vkt euq"; oSKkfud çxfr }kjk ç—fr ij
fot; çkIr djds lHkh txg vklhu gks x;k gSA
(i) nsoksa usA
(iii) vkt ds euq"; us ç—fr ij fot; çkIr dj yh gSA
(ii) i`fFkoh ds lkFkA
(iv) ikB dk uke & vfHkuo euq";] ys[kd dk uke&
(iii) Hkwfe ds HkkSfrd Lo:i] lkSan;Z vkSj le`f) ds çfr lpsr jke/kkjhflag fnudj
gksus ls jk"Vªh;rk cyorh gksrh gSA
(v) jke/kkjhflag fnudj th dgrs gS dh vkt ds ;qx esa dgh
(iv) jk"Vªh; Hkkoksa dk vadqj iYyfor gksxkA
Hkh #dkoV ugha gS D;qdh euq"; us lHkh çdkj ds vfo"dkj
(v) mldh lqanjrk] mi;ksfxrk vkSj efgek dks igpkuukA dj fy;s gS blfy, dgh Hkh O;o/kku ckdh ugha gSA
 7

5. (ii) jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj^ (1908-1974) fganh ds çfl) dfo]

(i) oklqnos 'kj.k vxzoky (1904-1966) fganh lkfgR; vkSj fuca/kdkj vkSj jpukdkj FksA mudk tUe fcgkj ds
Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds çfl) fo}ku FksA mudk tUe mÙkj csxwljk; ftys esa gqvkA os jk"Vªoknh fopkj/kkjk ds leFkZd
çns'k ds eSuiqjh ftys esa gqvkA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; dyk] Fks vkSj muds dkO; esa ohjrk] lkgl vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dh
laL—fr] vkSj iqjkrÙo ij xgu v/;;u fd;kA mudh Hkkouk çeq[k FkhA mudh çeq[k —fr;k¡ gSa ^jf'ejFkh^
çeq[k —fr;k¡ gSa ^^Hkkjrh; dyk]^^ikf.kfudkyhu Hkkjro"kZ]^^ ¼dkO;½] ^moZ'kh^ ¼dkO;½] ^dkO;uhfr^ ¼fuca/k½] vkSj ^laL—r
^o`{kk;qoZsn]^ vkSj ^Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds lzkrs A^ os Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk bfrgkl^ ¼dkO; vkykspuk½A mudh jpukvksa
ijaijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk ds leUo;d FksA mudk ys[ku esa Hkkjrh; laL—fr vkSj bfrgkl dk çxk<+ fp=.k feyrk
laL—fr] /keZ] vkSj lkfgR; dks tksMr+ k gS] ftlls mudh gSA
—fr;k¡ Hkkjrh; lkaL—frd /kjksgj dk ewY;oku nLrkost
curh gSaA (iii) lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh ^fujkyk^ (1896-1961) fganh ds egku
dfo] fuca/kdkj vkSj ys[kd FksA mudk tUe mÙkj çns'k
(ii) ia- nhun;ky mik/;k; (1916-1968) Hkkjrh; lekt ds efg"kkny esa gqvkA os Nk;kokn ;qx ds çeq[k dfo Fks
lq/kkjd vkSj jktuhfrK FksA mudk tUe mÙkj çns'k ds vkSj mudh dfork esa ekuoh; laosnukvksa vkSj lkekftd
eFkqjk ftys esa gqvkA os Hkkjrh; tula?k ds çeq[k usrk jgs tkx:drk dk xgjk çHkko FkkA mudh çeq[k —fr;k¡ gSa
vkSj jk"Vªoknh fopkj/kkjk ds çcy leFkZd FksA muds ^jke dh 'kfä iwtk]^ ^dkO; 'kfä]^ ^rqylhnkl]^ vkSj
fopkjksa dk dsUæ fcanq ^^,dkRe ekuookn^^ Fkk] tks lekt ^fo;ksxh ân;^A mudh jpukvksa esa Hkkjrh; laL—fr] ç—fr
ds çR;sd oxZ ds lexz fodkl ij tksj nsrk FkkA mudh
vkSj thou ds fofo/k igyqvksa ij xgjh vfHkO;fä feyrh
çeq[k —fr;k¡ gSa ^^lektokn ds LFkku ij ,dkRe
gSA
ekuookn^ vkSj ^Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; –f"Vdks.kA^^ os Hkkjrh;
jktuhfr esa LFkk;h ifjorZu ds fgek;rh FksA
(iv) v;ks/;k flag mik/;k; ^gfjvkS/k^ ¼1855-1938½ fganh ds
çfl) dfo vkSj lkfgR;dkj FksA mudk tUe mÙkj çns'k
(iii) çks- th- lqUnj jsìh (1925-2007) fganh lkfgR; ds
ds v;ks/;k esa gqvkA os fganh dfork vkSj ukVd ds
çfrf"Br fo}ku vkSj vkykspd FksA mudk tUe rsyaxkuk
esa gqvkA os Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsus okys f'kYidkj Fks vkSj mudh dkO;'kSyh esa iqjkuh fganh
ys[kd Fks] [kkldj vkykspuk] dfork vkSj fuca/k ys[ku lkfgfR;d ijaijkvksa dk lekos'k FkkA mudh çeq[k —fr;k¡
esAa mUgksaus fganh lkfgR; ds fodkl esa lfØ; Hkwfedk gSa ^^Hkkjr&Hkkjrh^ ¼egkdkO;½] ^uy ne;arh^ ¼ukVd½]
fuHkkbZ vkSj lkfgfR;d –f"Vdks.k ls lekt dks çHkkfor ^fujkyk^ ¼dkO;½ vkSj ^va/ksj uxjh^ ¼dkO;½A mudh
fd;kA mudh çeq[k —fr;k¡ ^^fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl]^^ jpukvksa esa lekt] jktuhfr vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ds fo"k;ksa dh
^^dkO;'kkL=]^^ vkSj ^^dkO; foe'kZ^^ gSaA bu —fr;ksa esa xgjh vfHkO;fä feyrh gSA
mUgksaus lkfgR; ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dks xgjkbZ ls fo'ysf"kr
fd;k gSA 6.
bl Vksyh esa xks/ku uke dk ,d ;qod gSA og xk¡o dh
equjh uked ,d ;qorh ls çse djrk gSA equjh dh ek¡ us
(i) t;'kadj çlkn (1889-1937) fganh lkfgR; ds egku iapksa ls xks/ku dh f'kdk;r dh Fkh fd og mlds ?kj ds
dfo] ukVddkj vkSj dFkk ys[kd FksA os Nk;kokn ;qx ds lkeus ls flusek dk xkuk xkrk gqvk fudyrk gSA bl
çeq[k LraHk ekus tkrs gSaA mudk tUe mÙkj çns'k ds dkj.k iapksa us mls fcjknjh ls fudky j[kk gSA equjh dks
cukjl esa gqvkA muds dkO; esa thou dh xgjh lq"kek irk gS fd xks/ku iapykbV tyk ldrk gSA og prqjkbZ
vkS j ekuork dh ftKklk >ydrh gSA mudh çeq[ k
ls ;g ckr iapksa rd igq¡pk nsrh gSA iap xks/ku dk iqu%
—fr;k¡ gSa ^dkek;uh^ ¼dkO;½] ^vkdk'knhi]^ ^frryh^ ¼dkO;
laxz g½] ^paæxq Ir^ ¼ukVd½ vkS j ^dadky^ ¼dkO;½A bu fcjknjh esa ys ysrs gSaA og iapykbV^ dks tyk nrk gSA
—fr;ksa esa thou] çse] vkSj ekuork ds egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa equjh dk ek¡ xqyjh dkdh çl= gksdj xks/ku dks 'kke ds
ij çdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA Hkkstu dk fueÙj.k nsrh gSA iap Hkh vfr mRlkfgr gksdj
 8

xks/ku dks dg nsrs gSa&^rqEgkjk lkr [kwu ekQA [kwc xkvks detksfj;ksa vkSj egkurkvksa dk vf}rh; feJ.k fn[kk;k
lyhek dk xkukA^ iapykbV dh jks'kuh esa yksx gS] tks mls vkSj Hkh okLrfod vkSj çsj.kknk;d cukrk gSA
Hktu&dhrZu djrs gSa rFkk mRlo eukrs gSaA jf'ejFkh esa d.kZ ds ek/;e ls lkekftd vkSj ikfjokfjd
cgknqj vejdkar }kjk fyf[kr dnkuh cgknqj ,d usikyh lac/a kksa ij xgjh –f"V Mkyrs gq, muds iquewZY;kadu dk
cPps ds ;FkkFkZ dh dgkuh gSA ftldk cki ej pqdk gS ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA ;g d.kZ dks xkSjo vkSj vkn'kZ dk
vkSj ek¡ ds ddZ'k O;ogkj ds dkj.k cgknqj vius ?kj ls çrhd cukrk gSA
Hkkx vk;k gSA ys[kd dks vius fdlh fj'rsnkj ds ek/;e
ls cgknqj ?kj ds dke ds fy, fey tkrk gSA vkjEHk es a jf'ejFkh ds rhljs lxZ esa ikaMoksa ds ouokl ds ckn mudh
rks cgknqj dh [k vkoHkxr dh x;h ysfdu fnu chrus vkSj fu[kjh gqbZ ;ksX;rk dk fp=.k feyrk gSA bl lxZ
ds lkFk blesa deh vkrh x;hA ys[kd dh irh fuEeyk] esa fnudj us ikaMoksa ds lkSHkkX; dks txus dk ladsr nsrs
fdJksa ¼ys[kd dk cM+k yM+dk½ rks ekuks cl cgknqj dks gq, Hkfo"; dh ?kVukvksa dh vksj /;ku fnyk;k gSA Hkxoku
ihVus ds cgkus <w<a rs jgrsA cgknqj dk cky eu tcrc Jh—".k gfLrukiqj igqaprs gSa vkSj ikaMoksa dk lans'k ysdj
vkgr gksrk jgrk ijUrq vxys fnu fQj g¡lrk&[ksyrk nq;ksZ/ku dks eS=h dk çLrko nsrs gSaA mudk mís'; nq;ksZ/ku
cgkuj iwjs ?kj ds fy, pdjf?kUuh dh rjg ?kwe& fQj dks lqekxZ ij ykuk] eS=h dh jkg fn[kkuk] vkSj Hkh"k.k
dj dke djus yxrkA ,d ckj esgekuksa ds #i;s [kh ;q) ls cpko djuk gSA ;g [kaMdkO; dk egRoiw.kZ Hkkx
tkus ij tc ?kjokyksa us cgknqj^ ij pksjh dk vkjksi yxk gS] tks 'kkafr vkSj ;q) ds chp ds ruko dks çHkko'kkyh
dj mlls nqoZ~;ogkj fd;k rc cgknqj ds LokfHkeku dks <ax ls çLrqr djrk gSA
pksV igq¡ph vkSj ,d fnu fcuk fdlh dks crk;s cgknqj
vpkud ?kj NksMd + j pyk x;kA mlds tkus ds ckn lkjs ,d fnu jktk n'kjFk ds eu esa vk[ksV dh bPNk tkxzr
?kj esa ekre Nk x;kA lkjs ?kj okyksa us viuh xyrh gqbZ vkSj mUgksaus vius lkj'kh dks cqykdj jkf= ds prqFkZ
Lohdkj dj i'pkrki djus dh Bkuh] ijUrq ml i'pkrki çgj esa ou esa tkus dh bPNk çdV dhA
dks Lohdkjus vkSj musZ ekQ djus okyk cgknqj tk pqdk jkf= esa mUgksaus LoIu esa ns[kk fd muds ck.k ls ,d fgju
Fkk vkSj <w¡<s ugha fey jgk FkkA dk cPpk ej x;k gS rFkk fgjuh jks jgh gSA
f'kdkj gsrq jktk n'kjFk jFk ij lokj gksdj 'kh?kz gh
çLrqr dgkuh esa eq[; ik= HkSjks ik.Ms gSaA HkSjks ik.Ms dks vius bfPNr LFkku ij igq¡p x, rFkk ogk¡ /kuq"k&ck.k
gh dgkuh dk uk;d Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA lEHkky dj fdlh oU; i'kq dh çrh{kk djus yxsA nwljh
budk pfj= fp=.k cgqr gh euksoSKkfud <ax ls gqvk gSA vksj Jo.k dqekj ds ekrk&firk dks I;kl yxhA os Jo.k
çkjEHk esa os yksd&ykt ls vkrafdr gSa] ysfdu 'kh?kz gh dks ikuh ykus ds fy, dgrs gSaA Jo.k dqekj vius
muesa ekuorkoknh –f"Vdks.k çLQqfVr gksrk gSA ekrk&firk dh I;kl cq>kus ds fy, ty ykus unh ds
blds vfrfjä vU; mYys[kuh; ik=ksa esa dqynhi ,oa rV ij x;k rFkk ty Hkjus ds fy, ik= dks unh ds ty
Qqyer gSaA esa Mqcks;kA ty esa ik= Mwcus dh /ofu dks fdlh fgald
i'kq dh ty ihus dh /ofu le>dj n'kjFk us 'kCnHksnh
7. ck.k pyk fn;k] tks Jo.k dqekj ds gn; esa tkdj yxkA
jf'ejFkh esa fnudj us d.kZ ds pfj= dks mldh Jo.k dqekj rRdky gh phRdkj djrs gq, fxj iM+kA jktk
egkHkkjrh; lhek ls ckgj fudkydj uSfrdrk vkSj n'kjFk ekuo&Loj dks lqudj vR;Ur nq%[kh vkSj fpfUrr
lkekftd U;k; ds u, /kjkry ij çLrqr fd;k gSA d.kZ gks tkrs gSaA
dsoy nkuohj vkSj egku ;ks)k gh ugha] cfYd ,d ,slk
O;fä gS tks vius vf/kdkj] igpku] vkSj lEeku ds fy,
thouHkj la?k"kZ djrk gSA fnudj us d.kZ dks ekuoh;
 9

Jo.k dqekj% ,d vkn'kZ iq= dk pfj=&fp=.k Jo.k dqekj dfooj }kfjdkçlkn ekgs'ojh }kjk jfpr ^lR; dh thr^
Hkkjrh; lkfgR; vkSj laL—fr esa vkn'kZ iq= dh Hkwfedk [kaMdkO; esa egkHkkjr ds çlax ls çsfjr gksdj ækSinh ds
dk çrhd gSaA mudk thou R;kx] lsok] vkSj drZO;fu"Bk phjgj.k dh ?kVuk dk ekfeZd o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ;g
dh felky gSA us=ghu ekrk&firk ds çfr mudh [kaMdkO; lR; vkSj /keZ dh fot; dk çrhd gSA dFkk
lsok&Hkkouk vkSj leiZ.k vf}rh; gSA Jo.k dqekj ds ds vuqlkj] nq;ksZ/ku }kjk vk;ksftr |qr ØhM+k esa ;qf/kf"Bj
pfj= esa okRlY;] J)k] vkSj drZO;ijk;.krk dh xgjkbZ viuk lc dqN gkjus ds ckn] nqHkkZX;o'k ækSinh dks Hkh
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA nk¡o ij yxk nsrs gSa vkSj gkj tkrs gSaA
mUgksaus vius ekrk&firk dh lsok dks thou dk mís'; nq;ksZ/ku nq%'kklu dks vkns'k nsrk gS fd og ækSinh dks
cuk fy;k FkkA ou&ou HkVdrs gq, os vius ekrk&firk Hkjh lHkk esa ykdj viekfur djsA nq%'kklu ækSinh dk
cky idM+dj mls tcju lHkk esa [khap ykrk gSA ækSinh
dks da/ks ij j[kdj rhFkZ;k=k djkrs Fks] tks muds vVwV vlgk; gksdj Hkxoku Jh—".k dk Lej.k djrh gSA mudh
leiZ.k vkSj /kS;Z dks n'kkZrk gSA mudh ljyrk vkSj —ik ls ækSinh ds phj dh j{kk gksrh gS] vkSj nq%'kklu
fuLokFkZrk mUgsa fo'ks"k cukrh gSA phj [khaprs&[khaprs Fkd tkrk gSA
Jo.k dqekj dh e`R;q Hkh muds R;kx dk çrhd cu xbZA ;g ?kVuk u dsoy ikaMoksa ds vieku dks n'kkZrh gS] cfYd
;g Hkh LFkkfir djrh gS fd lR; vkSj /keZ dh j{kk Hkxoku
jktk n'kjFk ds 'kCnHksnh ck.k ls ?kk;y gksdj mUgksaus Lo;a djrs gSaA [kaMdkO; ds ek/;e ls dfo us lR;] ukjh
vafre le; esa Hkh vius ekrk&firk dh fpark dhA mudk lEeku] vkSj bZ'oj dh —ik dk lans'k fn;k gSA
thou vkSj cfynku ekuoh; ewY;ksa vkSj drZO;cks/k dk
mR—"V mnkgj.k gSA ^eqfä;K^ [k.MdkO; ds vk/kkj ij xk¡/kh th dh pkfjf=d
^lR; dh thr^ [k.MdkR; dh çeq[k ukf;dk ækSinh dh fo'ks"krk,¡ bl çdkj gSa%&
pkfjf=d fo'ks"krk,¡ bl çdkj gSa%& lR;oknh%& xk¡/kh th ,d lR;oknh egkiq#"k FksA lR;
fuHkhZd ,oa lkglh & ækSinh ,d lkglh Loh gSA ik.Moks vkSj vfgalk ds }kjk gh mUgksaus ns'k dks vktkn djkus dk
ds tq, esa gkj tkus ij nq%'kklu tc ds'k [khapdj mls ldy ç;kl fd;kA muds }kjk pyk, tkus okys lR;kxzg
njckj esa viekfur djus ds fy, ykrk gS rks og vkanksyuksa ls muds lR;oknh gksus dk çek.k feyrk gSA
fuHkhZdrkiwjd }%'kklu dks ikih dgdj QVdkjrh gSA dq'ky jktuhfrK%& xk¡/kh th ,d dq'ky jktuhfrK FksA
blls mlds lkglh gksus dk çek.k feyrk gS os vaxzstksa }kjk cuk, tk jgs "kM+;a=ksa dks igys ls gh
LokHkekuk& }kinh LokHkekuk gSA og viuk vieku le> tkrs Fks vkSj muls ges'kk ,d dne vkxs jgus dk
ukfj&tkfr dk vieku le>rh gS vkSj og bls lgu ç;kl djrs FksA
ugh dj ikrhA lHkk esa og ukjh lEeku ds fy, U;k;
ek¡xrh gSA ^eqfä;K^ [k.MdkO; lqfe=kuanu iar }kjk fyf[kr
vkstfLouh& ækSinh ,d vksfLouh Loh FkhA viuk vieku ^yksdk;ru^ egkdkO; dk ,d va'k gSA ^eqfä;K^ dh
gksus ij og flaguh dh Hkk¡fr ngkM+rh gqbZ )k'kklu }kjk dFkkoLrq bl çdkj gS%&
ds'k [khapus ds ckn ogh jkSæ #i /kkj.k dj ysrh gSA ued lR;kxzg%& xk¡/kh th lkcjerh vkJe ls Mk.Mh
yTtkiw.kZ& ækSinh ,d yTtkorh L=h gSA og lHkk es xk¡o igq¡ps vkSj lkxjrV ij ued cukdj ^ued dkuwu^
ugha tkuk pkgrh FkhA og ges'kk dqyozr dh e;kZnk dk rksM+kA ;gha ls lR;kxzg vkanksyu çkjaHk gqvkA lR; ds bl
vknksyu dks ns[kdj lkjk fo'o vk'p;Zpfdr gks x;kA
ikyu djrh Fkh blls mlds yTtkiw.kZ gksus dk çek.k
cfg"dkj%& vaxzstksa us bl egku Hkkjruk;d ^ckiw^ dks can
feyrk gSA lk/oh & ækSinh esa 'kfä] vkst] rst] LokfHkeku]
dj fn;kA ckiw us dkjkxkj esa ls gh yksxks dks lUns'k
vkSj cqf/n ds lkFk & lkFk lR; 'khy vkSj /keZ dk ikyu
djus okyh 'kfä Hkh gSA bl çdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd fn;k dh vaxzsth oLrqvksa dk cfg"dkj dj nsaA blds
ækSinh ,d lkglh] fuHkhZd] vkstfLouh] xq.korh rFkk ifj.kkeLo:i fons'kh oL=ksa dh gksyh tyk;h xbZ [kknh
foosd'khy L=h gSA dk ç;ksx gqvkA
 10

^vkyksdo`Ùk^ [k.MdkO; ds vk/kkj ij vlg;ksx vkUnksyu gkj ugha ekuhA mUgksaus vius thou esa vkus okyh
dh ?kVuk dk o.kZu bl çdkj gS% lHkh ijs'kkfu;ksa vkSj foifÙk;ksa dk lkeuk /kS;Z vkSj
vlg;ksx vkUnksyu Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke dk ,d lkgl ls fd;kA
egRoiw.kZ vkUnksyu Fkk] ftls egkRek xka/kh us 1920 esa 2. ifjokj vkSj lekt ds çfr drZO;fu"Bk% rqylh us
'kq: fd;kA ;g vkUnksyu fczfV'k 'kklu ds f[kykQ vius drZO;ksa dks ges'kk çkFkfedrk nhA og vius
vfgalkRed fojks/k dk çrhd FkkA ^vkyksdo`Ùk^ [k.MdkO; ifjokj vkSj lekt ds fy, lefiZr jgh vkSj ukjhRo
esa bl vkUnksyu dks bl çdkj fpf=r fd;k x;k gS% dh çfr"Bk dks cuk, j[kkA muds fy, ifjokj dh
egkRek xka/kh us Hkkjrh; tuekul esa fczfV'k 'kklu ds lqj{kk vkSj lxq.kksa dh j{kk lcls egRoiw.kZ FkhA
f[kykQ vlg;ksx dh Hkkouk tkx`r dhA mUgksua s vlgefr 3. R;kx vkSj cfynku% rqylh dh thou'kSyh esa R;kx
O;ä djus ds fy, ljdkjh n¶rjksa] U;k;ky;ksa] Ldwyksa vkSj cfynku dh Hkkouk çeq[k FkhA mUgksua s viuh
vkSj d‚ystksa dk cfg"dkj djus dk vkºoku fd;kA lkFk lq[k& le`f) vkSj O;fäxr bPNkvksa dks R;kx dj
gh] fons'kh oL=ksa dk cfg"dkj vkSj [kknh dks c<+kok nsus lekt vkSj ifjokj ds dY;k.k ds fy, vius drZO;ksa
dk ladYi fy;kA mudk mís'; Hkkjrh; turk dks Lojkt dk ikyu fd;kA
dh vksj ekxZn'kZu djuk FkkA vkUnksyu esa Hkkx ysus ds
fy, Hkkjrh;ksa us vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gksdj viuh ukxfjd ^R;kxi/kh^ [k.MdkO; ds ç/kku ik= rqylh dk pfj=
ftEesnkjh fuHkkbZA gkykafd ;g vkUnksyu varr% vlQy vR;f/kd çsj.kknk;d vkSj vkn'kZiw.kZ gSA og ,d ,slh
jgk] ysfdu blus Hkkjrh; lekt esa ,d ubZ psruk tkx`r ukjh gSa ftUgksaus vius thou esa cfynku] lkgl] vkSj R;kx
dh vkSj Lora=rk laxzke dks xfr nhA dh vuwBh felky is'k dhA
1. leiZ.k vkSj drZO;fu"Bk% rqylh us vius thou esa
^vkyksdo`Ùk^ [k.MdkO; ds vk/kkj ij egkRek xka/kh dh ges'kk vius ifjokj vkSj lekt ds çfr viuh
pkfjf=d fo'ks"krk,¡ bl çdkj gSa% ftEesnkfj;ksa dks çkFkfedrk nhA mudk drZO;fu"Bk
1. lR; vkSj vfgalk ds çfr leiZ.k% xka/kh th dh lcls mudk çeq[k xq.k Fkk] vkSj mUgksua s vius drZO;ksa dks
cM+h fo'ks"krk lR; vkSj vfgalk ds çfr muds vfMx fuHkkus esa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+hA
fo'okl esa FkhA mUgksaus lR; dks loksZPp /keZ ekuk 2. R;kx vkSj cfynku% rqylh dk thou R;kx vkSj
vkSj fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa lR; ls le>kSrk ugha fd;kA cfynku ls Hkjk gqvk FkkA mUgksua s vius lq[k vkSj
vfgalk muds thou dk ewyea= Fkh] tks mUgksaus vkjke dks R;kxrs gq, lekt ds Hkys ds fy, vius
Lora=rk laxzke esa Hkh viuk;kA ifjokj vkSj thou ds loksZÙke fgLls dks lefiZr
2. uSfrd usr`Ro% xka/kh th us dsoy jktuhfrd usrk fd;kA
ugha] cfYd ,d uSfrd usr`RodrkZ ds :i esa dk;Z 3. /kS;Z vkSj lkgl% muds thou esa vusd dfBukbZ;k¡
fd;kA mUgksua s Hkkjrh; turk dks u dsoy Lora=rk vkSj foifÙk;k¡ vkbZa] ysfdu mUgksaus dHkh gkj ugha
dh vko';drk dk vglkl djk;k] cfYd mUgsa ekuhA muds vanj vikj /kS;Z vkSj lkgl Fkk] tks
vkRefuHkZjrk vkSj LoPNrk ds Hkh egRo dks crk;kA mUgsa gj eqf'dy ls mcjus dh 'kfä nsrk FkkA
3. lknxh vkSj R;kx% xka/kh th dk thou vR;f/kd
lknk FkkA mUgksaus iwjh nqfu;k dks ;g lans'k fn;k
fd lknxh esa gh lq[k gSA mUgksaus viuh O;fäxr
bPNkvksa vkSj Hkksxksa dks R;kx dj] ns'k dh HkykbZ ds 8. lUnHkZ% ;g x|ka'k ,d ;qod ekyoh; ds dk;ksaZ vkSj
fy, vius thou dks lefiZr fd;kA muds çHkko dk o.kZu djrk gS] ftlus vius Hkk"k.kksa
vkSj O;ogkj ls yksxksa dks çsfjr fd;k vkSj U;k; ds
^R;kxiFkh^ [k.MdkO; dh çeq[k ukjh ik= rqylh ds {ks= esa lsok dh fn'kk esa vxzlj gqvkA
pkfjf=d xq.k bl çdkj gSa%
1. /kS;Z vkSj lkgl% rqylh dk thou vusd dfBukb;ksa ;qod ekyoh; us viuh çHkko'kkyh vkSj çHkkoiw.kZ Hkk"k.k
vkSj la?k"kksaZ ls Hkjk gqvk Fkk] fQj Hkh mUgksaus dHkh ds }kjk tuekul ds ân;ksa dks eksfgr dj fy;kA bl
 11

dkj.k mlds fe= us mls çsfjr fd;k fd og çkfMokdin ij Js"B vkpkj vkSj xq.kksa dks O;ä fd;k x;k gS] tks
¼odhy dk in½ çkIr dj ns'k dh Js"B lsok djsaA blds fdlh O;fä dh uSfrd vkSj ekufld fLFkfr dks le>kus
vuqlkj] mlus fof/kijh{kkvksa dks mÙkh.kZ dj ç;kx esa fLFkr esa enn djrs gSaA 'yksd esa ekufld fLFkfr] xq.kksa vkSj
mPp U;k;ky; esa odkyr dk dk;Z vkjaHk fd;kA fof/k muds lacaf/kr xq.kksa dk lacU/k çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
ds mPp Kku] e/kqj Hkk"kk'kSyh vkSj mnkj O;ogkj ds dkj.k
'kh?kz gh mls vius fe=ksa vkSj U;k;k/kh'kksa ls lEeku çkIr ^Kku esa ekSu] {kek dh 'kfä esa R;kx] vkSj ^yk?kk ¼ç'kalk½
gqvkA esa foijhrrk bu xq.kksa dk laxe gSA xq.kksa dk ,d&nwljs
ls xgjk lEcU/k gksrk gS] blfy, mu xq.kksa ds ek/;e ls
euq"; viuh 'kfä dk çn'kZu djrk gSA^
lUnHkZ% ;g x|ka'k ,d iqjkuh dFkk dk o.kZu djrk gS
;g 'yksd ;g Li"V djrk gS fd tc O;fä ds ikl
ftlesa ,d galjkt vkSj mldh csVh ds }kjk fd;k x;k Kku] {kek] R;kx] vkSj 'yk?kk tSls xq.k gksrs gSa] rks os
ojnku vkSj mlds ckn dh ?kVuk dk mYys[k gSA ;g ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gksrs gSa vkSj O;fä dh vkarfjd 'kfä
dFkk f'kdkfj;ksa vkSj i'kqvksa ds chp ,d fo'ks"k laokn ij dks mtkxj djrs gSaA
vk/kkfjr gSA
9.
çkphudky es]a pkjikbZ okys ¼i'kq½ flag us jktk dk :i (i)
/kkj.k fd;kA eNfy;k¡ vkuafnr Fkha] i{kh lqo.kZgal ds lkFk viuh deh ;k v;ksX;rk dks fNikus ds fy, nwljksa
FksA mlh lqo.kZgal dh ,d vR;Ur :iorh iq=h Fkh] ftls ;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij nks"k yxkukA
galjkt us ojnku fn;k fd og Lo;a ds euksuqdwy Lokeh og ijh{kk esa Qsy gks x;k vkSj dgus yxk fd
dks pquAs galjkt us mls ;g ojnku fn;k vkSj fQj og ç'u&i= gh xyr Fkk] ;g rks ogh ckr gqbZ ukp u tkus
fgeky; dh vksj f'kdkfj;ksa ds lkFk py iM+kA fofHkUu vk¡xu Vs<+kA
çdkj ds gal] e;wj vkSj vU; i{kh ,df=r gksdj ,d
(ii)
cM+s iRFkj ij cSB x,A galjkt us viuh iq=h ls dgk fd
fdlh vn~Hkqr ;k vfo'oluh; ?kVuk dks ns[kdj
og Lo;a ds euksuqdwy Lokeh dk p;u djsAa mlus vR;f/kd vk'p;Zpfdr gks tkukA
f'kdkfj;ksa ds lkFk ;k=k djrs gq, ,d ef.ko.khZ xguksa ls mldh isafVax ns[kdj lHkh us nk¡rksa rys maxyh
lts e;wj dks ns[kk vkSj dgk] ^;g esjk Lokeh cusA^ nck yhA

lUnHkZ% ;g 'yksd laL—r esa dkO; dh efgek vkSj mlesa (iii)

ç;qä e/kqj Hkk"kkvksa ds egRo dks O;ä djrk gSA bls fdlh volj ;k pht dks [kksus ds ckn iNrkukA
Hkk"kk'kkL= vkSj lkfgR; ds çfr ,d J)katfy ekuk tk Vªsu NwV tkus ds ckn og LVs'ku ij [kM+k gksdj
ldrk gSA 'yksd esa ^Hkkjrh^ ¼lkfgR; ;k ok.kh dh nsoh½ gkFk eyrs jg x;kA
dh ç'kalk dh tk jgh gS] tks dkO; vkSj 'kCnksa dh ek/kq;Z
dh çrhd gSaA (iv)
vR;f/kd 'kfeaZnk ;k yfTtr gksukA
^fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa çeq[k] e/kqj vkSj fnO; ok.kh dh nsoh tc f'k{kd us lcds lkeus mldh xyrh crkbZ
xhokZ.k Hkkjrh gSaA muds dkO; esa tks e/kqjrk gS] ogh muds rks og ikuh&ikuh gks x;kA
}kjk dgs x, lqHkkf"krksa ¼lqUnj okD;ksa½ esa Hkh fufgr gSA^
;g 'yksd ;g O;ä djrk gS fd Hkkjrh nsoh dk dkO; 10.
vkSj mudk Hkk"k.k ftruk e/kqj vkSj fnO; gS] mruk gh ¼d½ Lora= Hkkjr esa nqxkZ HkkHkh dk lEeku mUgsa /ku HksaV djds
muds }kjk dgs x, lHkh lqHkkf"kr ¼lqUnj vkSj çHkko'kkyh fd;k x;kA ,d lekjksg esa mUgsa rRdkyhu eq[;ea=h }kjk
dFku½ Hkh Js"B gksrs gSaA 51 gtkj #i;s HksaV fd, x,A

;g 'yksd laL—r esa ,d O;fä ds vkRefodkl

vkSj xq.kksa dk o.kZu djrk gSA ;gk¡ ij 'kkL=ksa ds vk/kkj
 12

¼[k½ Lora=rk laxzke esa Hkkx ysus dk y{; dsoy Lora=rk çkIr lgh fodYi%
djuk Fkk] u fd fdlh O;fäxr ykHk dh vkdka{kkA ¼d½ lqUnj vkSj yxkrkj
¼x½ nqxkZ HkkHkh us lEeku esa tks /ku HksVa fd;k] mls 'kghnksa
dk ,d cM+k Lekjd cukus ds fy, ykSVk fn;kA (i) dfi%
1. canj ¼okuj½
¼?k½ nqxkZ HkkHkh ds O;fäRo dh tks fo'ks"krk bl ?kVuk ls 2. lw;Z ¼,d vyadkfjd vFkZ esa] D;ksafd og dih ds
>ydrh gS] og gS% leku mNyrk çrhr gksrk gS½
R;kx] fuLokFkZ Hkkouk] vkSj ns'kHkfäA (ii) f}t%
1- czkã.k ¼tks laLdkjksa ds }kjk nwljk tUe ikrk gS½
¼³½ nqxkZ HkkHkh us lq>ko fn;k fd HksVa fd, x, /ku ls 'kghnksa 2- i{kh ¼tks vaMs ls tUe ysrk gS] vFkkZr nks ckj tUek
dk ,d cM+k Lekjd cuk;k tk,A gqvk½
(iii) vfy%
¼d½ vkt dk fo|kFkhZ Hkfo"; dh lksp] fnokLoIu ns[kus] vkSj 1. HkkSajk ¼e/kqeD[kh ;k Hkzej½
2. fe= ¼vyadkfjd vFkZ esa] fç; ;k l[kk½
;g lkspus esa le; u"V dj nsrk gS fd Hkfo"; esa og
D;k cusxkA ;g R;kT; blfy, gS D;ksafd orZeku dks fuEufyf[kr okD;ka'kksa ds fy, ,d 'kCn dk p;u%
vuns[kk djus ls Hkfo"; etcwr ugha cu ldrkA (i) ftls tkuk u tk lds &
¼d½ vKs;
¼[k½ gekjh lQyrk dk ewyea= gS fd ,d LoIu ysa] mls (ii) ftlds leku nwljk u gks &
lkdkj djus dh ;kstuk cuk,a] vkSj orZeku esa dM+h esgur ¼d½ vf}rh;
djsAa orZeku :ih uhao dks etcwr djus ls Hkfo"; dk
Hkou Lor% cu tk,xkA (i) dkSu esa nks"k ugha gksrk fdlesa nks"k ugha gksrk
(ii) cPps dks dkVdj lsc f[kykvks cPps dks lsc dkVdj
¼x½ le; dk gekjs thou esa vR;f/kd egÙo gSA bldk f[kykvks
lnqi;ksx Hkfo"; fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrk gSA le; dk (iii) egknsoh oekZ fgUnh dh lqçfl) dfo=h gSa egknsoh
nq#i;ksx gesa ihNs ys tkrk gS] vkSj le; cckZn djus oekZ fgUnh dh lqçfl) dof;f= gSa
okys dks le; Lo;a u"V dj nsrk gSA (iv) esjs dks vHkh tkuk gS eq>s vHkh tkuk gS

¼?k½ Hkfo"; dh vf/kd fpark vkSj ppkZ djus ls ge fparkvksa ls 12.

f?kj tkrs gSa] tks orZeku ds deZ esa ck/kk mRiUu djrh • LFkk;h Hkko% 'kksd ¼nq[k½
gSaA blls gekjk mRlkg vkSj yxu /khek gks tkrk gS] vkSj
• ifjHkk"kk% tc fdlh fç; O;fä] oLrq] ;k fLFkfr ds [kksus
y{; gels nwj gks tkrk gSA blls cpus ds fy, orZeku
ls ân; esa nq[k mRiUu gks vkSj og lkfgR; esa O;ä fd;k
ij /;ku dsfa ær djds esgur djuh pkfg,A
tk,] rks mls d#.k jl dgrs gSaA
¼³½ orZeku vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd orZeku gh Hkfo"; dh
mnkgj.k%
uhao gSA orZeku esa fd;k x;k ifjJe vkSj le; dk
^vc u cph og Nfo ftlesa] galrh Fkh dqlqeksa dh MkyhA
lnqi;ksx Hkfo"; dks mTToy vkSj l'kä cukrk gSA
lw[k x, os ckx] tgka ls xwatrh Fkh dks;y erokyhA"
'k`axkj jl%
¼p½ ^orZeku dh uhao ls Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k^
• LFkk;h Hkko% jfr ¼çse½
• ifjHkk"kk% tc fdlh O;fä ds çfr vkd"kZ.k] çse ;k feyu
11. dh Hkkouk dk o.kZu gks] rks og 'k`axkj jl dgykrk gSA
(i) olu&O;lu% mnkgj.k%
(c) oL= vkSj vknrA ^^rqe feys rks thou esa cgkj vk xbZ] Qwyksa dh tSls 'kk[kksa
(ii) vfHkjke&vfojke ij cgkj Nk xbZA^
 13

^t; xaxs ek¡] 'kj.k rqEgkjhA thou ukSdk Hko ls mrkjhA^

¼[k½ :id vFkok vfr'k;ksfä vyadkj dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj 13. çkFkZuk i= lsok esa]
mnkgj.k cSad çca/kd]
1. :id vyadkj% [cSad dk uke]
ifjHkk"kk% tc mies; vkSj mieku ds chp varj ['kk[kk dk irk]
feVkdj mies; dks gh mieku cuk fn;k tkrk gS] fnukad% [rkjh[k]
fo"k;% cSad [kkrk [kksyus ds fy, vkosnu
rks :id vyadkj gksrk gSA
egksn;]
mnkgj.k% ik;ks th eSaus jke jru /ku ik;ksA lknj fuosnu gS fd eSa [vkidk uke] [irk] [is'kk/f'k{kk/
¼^jke^ uke esa 'jru /ku' dk vkjksi gksus ls :id orZeku fLFkfr]] vkids cSad esa ,d cpr [kkrk [kksyus ds
vyadkj gSA½ fy, vkosnu dj jgk gw¡A —i;k eq>s fuEufyf[kr fooj.kksa
2- ds vk/kkj ij [kkrk [kksyus dh vuqefr çnku djsa%
ifjHkk"kk% tc fdlh ckr dks c<+k&p<+kdj ;k vlaHko 1. uke% [vkidk iwjk uke ]
:i esa çLrqr fd;k tk,] rks vfr'k;ksfä vyadkj 2. irk% [vkidk LFkk;h irk]
gksrk gSA 3. laidZ la[;k% [vkidk eksckby uacj]
4. iSu dkMZ la[;k% [;fn vko';d gks]
mnkgj.k%
5. vk/kkj dkMZ la[;k% [;fn vko';d gks]
^ioZr dks m[kkM+dj mlus [ksy&[ksy esa Qsd
a fn;kA^
—i;k [kkrk [kksyus dh çfØ;k vkSj vko';d nLrkostksa
dh tkudkjh eq>s çnku djsaA eSa 'krksaZ vkSj fu;eksa dks
¼x½ dqaMfy;k¡ vFkok pkSikbZ Nan dk ek=klfgr y{k.k vkSj ikyu djus ds fy, rS;kj gw¡A
mnkgj.k vkidh —ik ds fy, eSa vkHkkjh jgw¡xkA
1. dqaMfy;k¡ Nan% /kU;oknA
y{k.k% vkidk fo'oklh]
dqaMfy;k Nan esa nksgksa vkSj jksyk Nan dk Øe gksrk gSA [vkidk uke]
[vkidk irk]
• igys nksgk] fQj jksyk] vkSj var esa fQj nksgkA
[laidZ uacj]
• çR;sd iafä esa 24&24 ek=k,¡ gksrh gSaA
mnkgj.k%
^^fcuk fcpkjs tks djS lks ikNs ifNrk; dke fcxkjS vkiuks çkFkZuk i=
tx es gksr g¡lk;AA tx esa gksr g¡lk;] fpr~ esa pkSu u lsok esa]
ikosA [kku&iku lEeku] jkx jax eu fg u HkkosA dg ftykf/kdkjh]
fxj/kj dfo jk;] nq%[k dNq VjS u Vk Z[kVdr gS ft; [ftyk dk uke]]
ek¡fg fd;ks tks fcuk fcp^^ [irk]
fnukad% [rkjh[k]
fo"k;% 'kgj esa QSyh laØked chekjh dh vksj /;ku
2. pkSikbZ Nan%
vkdf"kZr djus gsrq vkosnu
• y{k.k% egksn;]
• pkSikbZ Nan esa çR;sd iafä esa 16 ek=k,¡ gksrh gSaA lknj fuosnu gS fd eSa [vkidk uke]] [vkidk irk]]
• ;g pkj pj.kksa esa gksrk gS] çR;sd pj.k leku ek=k dk vkids ftyk ds fuoklh] ;g vkosnu i= vkids le{k
çLrqr dj jgk gw¡A
gksrk gSA
gekjs 'kgj esa gky ds dqN fnuksa ls laØked chekjh ¼tSls%
mnkgj.k%
eysfj;k] Msx
a w] fpduxqfu;k vkfn½ rsth ls QSy jgh gS]
 14

ftlls ukxfjdksa ds LokLF; ij xaHkhj çHkko iM+ jgk gSA 2. {ks=h;rk% vyx&vyx jkT;ksa vkSj Hkk"kkvksa ds çfr vfr'k;
vLirkyksa vkSj LokLF; dsaæksa esa ejhtksa dh la[;k c<+us ls yxko us jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dks detksj fd;k gSA
fpfdRlk lqfo/kk,a i;kZIr ugha gks ik jgh gSaA dbZ yksx 3. tkfrokn% tkfrxr HksnHkko vkSj Å¡p&uhp dh Hkkouk
chekjh ls çHkkfor gks pqds gSa vkSj blds QSyus dh laHkkouk lkekftd ,drk dks ckf/kr djrh gSA
yxkrkj cuh gqbZ gSA eSa vkils fuosnu djrk gw¡ fd bl 4. jktuhfrd LokFkZ% dqN jktuhfrd ny viuh LokFkZflf)
fLFkfr dk laKku ysrs gq, LokLF; foHkkx dks funsZf'kr ds fy, lekt esa QwV Mkyus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
djsa fd Rofjr dkjZokbZ dh tk,A laØked chekjh ds
çdksi dks jksdus ds fy, vko';d dne mBk, tk,a] tSls 1. f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls jk"Vªh;rk vkSj
fd fo'ks"k LoPNrk vfHk;ku] ePNj tfur jksxksa dh lfg".kqrk dk Hkko mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
jksdFkke ds mik;] vkSj vko';d fpfdRlk lgk;rk çnku 2. çnku% fofHkUu {ks=ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa dh
dh tk,A lkaL—frd /kjksgj dks lk>k djus ls vkilh le> c<+rh
vkils fuosnu gS fd vki 'kh?kz bl ekeys esa vko';d gSA
dkjZokbZ djsAa 3. tkfr] /keZ] vkSj {ks= ds vk/kkj ij
vkidh lgk;rk ds fy, eSa vkidk vkHkkjh jgw¡xkA HksnHkko dks lekIr djuk vko';d gSA
/kU;oknA 4. lkaçnkf;drk vkSj vU; foHkktudkjh
vkidk fo'oklh] xfrfof/k;ksa ij vadq'k yxkus ds fy, dBksj dkuwu ykxw
[vkidk uke] fd, tkus pkfg,A
[vkidk irk] 5. ehfM;k dks lekt esa ,drk vkSj
[laidZ uacj] HkkbZpkjs dk lans'k QSykus dk dk;Z djuk pkfg,A

14.
jk"Vªh; ,drk dk vFkZ gS ,d ,sls lekt dk fuekZ.k] jk"Vªh; ,drk fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh 'kfä vkSj igpku dk
ftlesa lHkh ukxfjd /keZ] tkfr] Hkk"kk] vkSj {ks=h;rk ds çrhd gSA Hkkjr tSls fofo/krkiw.kZ ns'k esa ;g vkSj Hkh
HksnHkko ls Åij mBdj ,dtqV gksAa ;g ,d ,slk vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g gekjh ftEesnkjh gS fd ge viuh
rkuk&ckuk gS] tks ns'k dh laL—fr] lH;rk] vkSj çxfr ladh.kZ ekufldrkvksa ls Åij mBdj ns'kfgr dks
dk vk/kkj curk gSA vkt] tc lekt foHkktu] çkFkfedrk nsAa tc gj ukxfjd jk"Vªh; ,drk ds egRo
lkaçnkf;drk] vkSj O;fäxr LokFkksaZ ds dkj.k fo[kafMr dks le>sxk vkSj mldk ikyu djsxk] rHkh gekjk ns'k
gksrk fn[k jgk gS] jk"Vªh; ,drk dh çklafxdrk vkSj fodkl vkSj le`f) dh Å¡pkb;ksa dks Nw ldsxkA
vf/kd c<+ xbZ gSA

jk"Vªh; ,drk fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh çxfr vkSj fLFkjrk ds ou] ç—fr dk vfHkUu fgLlk gksrs gSa vkSj ekuo thou
fy, vko';d gSA ;g ns'k dks vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh ds fy, vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSaA ouksa dh egÙkk u dsoy
pqukSfr;ksa ls lqjf{kr j[krh gSA tc yksx ,dtqV gksrs gSa] i;kZoj.kh; –f"V ls gS] cfYd ;g ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl
rks os jk"Vª dh le`f) esa ;ksxnku nsus ds fy, çsfjr gksrs esa Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ouksa ds fcuk i`Foh
ij thou dh dYiuk djuk dfBu gSA ouksa dk euq"; ds
gSaA blds fcuk dksbZ Hkh jk"Vª detksj gks ldrk gS vkSj
thou esa mi;ksfxrk dk foLr`r nk;jk gS] ftudh ppkZ
ckgjh 'kfä;ksa ds gLr{ksi dk f'kdkj cu ldrk gSA
ge bl fuca/k esa djsaxsA
1. /keZ vkSj lkaçnkf;drk% /keZ ds uke ij HksnHkko vkSj fgalk
us lekt dks xgjkbZ rd foHkkftr fd;k gSA
 15

1. 5.
ouksa dk lcls igyk vkSj egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku i;kZoj.k esa ouksa dk lekt ij Hkh xgjk çHkko iM+rk gSA vkfnoklh
gksrk gSA os ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu Mkbv‚DlkbM dk vo'kks"k.k leqnk;ksa vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds yksx ouksa ij fuHkZj jgrs
djrs gSa vkSj v‚Dlhtu dk mRltZu djrs gSaA ;g çfØ;k gSaA os ouLifr;ksa ls vkS"kf/k;k¡ çkIr djrs gSa] Hkkstu tqVkrs
u dsoy thou ds fy, vko';d gS] cfYd ;g i`Foh ds gSa vkSj vius nsfud thou dh vU; vko';drk,¡ iwjh
tyok;q larqyu dks cuk, j[kus esa Hkh lgk;d gksrh gSA djrs gSaA blds vykok] ouksa esa tks 'kkafr vkSj çk—frd
ouksa ds fcuk] ok;qeaMy esa xSlksa dk larqyu fcxM+ ldrk lkSan;Z gksrk gS] og ekufld 'kkafr vkSj 'kkjhfjd LokLF;
gS] ftlls tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj Xykscy okfeaZx tSlh dks c<+krk gSA yksx ouksa esa tkdj çk—frd lkSan;Z dk
vkuan ysrs gSa vkSj ekufld FkdkoV dks nwj djus ds fy,
leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA blds vykok] ou o"kkZ
ou i;ZVu djrs gSaA
ty dks lafpr djus dk dke djrs gSa] tks ty lzksrksa
dks iqu% Hkjus esa enn djrk gSA
6.
ou e`nk ds dVko dks jksdrs gSaA isM+ viuh tM+kas ds
2.
ouksa esa dbZ çdkj ds oU;thoksa dk vkJ; gksrk gSA ;g ek/;e ls e`nk dks etcwrh ls idM+rs gSa vkSj o"kkZ ds ikuh
fofHkUu çtkfr;ksa ds tkuojksa] if{k;ksa vkSj vU; thoksa dk ds dkj.k gksus okys e`nk dVko dks jksdrs gSaA blds
?kj gksrs gSaA oU;thoksa ds fy, ;g LFkyh; ikfjfLFkfrdh vykok] ouksa ls çkIr tSfod inkFkZ e`nk dh moZjrk dks
ra= dk fgLlk gksrs gSa] tgka os viuk thou ;kiu djrs c<+krs gSa] ftlls —f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj
gSaA euq"; ds fy, oU;thoksa ds laj{k.k ls tSo fofo/krk gksrk gSA
esa o`f) gksrh gS] tks ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds larqyu dks 7.
cuk, j[kus esa enn djrk gSA ouksa esa ik, tkus okys ikS/ks vkSj ouLifr;k¡ vkS"k/kh; xq.kksa
ls Hkjiwj gksrs gSaA cgqr lh vkS"kf/k;k¡ çk—frd :i ls ouksa
3. ls çkIr gksrh gSa] ftudk mi;ksx vk;qoZsn] gksE;ksiSFkh vkSj
ouksa dk vkfFkZd –f"Vdks.k ls Hkh egRo gSA ouksa ls çkIr vU; fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa esa gksrk gSA ouLifr;ksa ls çkIr
ydM+h] Qy] vkS"kf/k;k¡] jsftu] jsftu rsy] xksna ] gfì;k¡ vkS"kf/k;k¡ u dsoy ekuo thou dks cpkus esa lgk;d gksrh
vkfn euq"; ds fy, dPps eky ds :i esa dke vkrs gSaA gSa] cfYd i'kqvksa vkSj oU;thoksa ds fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gksrh
—f"k ds {ks= esa Hkh ouLifr;k¡ tSls fd o`{kksa ds Qy] Qwy gSaA
vkSj cht O;kikfjd âf"V ls egRoiw.kZ gSaA blds vykok]
ou i;ZVu ds :i esa Hkh ykHkdkjh gksrs gSa] tks LFkkuh;
vFkZO;oLFkk dks l'kä cukrs gSaA ou m|ksx] ydM+h ds
O;kikj] vkSj vkS"k/kh; ikSa dh [kkst tSls xfrfof/k;k¡ yksxksa bl çdkj] ouksa dk gekjs thou esa vR;f/kd egRo gSA os
u dsoy i;kZoj.k dk larqyu cuk, j[krs gSa] cfYd ekuo
dks jkstxkj çnku djrh gSaA
thou ds lHkh igyqvksa ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA tyok;q] —f"k]
vkS"kf/k] vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;k¡ vkSj lekt esa ou dk ;ksxnku
4. vueksy gSA blfy,] ;g vko';d gS fd ge ouksa ds
ouksa dh mifLFkfr tyok;q ij xgjk çHkko Mkyrh gSA ;s laj{k.k ds çfr ltx vkSj tkx:d jgsaA ouksa dh va/kk/kqa/k
ok;qeaMy esa ueh cuk, j[krs gSa] tks o"kkZ ds fy, vko';d dVkbZ ls gksus okys uqdlku dks le>rs gq, gesa viuh
gksrh gSA tc ouksa dh va/kk/kqa/k dVkbZ gksrh gS] rks blls ftEesnkjh fuHkkuh pkfg, rkfd vkus okyh ihf<+;k¡ Hkh ouksa
LFkkuh; tyok;q ij çfrdwy çHkko iM+rk gS vkSj lw[kk] dk ykHk mBk ldsAa jk"Vªh; ,drk : vkt dh vfuok;Z
ck<+ tSls çk—frd vkink,¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA blfy,] vko';drk jk"Vªh; ,drk] fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh rkdr vkSj
ou u dsoy tyok;q fu;a=.k esa lgk;d gksrs gSa] cfYd le`f) dk ewy vk/kkj gksrh gSA ;g u dsoy gekjs ns'k
os tyok;q ifjorZu ds f[kykQ lqj{kk dk Hkh dke djrs dh fLFkjrk vkSj fodkl ds fy, t:jh gS] cfYd lekt
gSaA esa ln~Hkko vkSj HkkbZpkjs dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, Hkh vR;ar
vko';d gSA Hkkjr tSls fofo/krkiw.kZ ns'k esa tgka fofHkUu
tkfr;k¡] /keZ] Hkk"kk,¡] laL—fr vkSj jhfr&fjokt gSa] ogka
jk"Vªh; ,drk dh vko';drk vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA vkt
 16

ds le; esa tc fo'o Lrj ij ruko vkSj fo?kVu dh efgyk,a ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksrh
?kVuk,¡ c<+ jgh gSa] rc jk"Vªh; ,drk dks çksRlkfgr djuk] gSaA
Hkkjr dh çxfr vkSj Hkfo"; ds fy, egRoiw.kZ cu x;k 2. xjhc vkSj e/;eoxhZ; ifjokjksa ij ngst
gSA dk Hkkjh vkfFkZd cks> iM+rk gSA ;g çFkk dbZ ifjokjksa dks
dtZ ds tky esa Qalk nsrh gSA
ngst çFkk Hkkjrh; lekt dh ,d xaHkhj leL;k gS] tks 3. ngst çFkk ds dkj.k csfV;ksa dks cks> le>k
lfn;ksa ls gekjs lekt esa O;kIr gSA ;g çFkk u dsoy tkus yxk gS] ftlls dU;k H:.k gR;k tSlh leL;k,a
efgykvksa ds fy, ,d vfHk'kki cu xbZ gS] cfYd lekt mRiUu gksrh gSaA
ds uSfrd ewY;ksa vkSj vkfFkZd larqyu ij Hkh xgjk çHkko 4. ;g çFkk lekt esa vlekurk vkSj
Mkyrh gSA ngst çFkk dk eq[; rkRi;Z fookg ds le; oSeuL; dks c<+kok nsrh gS] tgka fookg tSls ifo= ca/ku
oj i{k }kjk o/kw i{k ls /ku] migkj] laifÙk ;k vU; dks vkfFkZd ysu&nsu dk ek/;e cuk fn;k x;k gSA
HkkSfrd oLrqvksa dh ekax ls gSA ;g çFkk vk/kqfud ;qx esa
Hkh vius ikao ilkjs gq, gS] tks gekjs lekt ds fodkl
vkSj lekurk ds ewy fl)karksa ds f[kykQ gSA 1. Hkkjr esa ngst çFkk dks jksdus ds fy,
dbZ dkuwu cuk, x, gSa] tSls ^ngst çfr"ks/k vf/kfu;e]
ngst çFkk dh mRifÙk çkphu dky esa gqbZ] tc bls iq=h 1961^ ;g dkuwu ngst dh ekax] ysu&nsu vkSj ngst
dks vkfFkZd :i ls l'kä cukus vkSj mls lqjf{kr Hkfo"; mRihM+u dks naMuh; vijk/k ekurk gSA
çnku djus ds mís'; ls çkjaHk fd;k x;k FkkA ml le;]
;g ekrk& firk dk viuh iq=h ds çfr çse vkSj drZO; 2. efgykvksa dh f'k{kk vkSj
dk çrhd ekuk tkrk FkkA ysfdu le; ds lkFk] bl vkRefuHkZjrk bl çFkk dks [kRe djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
ijaijk us ,d fo—r :i ys fy;k vkSj ;g lkekftd fuHkk ldrh gSA lekt esa tkx:drk QSykus vkSj yksxksa
cqjkbZ dk :i /kkj.k dj xbZA vc ;g fookg esa vkfFkZd dh ekufldrk cnyus dh vko';drk gSA
'kks"k.k vkSj ykyp dk ek/;e cu pqdh gSA
3. dbZ lkekftd laxBu vkSj
,uthvks ngst çFkk ds f[kykQ vfHk;ku pyk jgs gSaA
1. ngst çFkk ds dkj.k efgykvksa lekt ds gj oxZ dks bl çFkk ds mUewyu esa lfØ; :i
dks 'kknh ds ckn mRihM+u] fgalk vkSj dHkh&dHkh gR;k ls Hkkx ysuk pkfg,A
rd dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ngst u ykus ij dbZ
4. % lekt ds gj O;fä dks ;g gksxh vkSj fookg dks ,d ifo= ca/ku ds :i esa ekU;rk
ftEesnkjh ysuh pkfg, fd og vius ifjokj vkSj vklikl nsuh gksxh] u fd bls vkfFkZd cks> vkSj 'kks"k.k dk ek/;e
ngst çFkk dk leFkZu u djsA fookg dks vkfFkZd ysu&nsu cuus nsuk pkfg,A ngst çFkk dk var dsoy dkuwu ls
ls eqä djuk gksxkA ugha] cfYd lkekftd tkx:drk vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa dks
viukus ls gksxkA

ngst çFkk ,d xaHkhj lkekftd cqjkbZ gS] tks gekjs lekt

dh tM+sa [kks[kyh dj jgh gSA bls lekIr djus ds fy,
lekt ds gj oxZ dks ,dtqV gksdj ç;kl djuk gksxkA
efgykvksa dks leku vf/kdkj vkSj lEeku nsus ls gh bl
leL;k dk lek/kku laHko gSA gesa viuh lksp cnyuh

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