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Introduction

The document provides an overview of analog and digital communications, focusing on signal concepts in electrical engineering. It covers the classification of signals, modulation techniques, and the elements of communication systems, including transmitters, receivers, and channels. Additionally, it discusses performance criteria, limitations on data rates, and examples of various communication systems such as PSTN, ADSL, and wireless LANs.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views

Introduction

The document provides an overview of analog and digital communications, focusing on signal concepts in electrical engineering. It covers the classification of signals, modulation techniques, and the elements of communication systems, including transmitters, receivers, and channels. Additionally, it discusses performance criteria, limitations on data rates, and examples of various communication systems such as PSTN, ADSL, and wireless LANs.

Uploaded by

tai.diep21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Communications

Chapter 1: Introduction to Analog  Communications = Information Conveying


and Digital Communications
 Telecommunications = Communications in
January 2024 most current aspects
Lectured by
Prof. Dr. Thuong Le-Tien  The course is about communications based
Cell: 0903 787 989
Email: thuongle@hcmut.edu.vn on signal concepts in electrical engineering
 Limited to information in electrical forms
 Primarily cover information transfer at signals and
Slides with references from HUT Finland, La Hore uni., systems levels
Mc. Graw Hill Co., and A.B. Carlson’s Communication Systems,
 little deal with circuits, chips, signal processing,
microprocessors, protocols, and networks
1 2

What exactly is information. Classify signals


 Information is a word that is too  Messages or in term of signals can be classified in various ways:
Periodic/non-periodic; Deterministic/random; Energy/power;
generic for different purposes the most common one in Communication Systems can deal with
analog/digital groups
 use the word “message”  Analog
 A physical manifestation of information  A physical quantity that varies with “time”, usually in a
smooth or continuous fashion
 What do communication systems have  Fidelity describes how close is the received signal to the
original signal. Fidelity defines acceptability
to do with messages or informations  Digital
 Communication systems are responsible for  An ordered sequence of symbols selected from a finite set
of discrete elements
producing an “acceptable” replica of  When digital signals are sent through a communication
system, degree of accuracy within a given time defines the
message/information at the destination acceptability

3 4
Elements of Communication Systems
n(t) 
(Modulator) m (t )
Examples for basic definitions
m(t) s(t)
Analog h(t) Demodulator
or Digital

 Analog Signals
 Values are taken from an
infinite set
t

 Digital Signals
 Values are taken from a
discrete set
t
 Binary Signals 1 1 1 Transmitter Channel Receiver
 Digital signals with just *Modulati *Attenuation *Detection (Demod+Decod)
two discrete values 0 0 0 0 on *Noise *Filtering (Equalization)
*Coding *Distortion
t *Interference
*Fading
5 6

MODULATIONS
Transmitter
 What does modulation do:
 Modulate messages (analog) or Encode bits Analog Digital
(digital) into amplitude, frequency, or phase Modulation Modulation
of a carrier signal.
 Also makes transmitted signal robust against
channel impairments (Noise, Interferences,
Analog Carrier- Analog Signal-
Fading, Distortions, etc.) FM AM PM
Digital Carrier
Digital Signal
 Coding in digital communication systems
 Source coding – remove redundancy P
AS PS QA PC D PP
Channel coding – add redundancy, lower BER
FS W
 AM-C DSB SSB VSB M M M M
K K K M
 Encryption Coding – hide information
7 8
Example about Modulations

Channels
 Channel introduces impairments
 Noise

 Thermal noise is the most significant

 Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)

 Distortion

 Inter-symbol interference (ISI)

 Attenuation and fading

 Constant attenuation

 Variable attenuation
(c)
 Interference
(a) Modulating Signal; (b) Sinusoidal carrier with amplitude modulation
(c) Pulse-train carrier with amplitude modulation  Crosstalk
9 10

Receiver
 What does Demodulation/Detection do: Fundamental Limitations
 Extracts messages (analog systems) or bits (digital  If practical implementation is not a concern and we
systems) from the received signal don’t worry about feasibility, is there something else
that limits acceptable communications?
 Mitigates channel impairments by making use of

equalizers for both Analog and Digital Communications  Bandwidth


 Channel must be able to allow signals to pass
 Decodes the signal, especially if channel coding was
through
performed at the transmitter
 Channels usually have limited bandwidths

 Can we reduce signal bandwidths: By pre-processing


at source (reduce redundancy, compression, etc.)
(a) Transmitted signal
(b) Effects of distortion  Noise
(c) Effects of interference
 Can be reduce it by - Filters
(d) Effects of noise
 Can be reduce its effects? - Equalizers

 Signal processing at the transmitter and receiver

 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR): Match Filters


11 12
Performance Criterion Limits on data rates
 How a “good” communication system can be
differentiated from a “sloppy” one?  Shannon obtained formulas that provide
 For analog communications fundamental limits on data rates (1948)

 How close is m (t ) to m(t): Fidelity!  Without channel impairments, an infinite data
 SNR is typically used as a performance metric
rate is achievable with probability of error
 For digital communications approaching zero
 Data rate and probability of error (BER)

 SNR as well
 For bandlimited AWGN channels, the
 No channel impairments  no errors
“capacity” of a channel is:
 With noise, error probability/SNR depend upon
data rate, signal and noise powers, modulation C = B log2(1+SNR) = 3.32B log10(1+SNR) Bits/second
scheme, etc.
13 14

MODULATION FOR MULTIPLEXING


Electromagnetic wave propagation over
Multiplexing is the process of combining several wireless channels
signals for simultaneous transmission on a channel. Line of Sight and Sky
Three major groups of Multiplexing techniques. wave propagations

•Frequency–Division Multiplexing, FDM, uses CW


modulation to put each signal on a different carrier E and F layers of Ionosphere

frequency.
•Time-Division Multiplexing, TDM, uses pulse
modulation to put Samples of different signals in
nonoverlapping time slots
•Code-Division Multiple Access, CDMA, assigns a
unique code to each Digital (cellular) user
15 16
Multipath interference caused by a signal being reflected
off the terrain and a building
Example: PSTN, ADSL
 Public Switched Telephone Network, (PSTN)
 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
 Components
 Phone set (analog signal is generated), MODEM
 Local exchange (A/D conversion)
 Long-haul exchange
 Characteristics
 Circuit-switched network
 Designed for voice communications and Internet
 Faxes and modems use PSTN for transmission of
digital data in analog form
17 18

ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line


Example: PSTN
Long distance line International
Local exchange International line
exchange

Long distance
Local line exchange
Long distance
Long distance line users

Local
exchange

19 20
Example: Cellular phones Example: Cellular
 Cellular Communication System
 A cell is assigned some number of channels
Typically one channel is allocated to a user
PSTN

 Users communicate with a base station


MTSO  Base station is connected to MTSO/PSTN
 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, 1st
MTSO generation) is an analog system, uses FM and
frequency-division multiple access
 Digital systems use digital modulations, D-AMPS
MTSO: Mobile Telephone (2nd generation); GSM (2nd genration up); CDMA
Switching Office (3rd generation up)

21 22

Standard phones: using Circuit Switching

Example: Radio broadcasts


Internet phones: Voice over IP using packet switching
 Two popular modes are used in analog
broadcasting communication systems
 AM
 Amplitude modulation
 600-1600kHz (MW), 1600kHz-22MHz (SW)
 10kHz channels
 FM
 Frequency modulation
 88-108MHz (FCC)
 Channels centered at 200kHz intervals starting at
88.1MHz

23 24
Software radio receiver

Example: Wireless LANs


 Various standards
 IEEE 802.11a/b/g popular
Software radio receiver implemented FPGA
 IEEE 802.11b
 11Mb/s data rate
 2.4-2.4835GHz band
 Modulation: Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS),
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
 IEEE 802.11a
 55Mb/s data rate
 5.725-5.825GHz band (in U.S.)
 Uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

25 26

Example: LANs and WANs Example: Ad Hoc Networks


 Local Area Networks (LANs)  Various devices connected to each other
 Connect “closely” located computers without using an infrastructure
 Data bits are transmitted in chunks (packets) for  Sensor Networks
efficiency/feasibility reasons  Similar to ad hoc Networks (may be considered a special
 Various LAN protocols are used in practice case of ad hoc networks)
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)  Have power constraints (Use non-rechargeable battery)
 A wide area backbone network connects different  Mesh Networks
LANs  Another example of ad hoc networks
 A standard protocol is needed for such  Used for provide communications to remote areas
communication (TCP/IP)

27 28
Media and Signal Spectra

29

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