Introduction
Introduction
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Elements of Communication Systems
n(t)
(Modulator) m (t )
Examples for basic definitions
m(t) s(t)
Analog h(t) Demodulator
or Digital
Analog Signals
Values are taken from an
infinite set
t
Digital Signals
Values are taken from a
discrete set
t
Binary Signals 1 1 1 Transmitter Channel Receiver
Digital signals with just *Modulati *Attenuation *Detection (Demod+Decod)
two discrete values 0 0 0 0 on *Noise *Filtering (Equalization)
*Coding *Distortion
t *Interference
*Fading
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MODULATIONS
Transmitter
What does modulation do:
Modulate messages (analog) or Encode bits Analog Digital
(digital) into amplitude, frequency, or phase Modulation Modulation
of a carrier signal.
Also makes transmitted signal robust against
channel impairments (Noise, Interferences,
Analog Carrier- Analog Signal-
Fading, Distortions, etc.) FM AM PM
Digital Carrier
Digital Signal
Coding in digital communication systems
Source coding – remove redundancy P
AS PS QA PC D PP
Channel coding – add redundancy, lower BER
FS W
AM-C DSB SSB VSB M M M M
K K K M
Encryption Coding – hide information
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Example about Modulations
Channels
Channel introduces impairments
Noise
Distortion
Constant attenuation
Variable attenuation
(c)
Interference
(a) Modulating Signal; (b) Sinusoidal carrier with amplitude modulation
(c) Pulse-train carrier with amplitude modulation Crosstalk
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Receiver
What does Demodulation/Detection do: Fundamental Limitations
Extracts messages (analog systems) or bits (digital If practical implementation is not a concern and we
systems) from the received signal don’t worry about feasibility, is there something else
that limits acceptable communications?
Mitigates channel impairments by making use of
SNR as well
For bandlimited AWGN channels, the
No channel impairments no errors
“capacity” of a channel is:
With noise, error probability/SNR depend upon
data rate, signal and noise powers, modulation C = B log2(1+SNR) = 3.32B log10(1+SNR) Bits/second
scheme, etc.
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frequency.
•Time-Division Multiplexing, TDM, uses pulse
modulation to put Samples of different signals in
nonoverlapping time slots
•Code-Division Multiple Access, CDMA, assigns a
unique code to each Digital (cellular) user
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Multipath interference caused by a signal being reflected
off the terrain and a building
Example: PSTN, ADSL
Public Switched Telephone Network, (PSTN)
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
Components
Phone set (analog signal is generated), MODEM
Local exchange (A/D conversion)
Long-haul exchange
Characteristics
Circuit-switched network
Designed for voice communications and Internet
Faxes and modems use PSTN for transmission of
digital data in analog form
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Long distance
Local line exchange
Long distance
Long distance line users
Local
exchange
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Example: Cellular phones Example: Cellular
Cellular Communication System
A cell is assigned some number of channels
Typically one channel is allocated to a user
PSTN
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Software radio receiver
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Media and Signal Spectra
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