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Advanced Communication

The document provides solutions to classroom practice questions across various topics in communication networks, switching, protocols, cellular networks, network security, and microwave communication. Key concepts include the roles of different layers in network communication, packet switching methods, TCP/IP protocols, and the basics of cellular systems and network security algorithms like RSA. Additionally, it covers propagation methods used in microwave communication and the effects of ionosphere on radio wave transmission.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views18 pages

Advanced Communication

The document provides solutions to classroom practice questions across various topics in communication networks, switching, protocols, cellular networks, network security, and microwave communication. Key concepts include the roles of different layers in network communication, packet switching methods, TCP/IP protocols, and the basics of cellular systems and network security algorithms like RSA. Additionally, it covers propagation methods used in microwave communication and the effects of ionosphere on radio wave transmission.

Uploaded by

debendra sahoo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter

01. Ans: (b)


1 Communication Networks
(Solutions for Vol‐1_Classroom Practice Questions)

10. Ans: (a)


Sol: Data Link Layer is responsible for the Sol: The physical layer concerns with
decoding bit stream into frames. Bit - by - bit delivery

02. Ans: (a) 11. Ans: (a)


Sol: The data link layer takes the packets from
03. Ans: (c) Network layer and encapsulates them into
Sol: Frame encapsulates packet frames for transmission

04. Ans: (d) 12. Ans: (b)


Sol: The End-to-End delivery of the entire Sol: The network layer protocol of internet is
message is the responsibility of the Internet protocol
Transport layer.
13. Ans: (a)
Sol: User datagram protocol is called
05. Ans: (b)
Sol: As the data packets moves from the upper connectionless because all UDP packets are
to lower layers, headers are added. treated independently by transport layer

14. Ans: (a)


06. Ans: (a) Sol: SMTP protocol deals with emails in
Sol: Data link layer: Ensures reliable transport application layer.
of data over a Physical point-to-point link

Network layer: Routes data from one 15. Ans: (a)


network node to the next Sol: Ethernet frame consists of MAC address

Transport layer: Allows end - to - end 16. Ans: (a)


Sol: In Star topology there is a central controller
communication between two processes
or hub.
07. Ans: (b)
Sol: Ethernet implements Connectionless 17. Ans: (b)
service for its operation Sol: WAN is a Data communication system
spanning states, countries, or the whole
08. Ans: (d) world.
Sol: TCP/IP model does not have session layer
and presentation layer but OSI model have
these layer.

09. Ans: (b)


Sol: ISO OSI reference model has
7 layers.
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Chapter

01. Ans: (c)


2 Switching
(Solutions for Vol‐1_Classroom Practice Questions)

03. Ans: (d)


Sol: Frame relay technique uses connection Sol:
oriented packet switching.
02. Ans: (a) Pkt 1
Sol: Given data Pkt 2
Pkt 1
Pkt 3
Circuit setup time = ‘s’ sec Pkt 2
Pkt 1
Bandwidth = bit rate = ‘b’ bps Pkt 3
Pkt 2
Path = ‘k’-hop Pkt 3
Propagation delay = ‘d’ sec per hop
Connection release = not given
Packet size = ‘p’ bits
Message size = ‘x’ bits
k=3  The last packet is getting retransmitted
k – hop path (hop means jump) p
d m at k – 1 hops so the delay is (k – 1) .
TP    sec b
v m/s
Total delay = I + II + III
 There is no set of time (NO S)
I. Circuit setup time = s
L message size x
II. TX   
B bit rate b  Transmission delay is x/b
III. TP=one hop → propagation time=‘d’ sec p1  p 2  ..  p n
=
For k hop → propagation time ? b
=k×d
 Total delay = s + x/b + k.d  Message
(1) (2) (3) For k hop → propagation time?
=k×d

S p
 Total time = x/b + k.d + (k – 1)
b

d
04. Ans: (a)
d Sol: A packet can be forwarded before the next
d packet arrives in virtual circuit connections,
so in between the packets the delay jitter is
zero.
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:4: Advanced Communication

05. Ans: (c) used by networking hardware to direct the


Sol: Packet switching is the method by which packet to its destination where the payload
the internet works, it features delivery of is extracted and used by application
packets of data between devices over a software. Packet switching is the primary
shared network. For example the school basis for data communications in computer
web server sending a webpage over the networks worldwide.
internet or sending an email to a friend.
To get from one device to another the data
packets will have to travel through network
adapters, switches, routers and other
network nodes. The route taken by each
packet might vary and at times there might
be a lot of data travelling through these
nodes meaning packets will be queued. This
results in varying times it takes to send data
from one device to another depending on
the traffic load in the network.
Packet switching is a method of grouping
data transmitted over a digital network
into packets which are composed of a
header and a payload. Data in the header is

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Chapter

01. Ans: (b)


3 Protocols (TCP/IP)
(Solutions for Vol‐1_Classroom Practice Questions)

12. Ans: (b)


Sol: TCP Services: SMTP, HTTP, FTP Sol:
0001 0111. 0010 1010. 1000 0100. 1100 1000
02. Ans: (b) 1 7 2 A 8 4 C 8
Sol: Host-to-Host layer in the TCP/IP stack is
17 2A 8 4 C 8
equivalent to the Transport layer of the OSI 1 1 1
1×16 2×16 8×16 12×161
model.
+ 7×160 +10×160 +4×160 +8×160
= 23 = 42 = 132 = 200
03. Ans: (d)
 23.42.132.200
04. Ans: (b) 13. Ans: (c)
Sol: SMTP protocol deals with emails Sol: Class C
32
05. Ans: (a)
Sol: TCP protocol ensures reliable delivery. NID HID
3 + 21 8
06. Ans: (d)
Sol: TCP/IP model does not have session layer
id 21
& presentation layer but OSI model have = 221
110
these layers. From NID, 3 bits are reserved for prefix of
class C address therefore number of
07. Ans: (c) networks all allowed under class C address
Sol: An IPv4 address consists of 32-bits are 224 – 3 = 221.

14. Ans: (d)


08. Ans: (a)
Sol: Class B
32
09. Ans: (d)
NID HID
10. Ans: (b) 2 + 14 16

SID HID
11. Ans: (d)
6 10
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:6: Advanced Communication

64 departments = 26 one set of IP addresses for internal traffic


1111 1111. 1111 1111. 1111 1100. 0000 0000 and a second set of addresses for external
255. 255. 252. 0 traffic. A NAT box located where the LAN
meets the Internet makes all necessary IP
15. (i) Ans: (a) (i) Ans: (b) address translations.
(iii) Ans: (b)
Sol: SM = 255.255.255.192 The Purpose of NAT
192 = 1100 0000 NAT serves for three main purposes:

Class C  Provides a type of firewall by hiding


32 internal IP addresses
 Enables a company to use more internal IP
NID HID addresses. Since they're used internally
24 8 only, there's no possibility of conflict with
IP addresses used by other companies and
SID HID
organizations.
Class C network has 2 24-bits NID 6and 8 bit HID
 Allows a company to combine multiple
(i) 2 bits are borrowed from HID ISDN connections into a single Internet
(ii) no. of subnets = 22 = 4 connection.
(iii) no. of system per subnet = 26 – 2
= 64 – 2 = 62 18. Ans: (a)
Sol: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
16. Ans: (d) Protocols in TCP/IP. Looking again
Sol:  TCP enable two hosts to establish a at TCP/IP, it has two main protocols that
connection and exchange streams of operate at the transport layer of the OSI
data. Reference Model. One is the Transmission
 TCP guarantees delivery of data in the Control Protocol (TCP), which
same order in which they are sent. is connection-oriented; the other, the User
 TCP segmentation offload is used to Datagram Protocol (UDP), is
reduce the CPU overhead of TCP/IP on connectionless.
fast networks.
Connection-oriented protocol service is
17. Ans: (a) sometimes called a "reliable" network
Sol: NAT is short for Network Address service, because it guarantees that data will
Translation. NAT is an Internet standard that arrive in the proper sequence. Transmission
enables a local area network (LAN) to use Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-
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:7: Advanced Communication

oriented protocol. TCP is used for


applications that require the establishment
of connections (as well as TCP’s other
service features), such as FTP; it works
using a set of rules, as described earlier, by
which a logical connection is negotiated
prior to sending data.
UDP is used by other applications that don't
need connections or other features, but do
need the faster performance that UDP can
offer by not needing to make such
connections before sending data.

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Chapter

01. Ans: (d)


4 Cellular Network
(Solutions for Vol‐1_Classroom Practice Questions)

02. Ans: (a)


Sol: The main part(s) of basic cellular system Sol: The basic GSM is based on connection
is oriented traffic channels.
(i) A mobile Unit
(ii) A cell Site
(iii) A mobile Telephone Switching Office

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Chapter

01. Ans: (d)


5 Network Security
(Solutions for Vol‐1_Classroom Practice Questions)

02. Ans: (c)


Sol: RSA Algorithm: Sol: 2-nodes
Step: (I) p = 3, q = 11
1 2
3-nodes 1
Step: (II) n = p  q = 3  11 = 33 2 3
3
z = (p –1) (q – 1)
= (3 – 1) (11 – 1) 3 keys  1 + 2
= (2 10)
4-nodes
= 20 1 2
z = 20
3 4
Step: (III) Given e = 3: Public key

Step: (IV) (d  e) mod z = 1 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 keys


(d  3) mod 20 = 1 NN  1
N-nodes  1+2…. + (N–1)= keys
21 mod 20 = 1 2
(d  3) = 21
21
d= 7
3
private key = 7

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Chapter

01. Ans: (a)


6 Microwave Communication
(Solutions for Vol‐1_Classroom Practice Questions)

(b) NO S
Sol: O P
I H
 For television broadcasting we are using E
VHF and UHF frequency bands since we Earth R
need to transmit both audio and video
E
signals.
 For these frequency bands, we are using Fig. Multiple reflections of radio wave from ionosphere
space wave (line-of-sight) propagation  In a single reflection from the ionosphere
because at such frequencies sky wave and the radio waves cover a distance not more
ground wave propagations both fail. than 4000km as shown in figure (a).
 At this frequency range, sky wave are fail to  Extremely long distance i.e., round the
reflect from ionosphere (rather they globe communications also possible with
penetrate through it) and ground waves are the multiple reflections of sky waves as
completely attenuated after few hundred shown in figure (b).
meter propagation because of wave tilt and
attenuation by earth surface.
03. Ans: (b)
 This mode of propagation is also used in
radar and frequency modulations. Sol:
 The relative permittivity of the ionosphere
at radio frequency is less than one.
02. Ans: (b)
Sol:
04. Ans: (b)
 The sky waves (Ionospheric waves) are
Sol: The disappearance of few layers in the night
used at medium and high frequencies for
is due to recombination of ions into
very long distance radio communications.
molecules as shown in figure (a) and (b)
which shows electron density during night
 Since, in this mode of propagation EM and day.
waves reach the receiving point after
reflection from the ionosphere which is
HIEGTH ABOVE EARTH

HIEGTH ABOVE EARTH

situated above earth surface as shown in F Layer 250-400km F2 Layer


figure. 220 F1 Layer

(a) Ionosphere E Layer 110 E Layer


50-90 D Layer

Tx Rx Electron Density (N) Electron Density (N)


Earth (b) night (a) day
Fig. Electrons density variation during (a)day, (b) night
Fig. single reflection of radio waves from ionosphere
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05. Ans: (b) OUTER ATMOSPHERE


Sol: G-REGION
ionosphere 1 F2-Layer
p 
r<1 0 0 r 250-400km
F1-Layer
Air free space 140-250km E-Layer
r =1 1 110km
p  90-140km D-Layer
0 0
50-90km TROPOSPHERE

 
p air 
1
_____(1)
Earth
Fig. Typical heights of ionospheric layers above earth
00

 
p ionosphere 
1
______(2)
08. Ans: (b)
 00  r
Sol:
From equation (1) and (2),  The phenomenon of propagating microwave
(p)ionosphere > (p)air [ r < 1] signals around the curvature of the earth
over a distances upto 1000km is known as
i.e., when a wave travels from air into “Duct propagation” as shown in figure.
ionosphere, the velocity of the wave
 Duct propagation phenomenon occurs
increases. mostly at UHF and micro wave frequencies.

06. Ans: (c) WAVES TRAPPED


TOP OF ATMOSPHREIC
Sol: DUCT IN THE DUCT
 Ground wave is propagating around the
curvature of the earth and hence it is
unaffected whether it is day (or) night. ATMOSPHERIC
DUCT
 Whereas for tropospheric waves and sky T
GROUND SURFACE
waves are effected in different ways in day
and night. Since these waves are travelling Fig. super-refraction in the atmospheric duct
in earth atmosphere.
 During daytime few extra layers are created
 The temperature inversions cause ducts, of
and these are having no effect on night
cool air to be sandwiched between surface
since they are disappeared (due to
of the earth and a layer of warm air.
recombination of ionosphere into
molecules).  Duct is formed in troposphere.
07. Ans: (a)
Sol: 09. Ans: (d)
 D-layer is the lowest layer of the Sol:
ionosphere as shown in figure.  During daytime F-layer will not present
D-layer range is 50-90 km and it exists at an since it splits into two layers F1 and F2 as
average height of 70km. shown in figure.
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F1 Layer 81N max


Night Day n  1 0
F2 Layer f c2

 f c  9 N max

Earth Radiation
from sun 13. Ans: (c)
Sol:
 Ionosphere is divided into different layers
and each of the layer exhibits different
E Layer characteristics as shown in figure below.
Night Day
D Layer
F Layer  The density of the layers increases until
Fig: Different layers of Ionosphere noon and then decrease slowly throughout
during day and night the afternoon since ionization depends on
the radiation from the sun.

10. Ans: (c)  During day time ionosphere consists of D,


Sol: E, F1 and F2 layers as shown in figure.
 The refractive index of the ionized layer is,
Night Day F1 Layer
81N F2 Layer
n  1 2
f
Where, N  electron density
F  plasma frequency
Earth Radiation
11. Ans: (b) from sun
Sol:
 MUF (Maximum usable Frequency) is the
maximum frequency that can be reflected E Layer
back to the earth by the ionosphere other Night Day
D Layer
than vertical incidence. F Layer
i.e., FMUF = fc sec Fig: Different layers of Ionosphere
where,  is a angle of incidence fc is a during day and night
critical frequency.
FMUF(max) = 3.6 fc
14. Ans: (a)
Sol:
12. Ans: (c)  The absorption of electromagnetic waves
Sol: Critical frequency is the highest frequency by the atmosphere depends on the
that can be reflected back by the particular frequency of the waves.
layer of ionosphere for vertical incidence.
 The absorption of some of it’s energy of
For a vertical incidence, the angle of
electromagnetic wave is more for high
incidence becomes zero and the electron
frequency waves than low frequency waves.
density becomes maximum.
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15. Ans: (a)  Due to change in medium, the phase


Sol: velocity of the wave is changed but its
 Skip distance is the minimum distance frequency remains constant.
from the transmitter at which a sky wave of
 This is most commonly observed when a
given frequency is returned to the earth by
wave passes from one medium to another at
ionosphere.
any angle other than from the normal.
 Skip distance depends on the wave’s  We are observing same as mentioned in
frequency and angle of incidence, and the above points in ionospheric propagation.
degree of ionization.
 The wave of lower frequency is bent round 18. Ans: (d)
more quickly than the wave of higher Sol:
frequency. Therefore higher the frequency,  Troposcatter propagation is of practical
the higher the skip distance. importance at VHF, UHF and microwaves.

Escaped Rays 19. Ans: (c)


Sol:
 Scatter propagation is possible in the VHF
Ionospheric layer and UHF bands and it propagated much
beyond the line-of-sight propagation through
the forward scattering in the tropospheric
Lower
rays irregularities, as shown in figure
Upper LOST
ray SCATTER NO SCATTERING
T
Skip distance TARBULANCE
LONGEST PATH COMMON VOLUME
Fig: Effects of ionosphere on rays of SHORTEST FORWARD
 SCATTER
varying incidence. PATH
BACK

SCATTER
16. Ans: (c) Rx
Tx
Sol: EARTH
 VLF band is in the range of 3kHz to 30kHz
and wavelengths from 10 to 100 Fig. Tropospheric scatter propagation
kilometers.
 VLF waves required low power to transmit 20. Ans: (c)
because of this they are used for a few radio Sol:
navigation services, government time radio  In night, few layers of ionosphere (D, E, F1
stations and for secure military & F2) are disappeared due to recombination
communications. of ions into molecules.
17. Ans: (d)  Because of this reason, the effect of these
Sol: layers on HF band frequencies is not
 Refraction is the change in direction of present.
propagation of a wave due to a change in  So, we are getting better HF reception at
its transmission medium. night.
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21. Ans: (a) PROPAGATING DIRECTION


Sol: TILT ANGLES
 Given, Critical frequency (fc) = 30MHz
Angle of incidence () = 60
Tx
We know, f(MUF) = fc sec
= (30M) (sec60) EARTH
= 60MHz Fig. Tilting wave fronts in ground wave propagation
22. Ans: (d)
Sol: 25. Ans: (c)
 Upto MHz frequency range is more reliable Sol:
in terrestrial communications beyond-the-  Given, Transmitting antenna height
horizon without repeaters. Hence, option (ht) = 196 meters
(d) is the correct answer Radio horizon (km) = 4.12 h t meters
23. Ans: (b)  4.12 196
Sol: = 4.12  14
 Ground waves can travel maximum few  Radio horizon (km) = 57.68km
hundred km, after that they are attenuated.
 Space wave propagation is limited to the 26. Ans: (b)
line-of-sight distance and also limited by Sol:
the curvature of the earth.  In microwave terrestrial LOS link, the space
 Troposcatter wave propagation is much wave propagation is limited to the the line
beyond the line-of-sight distance through of sight distance and is also limited by the
forward scattering in the tropospheric curvature of the earth.
irregularities for UHF and microwave  So, the location of the next repeater in this
signals. propagation is also limited by curvature of
 Ionospheric waves are used at high the earth
frequencies for very long distance
communications. 27. Ans: (a)
Actually the correct order is 3, 1, 2, 4 but Sol:
out of these options option (b) is more  Given, Height of transmitting and receiving
suitable antenna (ht & hr) = 25m
Maximum hop length (dkm)  4  h t  h r 
24. Ans: (d)
Sol: 
 d km  4 25  25 
 At high frequencies, ground wave  4(10)
propagating affected due to wave tilting  dkm  40km
since the orientation of the vertically
polarized ground wave is changing close to 28. Ans: (c)
horizontal polarization. Sol:
 So, at high frequency the ground wave  The ionosphere acts like a reflecting surface
attenuation by ground is much more than at and is able to reflect back EM waves of
low frequency over the same ground as frequencies between 2 to 30MHz. EM
shown in figure waves of frequency more than 30 MHz are
 LF communication signals are used at low not reflected back from the ionosphere
power. rather they penetrate through it.
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 Here, the EM wave frequency is 60MHz, 30. Ans: (d)


then a communication link spanning a Sol:
distance of 600km cannot be established at  Ground wave propagation is suitable for
60MHz via the ionosphere because the low and medium frequency i.e., upto 2MHz
60MHz wave is not reflected by any of the only.
layers of ionosphere.
 Sky wave propagation is suitable for
29. Ans: (a) medium and high frequencies i.e,, between
Sol: 2 to 30MHz only.
 In day time the ionospheric layers (D, E, F1  Space wave propagation is suitable for very
& F2) are present and the signal absorption high frequencies (VHF), UHF and
in the lowers (D & E) is more. microwaves i.e., between 30M to 30MHz
Where as in night these layers are only.
disappeared, then the signal quality is poor
in day compared to night.  Troposcatter wave propagation is suitable
F1 Layer
for VHF, UHF and microwave signals
Night Day beyond the line of sight distance and the
F2 Layer
range is above 300MHz.
Hence, option (d) is correct.

Earth Radiation
from sun

E Layer
Night Day
D Layer
F Layer

Fig: Different layers of Ionosphere


during day and night

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Chapter

01. Ans: (d)


7 Satellite Communication
(Solutions for Vol‐1_Classroom Practice Questions)

 Maximum directive gain of antennas (G)


Sol: The height of a geostationary satellite above = directivity (D) = 1.64
the Earth’s surface is h = 35,855km We known,
(Approximately h  40,000km). Maximum receiver power,
P .G .G P D D
02. Ans: (d) Pr   t t , max 2r , max  t t r2
Sol: Given,  4R   4R 
   
The height of geostationary satellite (h) =      
36,000km
1  10  1.64  1.64
3
The down link frequency (fdown) = 10GHz  Pr  2
The up-link free space loss (Lup-link) = 1.583  4  100kt10 3 
 
dB + Ldown-link  3 
path loss in down-link,
 c 3  108 
 4R 
2
     3m 
(Lup-link)     f 10 8

   –8
 Pr = 1.53  10 W
 4R 
 20 log  05. Ans: (a)
  
Sol: Given,
= 203.56 dB Pt = 40dB W, Lbo = 3dB and Lbf = 3dB,
Gt = 4dB
 Lup-link = 1.583 + 203.56
The effective isotropic radiated power
 Lup-link = 205.15 dB (EIRP) = Pt – Lbo – Lbf + Af

03. Ans: (c) = 40 – 3 – 3 + 4


Sol:  EIRP = 38 dBW
 An active satellite amplifies the received
signal and retransmits back to earth.
06. Ans: (b)
 A passive satellite reflects ratio signals back Sol:
to the earth.  Geo-stationary satellite always appears
Hence, both statements are correct. stationary w.r.t to a point on the earth
surface. So continuous communication is
possible.
04. Ans: (b)
Sol: Given,  In satellite communication, up-link and
Distance between two stations (R) = 100km downlink frequencies are choosen different
because to decrease the interference
The transmitted power (Pt) = 1kW
between up-link wave and down-link wave.
The operating frequency (f) = 100MHz Hence, both statements are correct but
Directivity of two antennas (D) = 1.64 statement-II is not correct explanation of
The maximum receiver power (Pr) = ? statement-I.
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: 17 : Postal Coaching Solutions

07. Ans: (a) Hence, both statements are correct and


Sol: statement-II is not correct explanation for
 A communication satellite is an active statement-I.
satellite which amplifies the received signal
and retransmits them back to earth hence, it 10. Ans: (a)
is also called repeater. Sol:
Hence, both statements are correct and  If satellites in low, elliptical orbits used for
statement-II is the correct explanation of global communication, may be distance
statement-I. between satellite and earth decreases but we
required another communication system to
08. Ans: (b) track this satellite.
Sol:  Whereas in geo-stationary satellite is always
 Geo-stationary satellite always appears synchronous with earth. So another tracking
stationary w.r.t to a point on the Earth device is not required.
surface. So continuous communication is Hence, both statements are correct and
possible. statement-II is correct explanation for
 Because of this reason, geo-stationary orbit statement-I.
is most widely used for communication
purpose. 11. Ans: (c)
 Because of it’s altitude, it gives rise to long Sol:
propagation delay.  The most probable bandwidth of a
Hence, both statements are correct but transponder in a satellite communication
statement-II is not correct explanation of system is 36MHz.
statement-I.

09. Ans: (b)


Sol:
 Radio and television receivers are generally
superhetrodyne. Since superhetrodyne
receiver will decreases the effect of image
frequency and decreases the distortion in
wireless communication.
 Superhetrodyne receivers are better in
selectivity.

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Chapter

01. Ans: (d)


8 Optical Fiber Communication
(Solutions for Vol‐1_Classroom Practice Questions)

We know,
Sol: Given, P 
Cladding material relative permittivity (r) log i 
dB / m    P0 
= 2.4375
L
 Refractive index of the cladding material L = length of optical fiber = 100km
(n2) =  r
 0.1m 
= 1.561 10 log 
P
 0 
Numerical aperture (N.A) = 0.25  0.25 
100
We know, N.A  n12  n 22
 P0 = – 35dBm
Where n1 = Refractive index of core
material. 04. Ans: (c)
n2 = Refractive index of cladding material Sol:
 Numerical aperture (N.A) is used to
 0.25  n 12  1.561
2
describe the light gathering (or) light
 n1  2.5 collecting ability of an optical fiber.
 The larger the magnitude of the numerical
02. Ans: (d) aperture, the greater the amount of external
Sol: Total number of modes in step index fiber light the fiber will accept.
V2    05. Ans: (c)
  
2   2 Sol:
Where,  In a optical fiber, the refractive index of the
 = Refractive index profile cladding material should be always less
than that of the core.
= 1 for triangular profile
 Then only, the total internal reflection takes
= 2 for parabolic profile place in core of optical fiber.
d
V = Normal frequency  N.A  06. Ans: (d)

Sol:
i.e., the total number of modes entering an
 Fibers with higher numerical aperture
optical fiber depends on core radius (r),
values generally exhibit greater losses and
wave length of the optical source () and
low bandwidth.
refractive index profile ().
 In optical fiber numerical aperture band
Hence, option (d) is correct. width product is constant.
07. Ans: (b)
03. Ans: (b) Sol:
Sol: Given, for a single mode optical cable  To transmit a data at the rate of 1000Mbps,
Attenuation per km =  (dB/km) mostly we are going for optical fiber
= 0.25 dB/km system.
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