Advanced Communication
Advanced Communication
S p
Total time = x/b + k.d + (k – 1)
b
d
04. Ans: (a)
d Sol: A packet can be forwarded before the next
d packet arrives in virtual circuit connections,
so in between the packets the delay jitter is
zero.
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:4: Advanced Communication
SID HID
11. Ans: (d)
6 10
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:6: Advanced Communication
(b) NO S
Sol: O P
I H
For television broadcasting we are using E
VHF and UHF frequency bands since we Earth R
need to transmit both audio and video
E
signals.
For these frequency bands, we are using Fig. Multiple reflections of radio wave from ionosphere
space wave (line-of-sight) propagation In a single reflection from the ionosphere
because at such frequencies sky wave and the radio waves cover a distance not more
ground wave propagations both fail. than 4000km as shown in figure (a).
At this frequency range, sky wave are fail to Extremely long distance i.e., round the
reflect from ionosphere (rather they globe communications also possible with
penetrate through it) and ground waves are the multiple reflections of sky waves as
completely attenuated after few hundred shown in figure (b).
meter propagation because of wave tilt and
attenuation by earth surface.
03. Ans: (b)
This mode of propagation is also used in
radar and frequency modulations. Sol:
The relative permittivity of the ionosphere
at radio frequency is less than one.
02. Ans: (b)
Sol:
04. Ans: (b)
The sky waves (Ionospheric waves) are
Sol: The disappearance of few layers in the night
used at medium and high frequencies for
is due to recombination of ions into
very long distance radio communications.
molecules as shown in figure (a) and (b)
which shows electron density during night
Since, in this mode of propagation EM and day.
waves reach the receiving point after
reflection from the ionosphere which is
HIEGTH ABOVE EARTH
p air
1
_____(1)
Earth
Fig. Typical heights of ionospheric layers above earth
00
p ionosphere
1
______(2)
08. Ans: (b)
00 r
Sol:
From equation (1) and (2), The phenomenon of propagating microwave
(p)ionosphere > (p)air [ r < 1] signals around the curvature of the earth
over a distances upto 1000km is known as
i.e., when a wave travels from air into “Duct propagation” as shown in figure.
ionosphere, the velocity of the wave
Duct propagation phenomenon occurs
increases. mostly at UHF and micro wave frequencies.
f c 9 N max
Earth Radiation
from sun 13. Ans: (c)
Sol:
Ionosphere is divided into different layers
and each of the layer exhibits different
E Layer characteristics as shown in figure below.
Night Day
D Layer
F Layer The density of the layers increases until
Fig: Different layers of Ionosphere noon and then decrease slowly throughout
during day and night the afternoon since ionization depends on
the radiation from the sun.
Earth Radiation
from sun
E Layer
Night Day
D Layer
F Layer
We know,
Sol: Given, P
Cladding material relative permittivity (r) log i
dB / m P0
= 2.4375
L
Refractive index of the cladding material L = length of optical fiber = 100km
(n2) = r
0.1m
= 1.561 10 log
P
0
Numerical aperture (N.A) = 0.25 0.25
100
We know, N.A n12 n 22
P0 = – 35dBm
Where n1 = Refractive index of core
material. 04. Ans: (c)
n2 = Refractive index of cladding material Sol:
Numerical aperture (N.A) is used to
0.25 n 12 1.561
2
describe the light gathering (or) light
n1 2.5 collecting ability of an optical fiber.
The larger the magnitude of the numerical
02. Ans: (d) aperture, the greater the amount of external
Sol: Total number of modes in step index fiber light the fiber will accept.
V2 05. Ans: (c)
2 2 Sol:
Where, In a optical fiber, the refractive index of the
= Refractive index profile cladding material should be always less
than that of the core.
= 1 for triangular profile
Then only, the total internal reflection takes
= 2 for parabolic profile place in core of optical fiber.
d
V = Normal frequency N.A 06. Ans: (d)
Sol:
i.e., the total number of modes entering an
Fibers with higher numerical aperture
optical fiber depends on core radius (r),
values generally exhibit greater losses and
wave length of the optical source () and
low bandwidth.
refractive index profile ().
In optical fiber numerical aperture band
Hence, option (d) is correct. width product is constant.
07. Ans: (b)
03. Ans: (b) Sol:
Sol: Given, for a single mode optical cable To transmit a data at the rate of 1000Mbps,
Attenuation per km = (dB/km) mostly we are going for optical fiber
= 0.25 dB/km system.
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