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Endiocrine System

The endocrine system is composed of glands that produce hormones, which act as chemical messengers controlling various body functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Key components include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads, each releasing specific hormones that regulate bodily processes. The system maintains homeostasis through feedback mechanisms, ensuring balanced hormone levels for normal bodily function.

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22 views26 pages

Endiocrine System

The endocrine system is composed of glands that produce hormones, which act as chemical messengers controlling various body functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Key components include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads, each releasing specific hormones that regulate bodily processes. The system maintains homeostasis through feedback mechanisms, ensuring balanced hormone levels for normal bodily function.

Uploaded by

chaitali02prabhu
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Endocrine System

Endocrine System

Prutha Bhatt
Endocrine System

• The endocrine system is made up of glands that make hormones.

• (Gland =An organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive
juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk.)

• Hormones are the body's chemical messengers.

• The hormones released by the endocrine system control many important functions
in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, and reproduction.
Glands in
the Body

Exocrine Endocrine
Parts of Endocrine System
• Hypothalamus
• Pineal
• Pituitary
• Thyroid & Para thyroid
• Thymus
• Pancreas
• Adrenal
• Ovary
• Testes
Overview of Endocrine System
• The glands that make up the endocrine system
produce chemical messengers called hormones
that travel through the blood to other parts of
the body.

• The endocrine and nervous systems work


closely together. The brain sends instructions
to the endocrine system. In return, it gets
constant feedback from the glands.

• The two systems together are called the ‘Neuro


endocrine system’.
• The hypothalamus is the master switchboard.
It's the part of the brain that controls the
endocrine system.

• The pea-sized structure hanging below it is the


pituitary gland. It's called the master gland
because it regulates the activity of the glands.

• The hypothalamus sends hormonal messages to


the pituitary gland. In turn, it releases hormones
that carry signals to other glands.
• This system maintains its own balance. When the
hypothalamus detects the rising level of hormones
from a particular gland, It sends a message to the
pituitary to stop releasing certain hormones. When
the pituitary stops, it causes the gland to stop
producing its hormones.

• The constant adjustment of hormone levels lets the


body function normally.

• This process is called homeostasis.


Pituitary Gland

• The pituitary gland is the master gland. This is pea-sized and


is located at the bottom of the brain.

• It control and regulate other glands in the body.

• An adult human’s pituitary gland consists of two parts – the


Anterior and the Posterior parts.
• Hormones released by anterior Pituitary are growth hormone, Thyroid-
Stimulating Hormone- TSH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone.

• Human Growth Hormone (HGH): Responsible for the growth and repair of
all cells in the body.

• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Influences the thyroid gland for the
release of thyroxine, its own hormone.

• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Influences the adrenal gland to


release of Cortisol or the “stress hormone”. ACTH is also known as
corticotropin.
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH):
Collectively known as Gonadotropins, LH and FSH control the sexual and
reproductive characteristics in males and females.
o FSH- In females, FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the
growth of eggs in the ovaries. It stimulates Spermatogenesis in males.
oLH-Triggers ovulation. It stimulates ovary to develop corpus luteum, to secrete
estrogen, progesterone. It stimulates Testes to secrete Testosterone in males.
(Corpus luteum is a structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been
discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun.)

• Prolactin (PRL): It stimulates Lactation- milk secretion and ejection.

• Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH): Involved in the stimulation of


the production of melanin by skin and hair.
• Hormones released by Posterior Pituitary are Oxytocin and Anti-Diuretic
hormone- Vasopressin.

• Antidiuretic Hormone/ Vasopressin: Controls the water balance of the


body by affecting reabsorption of water by the kidneys.

• Oxytocin: Controls certain aspects of pregnancy and childbirth such as


uterine contraction and production of milk
Thyroid Gland & Parathyroid Gland
• The thyroid gland sits in the throat region, just below the
larynx. It consists of two lobes.

• The thyroid hormones it secretes, Thyroxine (T4) and Tri-


iodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin.

• T3& T4 regulate body metabolism. Iodine is vital for


thyroxine synthesis. Its deficiency leads to a disease called
goiter.

• T3, T4: Helps in protein synthesis, plays important role


in body growth, metabolism, fat metabolism etc.

• Calcitonin: The main actions of calcitonin are to increase


bone calcium content and decrease the blood calcium level
when it rises above normal.
• Parathyroid hormone is secreted by the four parathyroid glands.

• These tiny glands are present in the neck behind thyroid gland.

• Parathyroid hormone controls and regulates the levels of calcium, magnesium,


phosphate in the blood and raise their levels when they are too low.

• This gland performs its function through its actions on the bones, intestine,
and the kidneys.
Thymus
• The thymus is located in the upper anterior (front) part of your chest directly behind your
sternum and between your lungs.

• It makes white blood cells (T lymphocytes) which are part of the immune system and help
fight infection.

• The thymus produces all our T cells before we become teenagers.

• It gradually becomes less active and eventually gets smaller and is replaced by fat tissue.

• The thymus also produces a hormone called Thymosin that helps make and develop T
cells.
Pancreas
• The pancreas is endocrine as well as an exocrine gland.

• The exocrine part secretes the digestive juice called as


Pancreatic juice.

• The endocrine part secretes hormones like glucagon,


insulin; these two balance the blood sugar level in the
body.

• Other hormones secreted are Somatostatin and


Pancreatic polypeptide.
• The endocrine part of the pancreas comprises Islets of Langerhans that
release insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream. They help in
regulating the blood sugar levels of the body.

• Somatostatin controls secretion of insulin and glucagon.

• Pancreatic Polypeptide controls secretion of somatostatin.


• The adrenal glands are pyramid-shaped organs that
sit at the top of each kidney.
Adrenal Gland
• Each adrenal gland consists of two structures: an
Outer Adrenal Cortex and an Inner Adrenal
Medulla.

• Cortex region secretes the hormones Cortisol,


Aldosterone, and Androgens while the medulla
region secretes the hormones Adrenaline and
Noradrenaline.

• Adrenaline is the “hormone of fight or flight”.

• Noradrenaline acts as a neurotransmitter


• Cortisol (Glucocorticoid): manage protein and glucose levels.

• Aldosterone: adjust levels of water and salt.

• Androgens: secreted by the adrenal cortex in small amounts by both sexes.


It helps in development of secondary sexual characteristics.

• The adrenal medulla produces Adrenalin that increases the activity of


Sympathetic System. So useful in ‘Fight or flight’ mechanism.
Gonads
• Gonads are reproductive glands present in male
and female.

• Male gonad is the pair of testes which secretes


the hormone Testosterone. This is responsible
for the secondary sexual characteristics in males.

• Female gonad consists of a pair of ovaries. They


secrete two hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Both of these regulate the secondary sexual
characteristics in females.
• The major hormones of the ovaries are progesterone and estrogen.

• Estrogens: It is a group of female sex hormones essential for


reproduction and the development of the female reproductive system.
• Estrogens are responsible for maturation and growth of the vagina and
uterus, widening of pelvis, breast and the uterus changes during the
menstrual cycle, and increasing growth of hairs on the body.

• Progesterone: These are the hormones whose function is to prepare the


uterus for conception, regulating changes in the uterus during the
Menstrual cycle, ovulation, and stimulating gland development for the
production of milk during pregnancy.
• The major hormones of the Testes:

• Testosterone is responsible and essential for increased growth of bone


and muscle, growth of body hair, developing broader shoulder, voice
deepening and growth of the penis.

• Androstenedione – This is the hormones that act as a precursor to


estrogens and testosterone.

• Inhibin – These hormones inhibit the release of FSH and thought to


be involved in sperm cell regulation and development.
Pineal
• It is a pinecone-shaped small gland located
in the middle of the human brain in
between the two hemispheres in an area
called epithalamus.

• It was once known as “the third eye”.

• It is the major site for melatonin


secretion, which regulates the body’s
internal clock (Circadian rhythm).
• Hormones Synthesized by Pineal Gland– Melatonin, Serotonin

• Serotonin is the precursor of melatonin.

• Melatonin affects circadian rhythm.

• Our circadian rhythm is a 24-hour biological cycle, characterized by the sleep-wake


patterns.

• The daylight and darkness regulate our circadian rhythms. The secretion of
melatonin is stopped on exposure to light which in turn controls the circadian
rhythm.

• The secretion of melatonin is high during dark and low during daylight.
Functions of endocrine glands

• Hormones are released into the bloodstream by endocrine


glands. This allows hormones to flow to cells throughout the
body.

• Endocrine hormones play a role in mood regulation, growth


and development, organ function, metabolism, and
reproduction.
• The amount of each hormone released is controlled by the
endocrine system.

• It can be influenced by the quantities of hormones already present


in the blood, as well as the levels of other substances present in the
blood, such as calcium.

• Hormone levels are affected by a variety of factors, including stress,


infection, and changes in the blood fluid and mineral balance.

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