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kinetic theory

Chapter 13 discusses the Kinetic Theory of Gases, outlining key assumptions about gas molecules, their behavior, and the laws governing them, such as Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Avogadro's Law. It also introduces the concept of real gases and the Van der Waals equation, along with details on kinetic energy, degrees of freedom, and specific heat. Additionally, it touches on mean free path and Brownian motion, highlighting the random motion of particles in a medium.

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9 views4 pages

kinetic theory

Chapter 13 discusses the Kinetic Theory of Gases, outlining key assumptions about gas molecules, their behavior, and the laws governing them, such as Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Avogadro's Law. It also introduces the concept of real gases and the Van der Waals equation, along with details on kinetic energy, degrees of freedom, and specific heat. Additionally, it touches on mean free path and Brownian motion, highlighting the random motion of particles in a medium.

Uploaded by

raomann.74
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CHAPTER 13 KINETIC THEORY

Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases


1. Every gas consists of extremely small particles known as molecules. The
molecules of a given gas are all identical but are different from those of another
gas.
2. The molecules of a gas are identical spherical, rigid and perfectly elastic point
masses.
3. Their molecular size is negligible in comparison to intermolecular distance
(10-9 m).
4. The speed of gas molecules lies between zero and infinity (very high speed).
5. The distance covered by the molecules between two successive collisions is
known as free path and mean of all free path is known as mean free path.
6. The number of collision per unit volume in a gas remains constant.
7. No attractive or repulsive force acts between gas molecules.
8. Gravitational to extremely attraction among the molecules is ineffective due
small masses and very high speed of molecules.
Gas laws
Assuming permanent gases to be ideal, through experiments, it was established
that gases irrespective of their nature obey the following laws.
Boyle’s Law At constant temperature the volume (V) of given mass of a gas is
inversely proportional to its pressure (p), i.e.,

V ∝ 1/p ⇒ PV = constant
For a given gas, P1V1 = P2V2

Charles’ Law At constant pressure the volume (V) of a given mass of gas is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature (T), i.e.

V ∝ T ⇒ V / T = constant
For a given gas, V1/T1 = V2/T2
At constant pressure the volume (V) of a given mass of a gas increases or
decreases by 1/273.15 of its volume at 0°C for each 1°C rise or fall in
temperature.
Volume of the gas at t° Ce
Vt = V0 (1 + t/273.15)
where V0 is the volume of gas at 0°C.
Gay Lussac’ s or Regnault’s Law At constant volume the pressure p of a
given mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature T, i.e. ,

p ∝ T ⇒ V/T = constant
For a given gas, p1/T1 = p2/T2
At constant volume (V) the pressure p of a given mass of a gas increases or
decreases by 1/273.15 of its pressure at 0°C for each l°C rise or fall in
temperature.
Volume of the gas at t°C,
pt = p0 (1 + t/273.15)
where P0 is the pressure of gas at 0°C
Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro stated that equal volume of all the gases under similar conditions of
temperature and pressure contain equal number molecules. This statement is
called Avogadro’s hypothesis.
According Avogadro’s law
(i) Avogadro’s number The number of molecules present in 1g mole of a
gas is defined as Avogadro’s number.
(ii) NA = 6.023 X 1023 per gram mole
(iii) At STP or NTP (T = 273 K and p = 1 atm 22.4 L of each gas has 6.023
x 1023 molecules.
(iv) One mole of any gas at STP occupies 22.4 L of volume.
Standard or Perfect Gas Equation
Gases which obey all gas laws in all conditions of pressure and temperature are
called perfect gases.
Equation of perfect gas pV=nRT
where p = pressure, V = volume, T = absolute temperature, R = universal gas
constant and n = number of moles of a gas. Universal gas constant R = 8.31 J
mol-1K -1 .
Real Gases Real gases deviate slightly from ideal gas laws because
 Real gas molecules attract one another.
 Real gas molecules occupy a finite volume.
Real or Van der Waal’s Gas Equation
(p + a/V2 ) (V – b) = RT
where a and b are called van der Waals’ constants.
Pressure due to an ideal gas is given by
p = (1/3).(mn/V). c2 = 1/3 ρ c2
For one mole of an ideal gas P = (1/3).(M/V).c2
where, m = mass of one molecule, n = number of molecules, V = volume of gas,
c = (c1 2 + c2 2 + … + cn 2 ) / n all root mean square (rms) velocity of the gas
molecules and M = molecular weight of the gas. If p is the pressure of the gas
and E is the kinetic energy per unit volume is E, then
p = (2/3).E
Kinetic Energy of a Gas
(i) Average kinetic energy of translation per molecule of a gas is given by
E = (3/2) kt where k = Boltzmann’s constant.
(ii) Average kinetic energy of translation per mole of a gas is given by
E = (3/2) Rt

For a given gas kinetic energy E ∝ T ⇒ E1/E2 = T1/T2


where R = universal gas constant.
(iii)
(iv) Root mean square (rms) velocity of the gas molecules is given by

For a given gas c ∝ √T


For different gases c ∝1/√M
(v)
(vi)
(vii) Boltzmann’s constant k = R/N where R is ideal gas constant and N =
Avogadro number. Value of Boltzmann’s constant is 1.38 x 10-28 J/K.
(viii) The average speed of molecules of a gas is given by

Uav =( 8RT/∏M)1/2
(ix) The most probable speed of molecules of a gas is given by

Degree of Freedom
The degree of freedom for a dynamic system is the number of
directions in which it can move freely or the number of coordinates
required to describe completely the position and configuration of the
system.
 It is denoted by for N.
*Degree of freedom of a system is given by
* f or N = 3A – R
*where A = number of particles in the system and R = number of
independent relations
Degree of Freedom
1. For monoatomic gas = 3
2. For diatomic gas = 5
3. For non-linear triatomic gas = 6
4. For linear triatomic gas = 7
Specific heat of a gas
(a) At constant volume, CV = f/2 R
(b) At constant pressure, cp = (f/2 + 1)R
(c) Ratio of specific heats of a gas at constant pressure and at constant
volume is given by
γ = 1 + 2/f
Mean Free Path
The average distance travelled by a molecule between two successive
collisions is called mean free path (γ).
Mean free path is given by γ = kT / √2 π σ2 p
where σ = diameter of the molecule, p = pressure of the gas, T =
temperature and k = Botlzmann’s constant.

λ ∝ T and λ ∝ 1/p
Mean free path

Brownian Motion

The continuous random motion of the particles of microscopic size


suspended in air or any liquid, is called Brownian of microscopic
motion.

Brownian suspended motion in both is observed with many liquids and


gases.

Brownian motion is due to the unequal bombardment of the suspended


Particles by the molecules of the surrounding medium.

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