Basic Ultrasonic Principles: P.J Suryavamshi Nde-Hzw

BASIC ULTRASONIC PRINCIPLES
P.J SURYAVAMSHI NDE-HZW

9th Sep, 2001
A. What is Ultrasound? Sound generated above the human hearing range (20 KHz) is called ultrasound. Although ultrasound behaves in a similar manner to audible sound, it has a much shorter wavelength. This means it can be reflected off very small surfaces such as defects inside material. The frequency range normally employed in ultrasonic testing is 100 KHz to 50 MHz.

B. Velocity of Ultrasound and Wavelength: Ultrasonic vibrations travel in the form of a wave, similar to the way light travels. However, unlike light waves, which can travel in a vacuum, ultrasound requires an elastic medium. = v/f Where: = Wavelength v = material sound velocity f = frequency
BASIC ULTRASONIC PRINCIPLES C. Wave Propagation and Particle Motion:

The most common methods of ultrasonic examination utilize either longitudinal waves or Shear wave. Longitudinal Wave : A wave in which the particle motion is in the same direction as the propagation of wave. Shear Wave : A wave motion in which the particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of the propagation.

D. Sound Field The sound field of a transducer (probe) is divided into two zones; the near field and the far field. Near Field: The region directly in front of the transducer where the echo amplitude goes through a series of maxima and minima and ends at the last maximum. The near field is the natural focus of the transducer. It is the function of the transducer frequency, element diameter, and the sound velocity of the test material.
N = D2 / 4 N = Near field Distance D = Crystal Diameter

Far Field: The far field is the area beyond near field where the sound field pressure gradually drops to zero. In the far field the sound beam diverges.
N
Sin (/2) = 0.514 / D /2 = Half Angle beam Spread.
DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSDUCER
A. What is an Ultrasonic Transducer? A transducer is any device that converts one form of energy to another. An ultrasonic transducer converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, in the form of sound, and vice versa. The main components are the active element, backing, and wear plate.
The Active Element: The active element, which is piezo electric material, converts electrical energy such as an excitation pulse from a flaw detector into ultrasonic energy. Backing: The backing is usually a highly attenuative, high density material that is used to control the vibration of the transducer by absorbing the energy radiating from the back face of the active element.
Wear Plate: The basic purpose of the transducer wear plate is to protect the transducer element from the testing environment. In the case of contact transducers, the wear plate must be a durable and corrosion resistant material in order to withstand the wear caused by use on a material such as steel.
TYPES OF TRANSDUCER
Dual Element Transducer: Dual element transducer utilize separate transmitting and receiving elements, mounted on delay lines that are usually cut at an angle. This configuration improves near surface resolution.
Roof Angle Delay lines
TYPES OF TRANSDUCER
TYPES OF TRANSDUCER
Angle
Beam Transducer: Angle beam transducer use the principles of refraction and mode conversion to produce refracted shear or longitudinal waves in the test material.
Longitudinal Wave Shear Wave First Critical Angle = 28 0 Second Critical Angle = 57 0
TYPES OF TRANSDUCER
TYPES OF TRANSDUCER
Surface Distance
Beam Path
TYPES OF TRANSDUCER
FOCUSED PROBE
Focusing Configuration: Focusing is accomplished by either the addition of a lens or by curving the element. By definition, the focal length of transducer is the distance from the face of the transducer to the point in the sound field where the signal with the maximum amplitude is located. Because the last signal maximum occurs at a distance equivalent to the near field, focal distance will be always less than near field length.
FOCUSED PROBE
FOCUSED PROBE
Types of focusing: a.Spherically Focused (Spot Focused) b.Cylindrically Focused (Line Focused)
RTD PROBES
RTD PROBES
Hazira RTD Probe 700TRL2-Aust. 2(8 X 14) SA 100, FS - 21 Wave Mode: 700 Longitudinal Frequency : 2 MHz Powai RTD Probe 700TRL2-St 2( 18 - R150) SA 250, FS - 18 Wave Mode: 700 Longitudinal Frequency : 2 MHz
RTD PROBES
Hazira RTD Probe Material to be tested: Aust. Steel Able to detect discontinuity in Aust. Steel & Steel Crystal Shape: Rectangular Line Focused Powai RTD Probe Material to be tested: Steel Able to detect discontinuity in Steel Crystal Shape: Elliptical Spot Focused
RTD PROBES
Hazira RTD Probe Focus Sound Path: 21 mm Roof Angle: 100 Powai RTD Probe Focus Sound Path: 18 mm Roof Angle: 250

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BASIC ULTRASONIC PRINCIPLES

P.J SURYAVAMSHI NDE-HZW