Math 103

Lecture 9

Dr. Mustafa El-Agamy

Dr. Mohammad Yasin
 Derivatives

Derivatives of Transcendental Functions

▪ Trigonometric Functions

𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥

2𝑥 + ℎ ℎ
sin(𝑥 + ℎ) − sin 𝑥 2 cos ( ) . sin (2)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim = lim 2
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

ℎ
∵ℎ→0 ∴ →0
2

ℎ ℎ ℎ
cos (𝑥 + ) . sin ( ) sin ( )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim 2 2 = lim 2 . lim cos (𝑥 + ℎ)
ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ 2
2
→0 ( 2) 2
→0 ( )
2 2
→0

∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥

Note that:

𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
1 2 cos ( ) . sin ( ) = sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵
2 2

sin 𝜃
2 lim =1
𝜃→0 𝜃 𝜽

3 Similarly, we can deduce that

𝑑
(cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

1
 Derivatives

Graphically,

𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
1 𝛼 = 0o

−1 𝛼 = 0o

𝑓 ′(𝑥) = tan 𝛼
1

−1

𝑓 ′(0) = 𝑓 ′(2𝜋) = tan(45o ) = 1

𝜋 3𝜋
𝑓 ′( ) = 𝑓 ′( ) = tan(0o ) = 0
2 2

𝑓 ′(𝜋) = tan(135o ) = −1

Note that:

Δ𝑦 2 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 has a maximum

1 Line Slope (𝑚) = = tan 𝛼
Δ𝑥
value at 𝑥 = 𝜋 ⁄2 and
where 𝜶 is the angle with minimum value at 𝑥 = 3 𝜋⁄2.
the positive 𝑥-axis. Hence,

𝒇 ′( 𝜋⁄2 ) = 𝒇 ′( 3 𝜋⁄2 ) = 𝟎

2
 Derivatives

sin 𝑥
𝑦 = tan 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (cos 𝑥)(cos 𝑥) − (sin 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥) cos 2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 1

= = =
𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥)2 cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥

𝑑
∴ (tan 𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

cos 𝑥
𝑦 = cot 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (sin 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥) − (cos 𝑥)(cos 𝑥) − sin2 𝑥 − cos 2 𝑥 −1
= = =
𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥)2 sin2 𝑥 sin2 𝑥

𝑑
∴ (cot 𝑥) = − csc 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

1
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (cos 𝑥)(0) − (1)(− sin 𝑥) sin 𝑥 1 sin 𝑥
= = = .
𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥)2 cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥

𝑑
∴ (sec 𝑥) = sec 𝑥 . tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

1
𝑦 = csc 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (sin 𝑥)(0) − (1)(cos 𝑥) − cos 𝑥 −1 cos 𝑥
= = = .
𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥)2 sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥

𝑑
∴ (csc 𝑥) = − csc 𝑥 . cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

3
 Derivatives

In general,

𝑑
(sin[𝑓(𝑥)]) = cos[𝑓(𝑥)] . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
(tan[𝑓(𝑥)]) = sec 2 [𝑓(𝑥)] . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
(sec[𝑓(𝑥)]) = sec[𝑓(𝑥)] tan[𝑓(𝑥)] . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Find the derivative for each of the following functions:

(i) 𝑦 = 4 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 tan 𝑥 − sec(√𝑥 )

(ii) 𝑦 = csc 2𝑥 + cos 6 𝑥 + 3 cot(sin 𝑥)

(iii) 𝑦 = √sin(tan 𝑥 4 )

Solution

1
(i) 𝑦 ′ = 4 cos 𝑥 + [𝑥 3 . sec 2 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 . 3𝑥 2 ] − sec(√𝑥 ) tan(√𝑥 ) .
2 √𝑥

sec(√𝑥 ) tan(√𝑥 )
∴ 𝑦 ′ = 4 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 sec 2 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 −
2 √𝑥

(ii) 𝑦 ′ = − csc 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥 . (2) + 6 cos 5 𝑥 . (− sin 𝑥) − 3 csc 2 (sin 𝑥) . (cos 𝑥)

∴ 𝑦 ′ = −2 csc 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥 − 6 sin 𝑥 cos 5 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 . csc 2 (sin 𝑥)

4
 Derivatives

1
(iii) 𝑦 ′ = . cos(tan 𝑥 4 ) . sec 2 (𝑥 4 ) . 4𝑥 3
2 √sin(tan 𝑥 4 )

2𝑥 3 sec 2 (𝑥 4 ) cos(tan 𝑥 4 )
∴𝑦′=
√sin(tan 𝑥 4 )

Note that:

Big difference between

𝑑
1 [ sin(𝑥 3 ) ] = cos(𝑥 3 ) . 3𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 2 . cos(𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
[ sin3 𝑥 ] = [ (sin 𝑥)3 ] = 3 (sin 𝑥)2 . cos 𝑥 = 3 sin2 𝑥 . cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Famous derivatives

𝑑
2 (sec 𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑛 (sec 𝑛 𝑥) tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
(csc 𝑛 𝑥) = − 𝑛 (csc 𝑛 𝑥) cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
3 (sin2 𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
(cos 2 𝑥) = −2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = − sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

5
 Derivatives

▪ Logarithmic Functions

𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥

𝑥+ℎ
ln (
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ln(𝑥 + ℎ) − ln 𝑥
= lim 𝑥 )
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

1 ℎ 1 𝑥 ℎ
= lim ln (1 + ) = lim . ln (1 + )
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑥 ℎ→0 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥

𝑥 𝑥
1 ℎ ℎ 1 ℎ ℎ
= lim ln (1 + ) = lim ln (1 + )
ℎ→0 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 ℎ→0 𝑥

𝑥
1 ℎ ℎ
= ln ( lim (1 + ) )
𝑥 ℎ→0 𝑥

ℎ
Let 𝑚 = and ∵ ℎ → 0 ∴𝑚→0
𝑥

1 1 1 1
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ln ( lim (1 + 𝑚)𝑚 ) = ln(𝑒) =
𝑥 𝑚→0 𝑥 𝑥

Note that:

1 lim (ln 𝜃) = ln ( lim 𝜃)

𝜃→𝛼 𝜃→𝛼

𝑑 𝑑 ln 𝑥 1
2 ( log 𝑎 𝑥 ) = ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎

3 Generally,

𝑑 1 ′
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
( ln[𝑓(𝑥)] ) = . 𝑓 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

6
 Derivatives

Find the derivative for each of the following functions:

(i) 𝑦 = tan8 (ln 𝑥) + (ln 𝑥)3

(ii) 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 . ln 𝑥 + 4 log 3 𝑥

(iii) 𝑦 = ln(sin 𝑥) + ln(ln 𝑥)

Solution

1 1
(i) 𝑦 ′ = 8 tan7 (ln 𝑥) . sec 2 (ln 𝑥) . + 3(ln 𝑥)2 .
𝑥 𝑥

1 4
(ii) 𝑦 ′ = sec 𝑥 . + ln 𝑥 . sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 +
𝑥 𝑥 ln 3

1 1 1 1
(iii) 𝑦 ′ = . cos 𝑥 + . = cot 𝑥 +
sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥

▪ Exponential Functions

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥

ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1
ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥= ⇒ =
ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 ln 𝑎

𝑑𝑥 1
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
( )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 𝑦 ln 𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥

7
 Derivatives

𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 then = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
∴ (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Thus the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 has the property that it is its own derivative.
The geometrical meaning of this fact is that the slope of a tangent to the curve
is equal to the 𝑦-coordinate of the point.

At what point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is the slope of the tangent

equal two?

Solution

The 𝑦-coordinate of the point = 2

∴ 2 = 𝑒𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = ln 2

The required point is (ln 2 , 2)

Generally,

𝑑 𝑓(𝑥)
[𝑎 ] = 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) ln 𝑎 . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑓(𝑥)
[𝑒 ] = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

8
 Derivatives

Find the derivative for each of the following functions:

(i) 𝑦 = 4 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 3𝑥 (ii) 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2tan 𝑥 (iii) 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin(ln 𝑥)

Solution

(i) 𝑦 ′ = 4 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 . 3𝑥 ln 3 + 3𝑥 . (3𝑥 2 )

(ii) 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −3𝑥 . (−3) + 2tan 𝑥 ln 2 . sec 2 𝑥

1
(iii) 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 sin(ln 𝑥) . cos(ln 𝑥) .
𝑥

Note that:

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇 ′ (𝒙)

𝑐 (constant) 0

𝑥𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
1
√𝑥
2 √𝑥

𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥

𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎

1
ln 𝑥
𝑥
ln 𝑥 1
log 𝑎 𝑥 =
ln 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎

Table 2

9
 Derivatives

▪ Hyperbolic Functions

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 = sinh 𝑥 = 𝑦 = cosh 𝑥 =
2 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
∴ = = cosh 𝑥 ∴ = = sinh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2

Consequently,

sinh 𝑥
𝑦 = tanh 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (cosh 𝑥)(cosh 𝑥) − (sinh 𝑥)(sinh 𝑥) cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 1
= = =
𝑑𝑥 (cosh 𝑥)2 cosh2 𝑥 cosh2 𝑥

𝑑
∴ (tanh 𝑥) = sech2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

cosh 𝑥
𝑦 = coth 𝑥 =
sinh 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (sinh 𝑥)(sinh 𝑥) − (cosh 𝑥)(cosh 𝑥) sinh2 𝑥 − cosh2 𝑥 −1
= = =
𝑑𝑥 (sinh 𝑥)2 sinh2 𝑥 sinh2 𝑥

𝑑
∴ (coth 𝑥) = − csch2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

1
𝑦 = sech 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (cosh 𝑥)(0) − (1)(sinh 𝑥) −sinh 𝑥 −1 sinh 𝑥
= 2
= 2
= .
𝑑𝑥 (cosh 𝑥) cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

𝑑
∴ (sech 𝑥) = − sech 𝑥 . tanh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

10
 Derivatives

1
𝑦 = csch 𝑥 =
sinh 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (sinh 𝑥)(0) − (1)(cosh 𝑥) − cosh 𝑥 −1 cosh 𝑥
= = = .
𝑑𝑥 (sinh 𝑥)2 sinh2 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥

𝑑
∴ (csch 𝑥) = − csch 𝑥 . coth 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Note that:

Trigonometric Functions Hyperbolic Functions

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇 ′ (𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇 ′ (𝒙)

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥

tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 sech2 𝑥

cot 𝑥 − csc 2 𝑥 coth 𝑥 − csch2 𝑥

sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sech 𝑥 − sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥

csc 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 csch 𝑥 − csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥

Table 3

11
 Derivatives

Find the derivative for each of the following functions:

𝑒𝑥
(i) 𝑦 = cosh(𝑥 5 tanh 𝑥) (ii) 𝑦 =
(𝑥 + sinh 𝑥)2
(iii) 𝑦 = sech3 (√coth 𝑥 )

Solution

(i) 𝑦 ′ = sinh(𝑥 5 tanh 𝑥) . [𝑥 5 sech2 𝑥 + 5𝑥 4 tanh 𝑥]

(𝑥 + sinh 𝑥)2 . 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 . 2(𝑥 + sinh 𝑥). (1 + cosh 𝑥)

(ii) 𝑦 ′ =
(𝑥 + sinh 𝑥)4

𝑒 𝑥 [(𝑥 + sinh 𝑥) − 2(1 + cosh 𝑥)]

=
(𝑥 + sinh 𝑥)3

1
(iii) 𝑦 ′ = −3 sech3 (√coth 𝑥 ) . tanh(√coth 𝑥 ) . . [− csch2 𝑥]
2√coth 𝑥

12
 Derivatives

▪ Derivatives of Inverse Functions

𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥

𝑥 = sin 𝑦

𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑦 = √1 − sin2 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥

𝑥 = tan 𝑦

𝑑𝑥
= sec 2 𝑦 = 1 + tan2 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2

𝑦 = sec −1 𝑥

𝑥 = sec 𝑦

𝑑𝑥
= sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 = sec 𝑦 √sec 2 𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1

13
 Derivatives

Thus,

𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥 𝑦 = cot −1 𝑥 𝑦 = csc −1 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴𝑦= − sin−1 𝑥 ∴𝑦= − tan−1 𝑥 ∴𝑦= − sec −1 𝑥
2 2 2

𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑𝑦 −1
= = =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1

In a similar way

𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥 𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥 𝑦 = sech−1 𝑥

𝑥 = sinh 𝑦 𝑥 = tanh 𝑦 𝑥 = sech 𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cosh 𝑦 = sech2 𝑦 = − sech 𝑦 tanh 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= √1 + sinh2 𝑦 = 1 − tanh2 𝑦 = − sech 𝑦 √1 − sech2 𝑦

= 1 − 𝑥2
= √1 + 𝑥 2 = −𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑦 1 ∴ = 𝑑𝑦 −1
∴ = 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 ∴ =
𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

14
 Derivatives

Inverse Trig. Funs Inverse Hyp. Funs

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇 ′ (𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇 ′ (𝒙)

1 1
sin−1 𝑥 sinh−1 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2
−1 1
cos −1 𝑥 cosh−1 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 − 1
1 1
tan−1 𝑥 tanh−1 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥2
−1 −1
cot −1 𝑥 coth−1 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2 𝑥2 − 1
1 −1
sec −1 𝑥 sech−1 𝑥
𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
−1 −1
csc −1 𝑥 csch−1 𝑥
𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2

Table 4

Trig. Hyp.

1 + + 2
1
⋯ √⋯ − + 3

1 1 − 𝑥2 1 + + 1
2
⋯ − 3
2 1 + 𝑥2 −

1 + − 1
3 𝑥2 − 1 3
𝑥 √⋯ − 2
−

15
 Derivatives

Derivatives of Composite Functions

𝒚 𝒅𝒚⁄𝒅𝒙

[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑛 [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

1 ′
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
√𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑓 (𝑥) =
2 √𝑓(𝑥) 2 √𝑓(𝑥)
1 ′
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
ln[𝑓(𝑥)] . 𝑓 (𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) ln 𝑎 . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

sin[𝑓(𝑥)] cos[𝑓(𝑥)] . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) . cos[𝑓(𝑥)]

tan[𝑓(𝑥)] sec 2 [𝑓(𝑥)] . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

sec[𝑓(𝑥)] sec[𝑓(𝑥)] tan[𝑓(𝑥)] . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

1 ′
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
sin−1 [𝑓(𝑥)] . 𝑓 (𝑥) =
√1 − [𝑓(𝑥)]2 √1 − [𝑓(𝑥)]2

tan−1 [𝑓(𝑥)] 1 ′
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
. 𝑓 (𝑥) =
1 + [𝑓(𝑥)]2 1 + [𝑓(𝑥)]2

−1 [𝑓(𝑥)] 1 ′
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
sec . 𝑓 (𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥) √[𝑓(𝑥)]2 − 1 𝑓(𝑥) √[𝑓(𝑥)]2 − 1

Table 5

16
 Derivatives

Find the derivative for each of the following functions:

(i) 𝑦 = 4 sin−1 𝑥 + 3 tan−1 𝑥 + 9 sec −1 𝑥

(ii) 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + tan−1 (𝑥 3 ) + sec −1 (ln 𝑥)

(iii) 𝑦 = sinh−1 (cot −1 𝑥)

Solution

4 3 9
(i) 𝑦 ′ = + +
√1 − 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1

1 1 1 1
(ii) 𝑦 ′ = . 𝑒𝑥 + . 3𝑥 2
+ .
√1 − (𝑒 𝑥 )2 1 + (𝑥 3 )2 (ln 𝑥) √(ln 𝑥)2 − 1 𝑥

𝑒𝑥 3𝑥 2 1
= + +
√1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 1 + 𝑥 6 𝑥 ln 𝑥 √(ln 𝑥)2 − 1

1 −1
(iii) 𝑦 ′ = .
√1 + (cot −1 𝑥)2 1 + 𝑥2

Find the derivative for

−1 (𝑥 5 )
𝑦 = √ln(tan(cosh3 (𝑒 sec )))

Solution

All kinds of functions in one problem ☺

17
 Derivatives

1 1
𝑦′ = . −1 (𝑥 5 )
tan(cosh3 (𝑒 sec ))
2 √ln(tan(cosh3 (𝑒 sec−1(𝑥 5) )))

−1 (𝑥 5 ) −1 (𝑥 5 ) −1 (𝑥 5 )
. sec 2 (cosh3 (𝑒 sec )) . 3 cosh2 (𝑒 sec ) sinh(𝑒 sec )

−1 (𝑥 5 ) 1
. 𝑒 sec . . (5𝑥 4 )
𝑥5 √(𝑥 5 )2 −1

Implicit Differentiation

The functions that we met so far can be described by expressing one variable
explicitly in terms of another variable. For example,

𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + ln 𝑥

or, in general 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙). Some functions, however, are defined implicitly by

a relation between 𝒙 and 𝒚 such as

1 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9 (Circle)

or

2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑥)2 (Cardioid)

18
 Derivatives

If we solve Equation 1 for 𝒚, we get two functions

𝑦 = ±√9 − 𝑥 2

It's not easy to solve Equation 2 for 𝒚 explicitly as a function of 𝒙.

Fortunately, we don't need to solve an equation for 𝒚 in terms of 𝒙 in order

to find the derivative of 𝒚. Instead we can use the method of implicit

differentiation. This consists of differentiating both sides of the equation

with respect to 𝒙 and solving the resulting equation for 𝒚 ′.

Find 𝑦 ′ if 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 6 𝑥 𝑦. Hence, find the tangent to

the curve at the point (3,3).

Solution

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝒙.

3 𝑥2 + 3 𝑦2 𝑦 ′ = 6 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 6 𝑦

Solving for 𝒚 ′.

𝑦2 𝑦 ′ − 2 𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 2 𝑦 − 𝑥2

𝑦 ′ (𝑦 2 − 2 𝑥 ) = 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2

2 𝑦 − 𝑥2
∴𝑦′= 2
𝑦 −2𝑥

At the point (3,3) ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = −1

𝑦−3
The equation of tangent: = −1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 6 − 𝑥
𝑥−3

19
 Derivatives

Find 𝑦 ′ if sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥.

Solution

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝒙.

cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) . (1 + 𝑦 ′ ) = 𝑦 2 (− sin 𝑥) + (2 𝑦 𝑦 ′ ) cos 𝑥

Solving for 𝒚 ′.

𝑦 ′ cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 2 𝑦 𝑦 ′ cos 𝑥 = − 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑦 ′ [cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 2 𝑦 cos 𝑥] = − 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)

− 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 + cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑦′= =
cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 2 𝑦 cos 𝑥 2 𝑦 cos 𝑥 − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)

Logarithmic Differentiation

𝑦 = (ln 𝑥)4 𝑦 = 4(tan 𝑥) 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥)(cosh 𝑥)

1
𝑦 ′ = 4 (ln 𝑥)3 . 𝑦 ′ = 4(tan 𝑥) ln 4 . sec 2 𝑥 𝑦′= ?
𝑥

Find the derivative for

𝑦 = (sin 𝑥)(cosh 𝑥)

Solution

20
 Derivatives

Take natural logarithms of both sides of the equation and use the laws of
logarithms to simplify.

ln 𝑦 = ln(sin 𝑥)(cosh 𝑥)

ln 𝑦 = cosh 𝑥 . ln(sin 𝑥)

Differentiate implicitly with respect to 𝒙.

1 1
. 𝑦 ′ = cosh 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 + ln(sin 𝑥) . sinh 𝑥
𝑦 sin 𝑥

Solve the resulting equation for 𝒚 ′.

𝑦′
= cosh 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 ln(sin 𝑥)
𝑦

𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 (cosh 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 ln(sin 𝑥))

∴ 𝑦 ′ = (sin 𝑥)(cosh 𝑥) [cosh 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 ln(sin 𝑥)]

Another solution technique

(cosh 𝑥)
𝑦 = (sin 𝑥)(cosh 𝑥) = 𝑒 [ln(sin 𝑥) ]
= 𝑒 [cosh 𝑥 ln(sin 𝑥)]

1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 [cosh 𝑥 ln(sin 𝑥)] [cosh 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 + ln(sin 𝑥) . sinh 𝑥]
sin 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = (sin 𝑥)(cosh 𝑥) [cosh 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 ln(sin 𝑥)]

21
 Derivatives

Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 for

(tan−1 𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 cosh 𝑦

Solution

ln(tan−1 𝑥) 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 𝑒 cosh 𝑦 )

𝑦 ln(tan−1 𝑥) = ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑒 cosh 𝑦 ) = ln 𝑥 + cosh 𝑦

Differentiate implicitly with respect to 𝒙.

1 1 1
𝑦 ′ ln(tan−1 𝑥) + 𝑦 = + sinh 𝑦 . 𝑦 ′
tan−1 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥

1 𝑦
𝑦 ′ [ ln(tan−1 𝑥) − sinh 𝑦 ] = −
𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )

1 𝑦
[𝑥− ]
tan−1 𝑥 (1
+ 𝑥 2)
𝑦′=
ln(tan−1 𝑥) − sinh 𝑦

Find the derivative for

−1 𝑥)
𝑦 = (sinh−1 𝑥)3 + 𝑥 (tan

Solution
−1 𝑥)
ln[𝑥 (tan ] −1 𝑥
𝑦 = (sinh−1 𝑥)3 + 𝑒 = (sinh−1 𝑥)3 + 𝑒 [tan ln 𝑥]

−1 2
1 [tan−1 𝑥 ln 𝑥]
tan−1 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 3(sinh 𝑥) . +𝑒 [ + ]
√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2

3(sinh−1 𝑥)2 (tan−1 𝑥)

tan−1 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑦′= +𝑥 [ + ]
√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2

22
 Derivatives

Note that:

𝑦 = 𝑓1 (𝑥) . 𝑓2 (𝑥) . 𝑓3 (𝑥)

𝑦 ′ = 𝑓1 ′(𝑥) . 𝑓2 (𝑥) . 𝑓3 (𝑥) + 𝑓1 (𝑥) . 𝑓2 ′(𝑥) . 𝑓3 (𝑥) + 𝑓1 (𝑥) . 𝑓2 (𝑥) . 𝑓3 ′(𝑥)

Find the derivative for

𝑦 = 𝑥 6 sin 𝑥 tanh 𝑥

Solution

𝑦 ′ = 𝟔𝒙𝟓 sin 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 + 𝑥 6 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 tanh 𝑥 + 𝑥 6 sin 𝑥 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙

Another solution technique

ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 6 sin 𝑥 tanh 𝑥)

ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 6 ) + ln(sin 𝑥) + ln(tanh 𝑥)

ln 𝑦 = 6 ln 𝑥 + ln(sin 𝑥) + ln(tanh 𝑥)

𝑦 ′ 6 cos 𝑥 sech2 𝑥
= + +
𝑦 𝑥 sin 𝑥 tanh 𝑥

6 cos 𝑥 sech2 𝑥
𝑦′=𝑦 [ + + ]
𝑥 sin 𝑥 tanh 𝑥

6
6 cos 𝑥 sech2 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 [ + + ]
𝑥 sin 𝑥 tanh 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 5 sin 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 + 𝑥 6 cos 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 + 𝑥 6 sin 𝑥 sech2 𝑥

23
 Derivatives

Find the derivative for

ln 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 sec 𝑥
𝑦=√ 2
𝑒 𝑥 sinh5 𝑥

Solution
1
−1
ln 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sec 𝑥 2
1 ln 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 sec 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ln ( 2 ) = ln ( 2 )
𝑒 𝑥 sinh5 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 sinh5 𝑥

1 2
ln 𝑦 = [ ln(ln 𝑥) + ln(sin−1 𝑥) + ln(sec 𝑥) − ln(𝑒 𝑥 ) − ln(sinh5 𝑥) ]
2

1
ln 𝑦 = [ ln(ln 𝑥) + ln(sin−1 𝑥) + ln(sec 𝑥) − 𝑥 2 −5 ln(sinh 𝑥) ]
2

𝑦′ 1 1 1 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 cosh 𝑥

= [ + + − 2𝑥 − 5 ]
𝑦 2 𝑥 ln 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 sec 𝑥 sinh 𝑥

𝑦 1 1
𝑦′= [ + + tan 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 5 coth 𝑥]
2 𝑥 ln 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

Higher Derivatives

If 𝑓 is a differentiable function, then its derivative 𝑓 ′ is also a function,

so 𝑓 ′ may have a derivative of its own. This new function 𝑓 ′′ is called the
second derivative of 𝑓. We write the second derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) as

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
(𝑦′)= ( ) = 2 = 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑓 ′′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

24
 Derivatives

We can interpret 𝑓 ′′(𝑥) as the slope of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 ′(𝑥) at the point
(𝑥, 𝑓 ′(𝑥)). In other words, it is the rate of change of the slope of the original
curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
The most familiar example of the second derivative is acceleration, which
we define as follow.

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 2 𝑠 𝑡 time
𝑣= and 𝑎= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑠(𝑡) position

𝑣(𝑡) velocity
Acceleration is the change in velocity you feel
𝑎(𝑡) acceleration
when speeding up or slowing down in a car.

Consequently, The third derivative 𝑓 ′′′ is the derivative of the second

derivative 𝑓 ′′.

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑3𝑦
( 𝑦 ′′ ) = ( ) = 3 = 𝑦 ′′′ = 𝑓 ′′′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

The differentiation process can be continued. The fourth derivative 𝑓 ′′′′ is

usually denoted by 𝑓 (4) . In general, the 𝒏𝐭𝐡 derivative of 𝑓 is denoted by

𝑑𝑛 𝑦
𝑛
= 𝑦 (𝑛) = 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

and is obtained by differentiating 𝒏 times.

Find 𝑑 3 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 3 for

𝑦 = sinh(𝑥 2 ) + ln(sec 𝑥).

Solution

1
𝑦 ′ = cosh(𝑥 2 ) . 2𝑥 + . sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = 2𝑥 cosh(𝑥 2 ) + tan 𝑥
sec 𝑥

25
 Derivatives

𝑦 ′′ = 2 cosh(𝑥 2 ) + 4𝑥 2 sinh(𝑥 2 ) + sec 2 𝑥

𝑦 ′′′ = 4𝑥 sinh(𝑥 2 ) + [8𝑥 sinh(𝑥 2 ) + 8𝑥 3 cosh(𝑥 2 )] + 2 sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥

𝑑3𝑦
∴ 3 = 12𝑥 sinh(𝑥 2 ) + 8𝑥 3 cosh(𝑥 2 ) + 2 sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Find 𝑑 2 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 2 if

𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 = 16.

Solution

Differentiating the equation with respect to 𝒙, we get

4 𝑥3 + 4 𝑦3 𝑦 ′ = 0

Solving for 𝒚 ′ gives

𝑥3
𝑦′=− 3
𝑦

Differentiate this expression and remember that 𝒚 is a function of 𝒙

3 2 3 𝑥32
𝑦 3 . 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 . 3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 . 3𝑥 − 𝑥 . 3𝑦 (− 3 )
𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = − 3 2
=− 6
(𝑦 ) 𝑦

3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 3𝑥 6 3𝑥 2 ( 𝑦 4 + 𝑥 4 )
=− =−
𝑦7 𝑦7

But the values of 𝒙 and 𝒚 must satisfy the original equation 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 = 16. So
the answer simplifies to

3𝑥 2 (16) 48 𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ = − =−
𝑦7 𝑦7

26
 Derivatives

How Can a Function Fail to Be Differentiable?

All the following functions are not differentiable at 𝒙 = 𝟎. Thus, 𝒇 ′(𝟎) is

undefined. There are three cases a function can be non-differentiable.

▪ Discontinuity

1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥

The function 𝑓(𝑥) is not defined at

𝑥 = 0 therefore not continuous at
𝟎
𝑥 = 0 and the tangent to 𝑓(𝑥) does
not exist. You simply can't draw

tangent at this point.

▪ Vertical Tangent

𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥

The function 𝑓(𝑥) is defined and

continuous at 𝑥 = 0, but the tangent
is vertical 𝛼 = 90o .
𝟎
1
Tangent slope = tan(90o ) =
0

27
 Derivatives

▪ Corner

𝑥 if 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| = {
−𝑥 if 𝑥 < 0

The function 𝑓(𝑥) is defined and

continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
𝟎

1 if 𝑥 > 0
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = {
−1 if 𝑥 < 0
𝟏

The derivative 𝑓 ′(𝑥) is defined for

𝟎
all 𝑥 near 0 except at 𝑥 = 0. −𝟏

lim 𝑓 ′(𝑥) ≠ lim+ 𝑓 ′(𝑥)

𝑥 → 0− 𝑥→0

Another example for corner points

𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 2 − 4|

The derivative doesn't exist at 𝑥 =

±2 because the derivatives on the
left and right are different.

28