Data Handling using Pandas

Pandas:
What is Pandas?
• Pandas is a Python library used for working with data sets.
• It has functions for analyzing, cleaning, exploring, and manipulating data.
• It is a package useful for data analysis and manipulation.
• Pandas provide an easy way to create, manipulate and wrangle the data.
• Pandas provide powerful and easy-to-use data structures, as well as the
means to quickly perform operations on these structures.

Data Science: is a branch of computer science where we study how to store, use
and analyze data for deriving information from it.

Data scientists use Pandas for its following advantages:

• Easily handles missing data.

• It uses Series for one-dimensional data structure and DataFrame for
multi-dimensional data structure.
• It provides an efficient way to slice the data.
• It provides a flexible way to merge, concatenate or reshape the data.

DATA STRUCTURE IN PANDAS

A data structure is a way to arrange the data in such a way that so it can
be accessed quickly and we can perform various operation on this data
like- retrieval, deletion, modification etc.

Pandas deals with 3 data structure-

1. Series 2. Data Frame 3. Panel

We are having only series and data frame in our syllabus.

 Series
Series-Series is a one-dimensional array like structure with
homogeneous data, which can be used to handle and manipulate data.
What makes it special is its index attribute, which has incredible
functionality and is heavily mutable.

It has two parts-

1. Data part (An array of actual data)
2. Associated index with data (associated array of indexes or data labels)

e.g.-

Index Data

0 10

1 15

2 18

3 22

✓ We can say that Series is a labeled one-dimensional array

which can hold any type of data.
✓ Data of Series is always mutable, means it can be changed.
✓ But the size of Data of Series is always immutable, means it
cannot be changed.
✓ Series may be considered as a Data Structure with two
arrays out which one array works as Index (Labels) and the
second array works as original Data.
✓ Row Labels in Series are called Index.
Syntax to create a Series:

<Series Object>=pandas.Series (data, index=idx (optional))

✓ Where data may be python sequence (Lists), ndarray,

scalar value or a python dictionary.

How to create Series with nd array

Program-

import pandas as pd
Output-
import numpy as np Default Index
0 10
arr=np.array([10,15,18,22])
1 15
s = pd.Series(arr) 2 18

print(s) 3 22

Data
Here we create an
array of 4 values.
 How to create Series with Mutable index

Program-

import pandas as pd Output-

import numpy as np first a
arr=np.array(['a','b','c','d']) second b
third c
s=pd.Series(arr,
fourth d
index=['first','second','third','fourth'])

print(s)
Creating a series from Scalar value

To create a series from scalar value, an index must be provided. The

scalar value will be repeated as per the length of index.

Creating a series from a Dictionary

Mathematical Operations in Series

Print all the values of the Series by multiplying them by 2.

Print Square of all the values of the series.

Print all the values of the Series that are greater than 2.
Example-2

While adding two series, if Non-Matching Index is found in either of the

Series, Then NaN will be printed corresponds to Non-Matching Index.

If Non-Matching Index is found in either of the series, then this Non-

Matching Index corresponding value of that series will be filled as 0.
Head and Tail Functions in Series

head (): It is used to access the first 5 rows of a series.

Note :To access first 3 rows we can call series_name.head(3)

Result of s.head()

Result of s.head(3)
tail(): It is used to access the last 5 rows of a series.
Note :To access last 4 rows we can call series_name.tail (4)
Selection in Series

Series provides index label loc and ilocand [] to access rows and
columns.

1. loc index label :-

Syntax:-series_name.loc[StartRange: StopRange]

Example-

To Print Values from Index 0 to 2

To Print Values from Index 3 to 4

2. Selection Using iloc index label :-

Syntax:-series_name.iloc[StartRange : StopRange]

Example-

To Print Values from Index 0 to 1.

3. Selection Using [] :

Syntax:-series_name[StartRange> : StopRange] or

series_name[ index]

Example-

To Print Values at Index 3.

Indexing in Series

Pandas provide index attribute to get or set the index of entries or

values in series.

Example-
Slicing in Series

Slicing is a way to retrieve subsets of data from a pandas object. A

slice object syntax is –

SERIES_NAME [start:end: step]

The segments start representing the first item, end representing the
last item, and step representing the increment between each item that
you would like.

Example :-
 DATAFRAME

DATAFRAME-It is a two-dimensional object that is useful in

representing data in the form of rows and columns. It is similar to a
spreadsheet or an SQL table. This is the most commonly used pandas
object. Once we store the data into the Dataframe, we can perform
various operations that are useful in analyzing and understanding the
data.

DATAFRAME STRUCTURE

COLUMNS PLAYERNAME IPLTEAM BASEPRICEINCR

0 ROHIT MI 13

1 VIRAT RCB 17

2 HARDIK MI 14

INDEX DATA

PROPERTIES OF DATAFRAME

A Dataframe has axes (indices)-

Row index (axis=0)
Column index (axes=1)
It is similar to a spreadsheet , whose row index is called index and
column index is called column name.
A Dataframe contains Heterogeneous data.
A Dataframe Size is Mutable.
A Dataframe Data is Mutable.
A data frame can be created using any of the following-

1. Series
2. Lists
3. Dictionary
4. A numpy 2D array

How to create Dataframe From Series

Program-
Output-
import pandas as pd
0
s = pd.Series(['a','b','c','d']) 0 a
1 b Default Column Name As 0
df=pd.DataFrame(s)
2 c
print(df) 3 d
DataFrame from Dictionary of Series

Example-

DataFrame from List of Dictionaries

Example-
Iteration on Rows and Columns

If we want to access record or data from a data frame row wise or

column wise then iteration is used. Pandas provide 2 functions to
perform iterations-

1. iterrows ()
2. iteritems ()

iterrows()

It is used to access the data row wise. Example-

iteritems()

It is used to access the data column wise.

Example-
Select operation in data frame

To access the column data ,we can mention the column name as
subscript.
e.g. - df[empid] This can also be done by using df.empid.
To access multiple columns we can write as df[ [col1, col2,---] ]

Example -
>>df.empid or df[‘empid’]
0 101
1 102
2 103
3 104
4 105
5 106
Name: empid, dtype: int64

>>df[[‘empid’,’ename’]]
empid ename
0 101 Sachin
1 102 Vinod
2 103 Lakhbir
3 104 Anil
4 105 Devinder
5 106 UmaSelvi
To Add & Rename a column in data
frame

import pandas as pd

s = pd.Series([10,15,18,22])

df=pd.DataFrame(s)

df.columns=[‘List1’] To Rename the default column of Data

Frame as List1

df[‘List2’]=20 To create a new column List2 with all values

as 20

df[‘List3’]=df[‘List1’]+df[‘List2’] Output-

Add Column1 and Column2 and store in List1 List2 List3

0 10 20 30
New column List3 1 15 20 35
2 18 20 38
print(df) 3 22 20 42
To Delete a Column in data frame

We can delete the column from a data frame by using any of

the the following –
1. del
2. pop()
3. drop()

>>del df[‘List3’] We can simply delete a column by passing

column name in subscript with df
>>df
Output-

List1 List2
0 10 20
1 15 20
2 18 20
3 22 20

>>df.pop(‘List2’) we can simply delete a column by passing column

name in pop method.
>>df

List1
0 10
1 15
2 18
3 22
To Delete a Column Using drop()

import pandas as pd
s= pd.Series([10,20,30,40])
df=pd.DataFrame(s)
df.columns=[‘List1’]
df[‘List2’]=40
df1=df.drop(‘List2’,axis=1) (axis=1) means to delete Data
column wise
df2=df.drop(index=[2,3],axis=0) (axis=0) means to delete
data row wise with given index
print(df)
print(“ After deletion::”)
print(df1)
print (“ After row deletion::”)
print(df2)

Output-
List1 List2
0 10 40
1 20 40
2 30 40
3 40 40
After deletion::
List1
0 10
1 20
2 30
3 40
After row deletion::
List1
0 10
1 20
Accessing the data frame through loc()
and iloc() method or indexing using Labels

Pandas provide loc() and iloc() methods to access the subset from a
data frame using row/column.

Accessing the data frame through loc()

It is used to access a group of rows and columns.

Syntax-

Df.loc[StartRow : EndRow, StartColumn : EndColumn]

Note -If we pass : in row or column part then pandas provide the entire
rows or columns respectively.

To access a single row

To access multiple Rows Qtr1 to Qtr3

Example 2:-

To access single column

To access Multiple Column namely TCS and WIPRO

Example-3

To access first row

To access first 3 Rows

 Accessing the data frame through iloc()

It is used to access a group of rows and columns based on numeric

index value.

Syntax-

Df.loc[StartRowindexs : EndRowindex, StartColumnindex : EndColumnindex]

Note -If we pass : in row or column part then pandas provide

the entire rows or columns respectively.

To access First two Rows

and Second column

To access all Rows and First

Two columns Record
 head() andVisit
tail() Method
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The method head() gives the first 5 rows and the method
tail() returns the last 5 rows.
import pandas as pd
empdata={ 'Doj':['12-01-2012','15-01-2012','05-09-2007',
'17-01-2012','05-09-2007','16-01-2012'],
'empid':[101,102,103,104,105,106],
'ename':['Sachin','Vinod','Lakhbir','Anil','Devinder','UmaSelvi']
}
df=pd.DataFrame(empdata)
print(df)
print(df.head())
print(df.tail())
Output-
Doj empid ename
0 12-01-2012 101 Sachin
1 15-01-2012 102 Vinod
2 05-09-2007 103 Lakhbir Data Frame
3 17-01-2012 104 Anil
4 05-09-2007 105 Devinder
5 16-01-2012 106 UmaSelvi
Doj empid ename
0 12-01-2012 101 Sachin
1 15-01-2012 102 Vinod head() displays first 5 rows
2 05-09-2007 103 Lakhbir
3 17-01-2012 104 Anil
4 05-09-2007 105 Devinder
Doj empid ename
1 15-01-2012 102 Vinod
2 05-09-2007 103 Lakhbir
3 17-01-2012 104 Anil tail() display last 5 rows
4 05-09-2007 105 Devinder
5 16-01-2012 106 UmaSelvi
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To display first 2 rows we can use head(2) and to returns last2
rows we can use tail(2) and to return 3rd to 4th row we can write
df[2:5].
import pandas as pd
empdata={ 'Doj':['12-01-2012','15-01-2012','05-09-2007',
'17-01-2012','05-09-2007','16-01-2012'],
'empid':[101,102,103,104,105,106],
'ename':['Sachin','Vinod','Lakhbir','Anil','Devinder','UmaSelvi']
}
df=pd.DataFrame(empdata)
print(df)
print(df.head(2))
print(df.tail(2))
print(df[2:5])
Output-
Doj empid ename
0 12-01-2012 101 Sachin
1 15-01-2012 102 Vinod
2 05-09-2007 103 Lakhbir
3 17-01- 2012 104 Anil
4 05-09-2007 105 Devinder
5 16-01-2012 106 UmaSelvi

Doj empid ename

0 12-01-2012 101 Sachin head(2) displays first 2 rows
1 15-01-2012 102 Vinod

Doj empid ename

4 05-09-2007 105 Devinder tail(2) displays last 2 rows
5 16-01-2012 106 UmaSelvi
Doj empid ename
2 05-09-2007 103 Lakhbir
3 17-01- 2012 104 Anil df[2:5] display 2nd to 4th row
4 05-09-2007 105 Devinder

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Boolean Indexing in Data Frame

Boolean indexing helps us to select the data from the DataFrames

using a boolean vector. We create a DataFrame with a boolean index to
use the boolean indexing.

To Return Data frame where index is True

We can pass only integer value in iloc

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Concat operation in data frame

Pandas provides various facilities for easily combining together Series,

DataFrame.

pd.concat(objs, axis=0, join='outer', join_axes=None,ignore_index=False)

• objs − This is a sequence or mapping of Series, DataFrame, or

Panel objects.
• axis − {0, 1, ...}, default 0. This is the axis to concatenate along.
• join − {‘inner’, ‘outer’}, default ‘outer’. How to handle indexes on
other axis(es). Outer for union and inner for intersection.
• ignore_index − boolean, default False. If True, do not use the
index values on the concatenation axis. The resulting axis will be
labeled 0, ..., n - 1.
• join_axes − This is the list of Index objects. Specific indexes to
use for the other (n-1) axes instead of performing inner/outer
set logic.

The Concat() performs concatenation operations along an axis.

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Merge operation in data frame

Two DataFrames might hold different kinds of information about the

same entity and linked by some common feature/column. To join these
DataFrames, pandas provides multiple functions like merge(), join() etc.

Example-1

This will give the common rows between the

two data frames for the corresponding column
values (‘id’).

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Example-2

It might happen that the column on which

you want to merge the Data Frames have
different names (unlike in this case). For
such merges, you will have to specify the
arguments left_on as the left DataFrame
name and right_on as the right DataFrame
name.

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Join operation in data frame

It is used to merge data frames based on some common column/key.

1. Full Outer Join:- The full outer join combines the results of
both the left and the right outer joins. The joined data frame will
contain all records from both the data frames and fill in NaNs for
missing matches on either side. You can perform a full outer join by
specifying the how argument as outer in merge() function.

Example-

The resulting DataFrame had all

the entries from both the tables
with NaN values for missing
matches on either side. However,
one more thing to notice is the
suffix which got appended to the
column names to show which column
came from which DataFrame. The
default suffixes are x and y,
however, you can modify them by
specifying the suffixes argument
in the merge() function.

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Example-2

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2. Inner Join :- The inner join produce only those records that
match in both the data frame. You have to pass inner in how argument
inside merge() function.

Example-

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3. RightJoin :-The right join produce a complete set of records

from data frame B(Right side Data Frame) with the matching records
(where available) in data frame A( Left side data frame). If there is no
match right side will contain null. You have to pass right in how
argument inside merge() function.

Example-

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4. Left Join :- The left join produce a complete set of records

from data frame A(Left side Data Frame) with the matching records
(where available) in data frame B( Right side data frame). If there is
no match left side will contain null. You have to pass left in how
argument inside merge() function.

Example-

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5. Joining on Index :-Sometimes you have to perform the join on

the indexes or the row labels. For that you have to specify
right_index( for the indexes of the right data frame ) and left_index(
for the indexes of left data frame) as True.

Example-

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CSV File

A CSV is a comma separated values file, which allows data to

be saved in a tabular format. CSV is a simple file such as a
spreadsheet or database. Files in the csv format can be
imported and exported from programs that store data in
tables, such as Microsoft excel or Open Office.

CSV files data fields are most often

separated, or delimited by a comma. Here the data in each
row are delimited by comma and individual rows are separated
by newline.

To create a csv file, first choose your

favorite text editor such as- Notepad and open a new file.
Then enter the text data you want the file to contain,
separating each value with a comma and each row with a new
line. Save the file with the extension.csv. You can open the
file using MS Excel or another spread sheet program. It will
create the table of similar data.

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pd.read_csv() method is used to read a csv file.

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Exporting data from dataframe to

CSV File

To export a data frame into a csv file first of all, we create a

data frame say df1 and use dataframe.to_csv(‘

E:\Dataframe1.csv ’ ) method to export data frame df1 into

csv file Dataframe1.csv.

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And now the content of df1 is exported to csv file Dataframe1.

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