SAMPLE PAPER SAMPLE-EM3521/2024–25

UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN ACADEMIC YEAR 2024–25

EM3521 Engineering
Thermodynamics – SAMPLE PAPER
Date: 11th May 2025 Time: 09:00am–11:00am

PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING

(i) You must not have in your possession any material other than that expressly permitted in the
rules appropriate to this examination. Where this is permitted, such material must not be amended,
annotated or modified in any way.

(ii) You must not have in your possession any material that could be determined as giving you an
advantage in the examination.
(iii) You must not attempt to communicate with any candidate during the exam, either orally or by
passing written material, or by showing material to another candidate, nor must you attempt to
view another candidate’s work.
(iv) You must not take to your examination desk any electronic devices such as mobile phones or
other “smart” devices. The only exception to this rule is an approved calculator.

Failure to comply with the above will be regarded as cheating and may lead to disciplinary ac-
tion as indicated in the Academic Quality Handbook.

Notes:
(i) Candidates ARE permitted to use an approved calculator.
(ii) Candidates ARE NOT permitted to use the Engineering Mathematics Handbook.
(iii) Candidates ARE NOT permitted to use GREEN or RED pen in their exam booklet.

(iv) Data sheets are attached to the paper.

Answer all three questions.

Each question is worth 22 marks and will be marked directly on the Common Grading Scale,
with for example, a mark of 19 corresponding to CGS A4.

This assessment is worth 60% of the overall course mark for EM3521 Engineering Thermody-
namics.

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Question 1
Humid air flows through a domestic dehumidifier, a schematic of which is shown in Figure Q1.

Cooling coil Heating coil Fan

Humid air in Humid air out

Liquid condensate out

Figure Q1

(a) The total inlet mass flux of dry air and water vapour is 0.2500 kg/s, the inlet relative humidity is 90%
and the inlet temperature is 24◦ C. Assuming the total pressure in the flow past the cooling and
heating coils is 101.325 kPa, determine:

(i) the individual mass fluxes of dry air and water vapour at both the inlet and the exit, and also
the mass flux of the liquid condensate leaving the device, if the total mass flux of dry air and
water vapour at the device exit is 0.2475 kg/s. [7 marks]
(ii) the rate at which heat is removed from the humid air stream by the cooling coils if the humid
air and condensate leave the cooling coils at a temperature of 12◦ C. [7 marks]
(iii) the proportion of the heat removed by the cooling coils which needs to be added by the heat-
ing coils to heat the humid air leaving the heating coils to 24◦ C. [3 marks]
(iv) the relative humidity of air immediately downstream of the heating coils. [2 marks]

(b) On hand-drawn axes approximating a psychrometric chart, indicate how the properties of the hu-
mid air stream evolve as the air flows through the cooling coils and then the heating coils. [3 marks]

In this question you may assume the specific heat capacity at constant pressure of dry air cp , takes the
constant value of 1.005 kJ/(kg K).

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Question 2
An ideal Otto cycle operates under the air-standard assumptions. The cycle consists of:

1–2: Isentropic compression;

2–3: Isochoric heat addition;

3–4: Isentropic expansion;

4–1: Isochoric heat rejection.

(a) Sketch the pressure-volume and the temperature-entropy diagrams associated with this cycle.
[4 marks]

(b) For each of these stages, describe the corresponding motion of a piston. In this cycle explain when
fuel is added, combusted and when exhaust gases are removed. [8 marks]
(c) At the onset of the compression process, the fluid is at 25◦ C and 110 kPa, while 1000 kJ/kg of heat
is supplied per unit mass during the constant volume heat addition process. If the compression
ratio is 10, then calculate the temperature and pressure at the end of each process. [6 marks]

(d) Determine the heat rejected per unit mass of working fluid in this cycle. [2 marks]
(e) Determine the thermal efficiency of this cycle. [2 marks]

In this question you may assume that the specific heat capacities remain constant throughout the cy-
cle, the ratio of specific heats γ = 1.4 and the specific heat capacity of the gas at constant volume
cv = 0.834 kJ/(kg K). For an isentropic process between state a and state b:
 γ−1  γ
Ta Vb pa Vb
= , and = ,
Tb Va pb Va

where V is volume, T is the absolute temperature and p is the absolute pressure.

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Question 3

(a) Sketch the temperature–entropy diagram associated with an ideal vapour-compression refrigera-
tion cycle with
(i) dry compression; [3 marks]
(ii) wet compression. [3 marks]
(b) A refrigerator (shown in figure Q3), operates on an ideal vapour-compression refrigeration cycle
with wet compression between 100 kPa and 1.4 MPa, while using refrigerant-134a as the working
fluid.

Figure Q3 - A refrigerator

Determine the specific enthalpy and the specific entropy at the points labelled 1, 2, 3, and 4 in fig-
ure Q3 . [12 marks]
(c) If the steady mass flux in the cycle is 2.2 kg/s, then determine the rate at which heat is removed
from the refrigeration space. [2 marks]
(d) Determine the coefficient of performance COP for this cycle, where
Heat absorbed
COP = .
Net work done
[2 marks]

The quality of the vapour χ, may be expressed as

Ψ − Ψf
χ= ,
Ψg − Ψf
where Ψ represents one of the specific enthalpy h, the specific entropy s, the specific internal energy
U , or the specific volume v.

END OF PAPER

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Conversion factors

1 Bar =100 kPa = 100000 Pa.

1 atm =101.325 kPa = 101325 Pa.
1 Ton of refrigeration =211.01 kJ/min = 3.5169 kW.

List of Tables

1 Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapour): Temperature Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 134a (Liquid–Vapour): Temperature . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 134a (Liquid–Vapour): Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

The tables giving the properties of saturated refrigerant 134a (R-134a), included in this examination
paper are adapted from M. J. Moran, H. N. Shapiro, D. D. Boettner and M. B. Bailey, “Fundamentals of
Engineering Thermodynamics,” 2014, Wiley, 8th Edition.

The original source for the data on water is J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore,
“Steam Tables”, 1969, Wiley, New York.

The original source for this data is D. P. Wilson and R. S. Basu, “hermodynamic Properties of a New
Stratospherically Safe Working Fluid — Refrigerant 134a,” 1988, ASHRAE Trans., 94, 2, 2095–2118.

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Table 1: Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapour): Temperature Table

Temp. Press. Specific Volume Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy

◦
C bar m3 /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/(kg K)
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Evap. Sat Sat. Sat.
liquid vapour liquid vapour liquid vapour liquid vapour
vf × 103 vg Uf Ug hf hf g hg sf sg
0.01 0.00611 1.0002 206.136 0.00 2375.3 0.01 2501.3 2501.4 0.0000 9.1562
4 0.00813 1.0001 157.232 16.77 2380.9 16.78 2491.9 2508.7 0.0610 9.0514
5 0.00872 1.0001 147.120 20.97 2382.3 20.98 2489.6 2510.6 0.0761 9.0257
6 0.00935 1.0001 137.734 25.19 2383.6 25.20 2487.2 2512.4 0.0912 9.0003
8 0.01072 1.0002 120.917 33.59 2386.4 33.60 2482.5 2516.1 0.1212 8.9501
10 0.01228 1.0004 106.379 42.00 2389.2 42.01 2477.7 2519.8 0.1510 8.9008
11 0.01312 1.0004 99.857 46.20 2390.5 46.20 2475.4 2521.6 0.1658 8.8765
12 0.01402 1.0005 93.784 50.41 2391.9 50.41 2473.0 2523.4 0.1806 8.8524
13 0.01497 1.0007 88.124 54.60 2393.3 54.60 2470.7 2525.3 0.1953 8.8285
14 0.01598 1.0008 82.848 58.79 2394.7 58.80 2468.3 2527.1 0.2099 8.8048
15 0.01705 1.0009 77.926 62.99 2396.1 62.99 2465.9 2528.9 0.2245 8.7814
16 0.01818 1.0011 73.333 67.18 2397.4 67.19 2463.6 2530.8 0.2390 8.7582
17 0.01938 1.0012 69.044 71.38 2398.8 71.38 2461.2 2532.6 0.2535 8.7351
18 0.02064 1.0014 65.038 75.57 2400.2 75.58 2458.8 2534.4 0.2679 8.7123
19 0.02198 1.0016 61.293 79.76 2401.6 79.77 2456.5 2536.2 0.2823 8.6897
20 0.02339 1.0018 57.791 83.95 2402.9 83.96 2454.1 2538.1 0.2966 8.6672
21 0.02487 1.0020 54.514 88.14 2404.3 88.14 2451.8 2539.9 0.3109 8.6450
22 0.02645 1.0022 51.447 92.32 2405.7 92.33 2449.4 2541.7 0.3251 8.6229
23 0.02810 1.0024 48.574 96.51 2407.0 96.52 2447.0 2543.5 0.3393 8.6011
24 0.02985 1.0027 45.883 100.70 2408.4 100.70 2444.7 2545.4 0.3534 8.5794
25 0.03169 1.0029 43.360 104.88 2409.8 104.89 2442.3 2547.2 0.3674 8.5580
26 0.03363 1.0032 40.994 109.06 2411.1 109.07 2439.9 2549.0 0.3814 8.5367
27 0.03567 1.0035 38.774 113.25 2412.5 113.25 2437.6 2550.8 0.3954 8.5156
28 0.03782 1.0037 36.690 117.42 2413.9 117.43 2435.2 2552.6 0.4093 8.4946
29 0.04008 1.0040 34.733 121.60 2415.2 121.61 2432.8 2554.5 0.4231 8.4739
30 0.04246 1.0043 32.894 125.78 2416.6 125.79 2430.5 2556.3 0.4369 8.4533
31 0.04496 1.0046 31.165 129.96 2418.0 129.97 2428.1 2558.1 0.4507 8.4329
32 0.04759 1.0050 29.540 134.14 2419.3 134.15 2425.7 2559.9 0.4644 8.4127
33 0.05034 1.0053 28.011 138.32 2420.7 138.33 2423.4 2561.7 0.4781 8.3927
34 0.05324 1.0056 26.571 142.50 2422.0 142.50 2421.0 2563.5 0.4917 8.3728
35 0.05628 1.0060 25.216 146.67 2423.4 146.68 2418.6 2565.3 0.5053 8.3531
36 0.05947 1.0063 23.940 150.85 2424.7 150.86 2416.2 2567.1 0.5188 8.3336
38 0.06632 1.0071 21.602 159.20 2427.4 159.21 2411.5 2570.7 0.5458 8.2950
40 0.07384 1.0078 19.523 167.56 2430.1 167.57 2406.7 2574.3 0.5725 8.2570
45 0.09593 1.0099 15.258 188.44 2436.8 188.45 2394.8 2583.2 0.6387 8.1648
50 0.1235 1.0121 12.032 209.32 2443.5 209.33 2382.7 2592.1 0.7038 8.0763
55 0.1576 1.0146 9.568 230.21 2450.1 230.23 2370.7 2600.9 0.7679 7.9913
60 0.1994 1.0172 7.671 251.11 2456.6 251.13 2358.5 2609.6 0.8312 7.9096
65 0.2503 1.0199 6.197 272.02 2463.1 272.06 2346.2 2618.3 0.8935 7.8310
70 0.3119 1.0228 5.042 292.95 2469.6 292.98 2333.8 2626.8 0.9549 7.7553
75 0.3858 1.0259 4.131 313.90 2475.9 313.93 2321.4 2635.3 1.0155 7.6824
80 0.4739 1.0291 3.407 334.86 2482.2 334.91 2308.8 2643.7 1.0753 7.6122
85 0.5783 1.0325 2.828 355.84 2488.4 355.90 2296.0 2651.9 1.1343 7.5445
90 0.7014 1.0360 2.361 376.85 2494.5 376.92 2283.2 2660.1 1.1925 7.4791
95 0.8455 1.0397 1.982 397.88 2500.6 397.96 2270.2 2668.1 1.2500 7.4159
100 1.014 1.0435 1.673 418.94 2506.5 419.04 2257.0 2676.1 1.3069 7.3549
110 1.433 1.0516 1.210 461.14 2518.1 461.30 2230.2 2691.5 1.4185 7.2387
Continued on next page

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Table 1 – Continued from previous page

Temp. Press. Specific Volume Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy
◦
C bar m3 /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/(kg K)
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Evap. Sat Sat. Sat.
liquid vapour liquid vapour liquid vapour liquid vapour
vf × 103 vg Uf Ug hf hf g hg sf sg
120 1.985 1.0603 0.8919 503.50 2529.3 503.71 2202.6 2706.3 1.5276 7.1296
130 2.701 1.0697 0.6685 546.02 2539.9 546.31 2174.2 2720.5 1.6344 7.0269
140 3.613 1.0797 0.5089 588.74 2550.0 589.13 2144.7 2733.9 1.7391 6.9299
150 4.758 1.0905 0.3928 631.68 2559.5 632.20 2114.3 2746.5 1.8418 6.8379
160 6.178 1.1020 0.3071 674.86 2568.4 675.55 2082.6 2758.1 1.9427 6.7502
170 7.917 1.1143 0.2428 718.33 2576.5 719.21 2049.5 2768.7 2.0419 6.6663
180 10.02 1.1274 0.1941 762.09 2583.7 763.22 2015.0 2778.2 2.1396 6.5857
190 12.54 1.1414 0.1565 806.19 2590.0 807.62 1978.8 2786.4 2.2359 6.5079
200 15.54 1.1565 0.1274 850.65 2595.3 852.45 1940.7 2793.2 2.3309 6.4323
210 19.06 1.1726 0.1044 895.53 2599.5 897.76 1900.7 2798.5 2.4248 6.3585
220 23.18 1.1900 0.08619 940.87 2602.4 943.62 1858.5 2802.1 2.5178 6.2861
230 27.95 1.2088 0.07158 986.74 2603.9 990.12 1813.8 2804.0 2.6099 6.2146
240 33.44 1.2291 0.05976 1033.2 2604.0 1037.3 1766.5 2803.8 2.7015 6.1437
250 39.73 1.2512 0.05013 1080.4 2602.4 1085.4 1716.2 2801.5 2.7927 6.0730
260 46.88 1.2755 0.04221 1128.4 2599.0 1134.4 1662.5 2796.6 2.8838 6.0019
270 54.99 1.3023 0.03564 1177.4 2593.7 1184.5 1605.2 2789.7 2.9751 5.9301
280 64.12 1.3321 0.03017 1227.5 2586.1 1236.0 1543.6 2779.6 3.0668 5.8571
290 74.36 1.3656 0.02557 1278.9 2576.0 1289.1 1477.1 2766.2 3.1594 5.7821
300 85.81 1.4036 0.02167 1332.0 2563.0 1344.0 1404.9 2749.0 3.2534 5.7045
320 112.7 1.4988 0.01549 1444.6 2525.5 1461.5 1238.6 2700.1 3.4480 5.5362
340 145.9 1.6379 0.01080 1570.3 2464.6 1594.2 1027.9 2622.0 3.6594 5.3357
360 186.5 1.8925 0.006945 1725.2 2351.5 1760.5 720.5 2481.0 3.9147 5.0526
374.14 220.9 3.155 0.003155 2029.6 2029.6 2099.3 0 2099.3 4.4298 4.4298

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Table 2: Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 134a (Liquid–Vapour): Temperature

Temp. Press. Specific Volume Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy

◦
C bar m3 /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/(kg K)
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Evap. Sat Sat. Sat.
liquid vapour liquid vapour liquid vapour liquid vapour
vf × 103 vg Uf Ug hf hf g hg sf sg
−40 0.5164 0.7055 0.3569 −0.04 204.45 0.00 222.88 222.88 0.0000 0.9560
−36 0.6332 0.7113 0.2947 4.68 206.73 4.73 220.67 225.40 0.0201 0.9506
−32 0.7704 0.7172 0.2451 9.47 209.01 9.52 218.37 227.90 0.0401 0.9456
−28 0.9305 0.7233 0.2052 14.31 211.29 14.37 216.01 230.38 0.0600 0.9411
−26 1.0199 0.7265 0.1882 16.75 212.43 16.82 214.80 231.62 0.0699 0.9390
−24 1.1160 0.7296 0.1728 19.21 213.57 19.29 213.57 232.85 0.0798 0.9370
−22 1.2192 0.7328 0.1590 21.68 214.70 21.77 212.32 234.08 0.0897 0.9351
−20 1.3299 0.7361 0.1464 24.17 215.84 24.26 211.05 235.31 0.0996 0.9332
−18 1.4483 0.7395 0.1350 26.67 216.97 26.77 209.76 236.53 0.1094 0.9315
−16 1.5748 0.7428 0.1247 29.18 218.10 29.30 208.45 237.74 0.1192 0.9298
−12 1.8540 0.7498 0.1068 34.25 220.36 34.39 205.77 240.15 0.1388 0.9267
−8 2.1704 0.7569 0.0919 39.38 222.60 39.54 203.00 242.54 0.1583 0.9239
−4 2.5274 0.7644 0.0794 44.56 224.84 44.75 200.15 244.90 0.1777 0.9213
0 2.9282 0.7721 0.0689 49.79 227.06 50.02 197.21 247.23 0.1970 0.9190
4 3.3765 0.7801 0.0600 55.08 229.27 55.35 194.19 249.53 0.2162 0.9169
8 3.8756 0.7884 0.0525 60.43 231.46 60.73 191.07 251.80 0.2354 0.9150
12 4.4294 0.7971 0.0460 65.83 233.63 66.18 187.85 254.03 0.2545 0.9132
16 5.0416 0.8062 0.0405 71.29 235.78 71.69 184.52 256.22 0.2735 0.9116
20 5.7160 0.8157 0.0358 76.80 237.91 77.26 181.09 258.36 0.2924 0.9102
24 6.4566 0.8257 0.0317 82.37 240.01 82.90 177.55 260.45 0.3113 0.9089
26 6.8530 0.8309 0.0298 85.18 241.05 85.75 175.73 261.48 0.3208 0.9082
28 7.2675 0.8362 0.0281 88.00 242.08 88.61 173.89 262.50 0.3302 0.9076
30 7.7006 0.8417 0.0265 90.84 243.10 91.49 172.00 263.50 0.3396 0.9070
32 8.1528 0.8473 0.0250 93.70 244.12 94.39 170.09 264.48 0.3490 0.9064
34 8.6247 0.8530 0.0236 96.58 245.12 97.31 168.14 265.45 0.3584 0.9058
36 9.1168 0.8590 0.0223 99.47 246.11 100.25 166.15 266.40 0.3678 0.9053
38 9.6298 0.8651 0.0210 102.38 247.09 103.21 164.12 267.33 0.3772 0.9047
40 10.164 0.8714 0.0199 105.30 248.06 106.19 162.05 268.24 0.3866 0.9041
42 10.720 0.8780 0.0188 108.25 249.02 109.19 159.94 269.14 0.3960 0.9035
44 11.299 0.8847 0.0177 111.22 249.96 112.22 157.79 270.01 0.4054 0.9030
48 12.526 0.8989 0.0159 117.22 251.79 118.35 153.33 271.68 0.4243 0.9017
52 13.851 0.9142 0.0142 123.31 253.55 124.58 148.66 273.24 0.4432 0.9004
56 15.278 0.9308 0.0127 129.51 255.23 130.93 143.75 274.68 0.4622 0.8990
60 16.813 0.9488 0.0114 135.82 256.81 137.42 138.57 275.99 0.4814 0.8973
70 21.162 1.0027 0.0086 152.22 260.15 154.34 124.08 278.43 0.5302 0.8918
80 26.324 1.0766 0.0064 169.88 262.14 172.71 106.41 279.12 0.5814 0.8827
90 32.435 1.1949 0.0046 189.82 261.34 193.69 82.63 276.32 0.6380 0.8655
100 39.742 1.5443 0.0027 218.60 248.49 224.74 34.40 259.13 0.7196 0.8117

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Table 3: Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 134a (Liquid–Vapour): Pressure

Press. Temp. Specific Volume Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy

◦
bar C m3 /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/(kg K)
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Evap. Sat Sat. Sat.
liquid vapour liquid vapour liquid vapour liquid vapour
vf × 103 vg Uf Ug hf hf g hg sf sg
0.6 −37.07 0.7097 0.3100 3.41 206.12 3.46 221.27 224.72 0.0147 0.9520
0.8 −31.21 0.7184 0.2366 10.41 209.46 10.47 217.92 228.39 0.0440 0.9447
1.0 −26.43 0.7258 0.1917 16.22 212.18 16.29 215.06 231.35 0.0678 0.9395
1.2 −22.36 0.7323 0.1614 21.23 214.50 21.32 212.54 233.86 0.0879 0.9354
1.4 −18.80 0.7381 0.1395 25.66 216.52 25.77 210.27 236.04 0.1055 0.9322
1.6 −15.62 0.7435 0.1229 29.66 218.32 29.78 208.19 237.97 0.1211 0.9295
1.8 −12.73 0.7485 0.1098 33.31 219.94 33.45 206.26 239.71 0.1352 0.9273
2.0 −10.09 0.7532 0.0993 36.69 221.43 36.84 204.46 241.30 0.1481 0.9253
2.4 −5.37 0.7618 0.0834 42.77 224.07 42.95 201.14 244.09 0.1710 0.9222
2.8 −1.23 0.7697 0.0719 48.18 226.38 48.39 198.13 246.52 0.1911 0.9197
3.2 2.48 0.7770 0.0632 53.06 228.43 53.31 195.35 248.66 0.2089 0.9177
3.6 5.84 0.7839 0.0564 57.54 230.28 57.82 192.76 250.58 0.2251 0.9160
4.0 8.93 0.7904 0.0509 61.69 231.97 62.00 190.32 252.32 0.2399 0.9145
5.0 15.74 0.8056 0.0409 70.93 235.64 71.33 184.74 256.07 0.2723 0.9117
6.0 21.58 0.8196 0.0341 78.99 238.74 79.48 179.71 259.19 0.2999 0.9097
7.0 26.72 0.8328 0.0292 86.19 241.42 86.78 175.07 261.85 0.3242 0.9080
8.0 31.33 0.8454 0.0255 92.75 243.78 93.42 170.73 264.15 0.3459 0.9066
9.0 35.53 0.8576 0.0226 98.79 245.88 99.56 166.62 266.18 0.3656 0.9054
10.0 39.39 0.8695 0.0202 104.42 247.77 105.29 162.68 267.97 0.3838 0.9043
12.0 46.32 0.8928 0.0166 114.69 251.03 115.76 155.23 270.99 0.4164 0.9023
14.0 52.43 0.9159 0.0140 123.98 253.74 125.26 148.14 273.40 0.4453 0.9003
16.0 57.92 0.9392 0.0121 132.52 256.00 134.02 141.31 275.33 0.4714 0.8982
18.0 62.91 0.9631 0.0105 140.49 257.88 142.22 134.60 276.83 0.4954 0.8959
20.0 67.49 0.9878 0.0093 148.02 259.41 149.99 127.95 277.94 0.5178 0.8934
25.0 77.59 1.0562 0.0069 165.48 261.84 168.12 111.06 279.17 0.5687 0.8854
30.0 86.22 1.1416 0.0053 181.88 262.16 185.30 92.71 278.01 0.6156 0.8735

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