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3 Dimensional

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10 views23 pages

3 Dimensional

Uploaded by

gowri
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© © All Rights Reserved
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THREE DIMENSIONAL PLOTTING

AND GEOGRAPICAL DATA


WITH BASE MAP
THREE DIMENSIONAL PLOTTING

➢ The most basic three-dimensional plot is line or collection of scatter plot


created from(x,y,z)triples

➢ Three-dimensional plots can be created using ax.scatter3D and ax.plot3D


functions

➢ 3D plots are the important tool for visualizing the data


THREE-DIMENSIONAL PLOTTING IN
MATPLOTLIB

➢ Matplotlib was initially designed from two-dimensional plotting

➢ Matplotlib was one of the python package and is a simplest way


to plot the graph

➢ Matplotlib is a comprehensive library for creating static,animated


and interactive visualizatons
Example:
import numpy as np
Import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig=plt.figure()
ax=plt.axes(projection=‘3d’)

Output:
THREE-DIMENSIONAL POINTS AND LINES

Output:
Example:
ax=plt.axes(projection=‘3d’)
zline=np.linespace(0,15,1000)
xline=np.sin(zline)
yline=np.cos(zline)
ax.scatter3D(xline,yline,zline,’gray’)
zdata=15*np.random.random(100)
xdata=np.sin(zdata)+0.1*np.random.randn(100)
ydata=np.cos(zdata)+0.1*np.random.randn(100)
ax.scatter3D(xdata,ydata,zdata,c=zdata,cmap=‘Greens’);
TYPES OF GRAPH USING MATPLOTLIB LIBRARY

Contour graph

Wireframe
graph

Surface graph
CONTOUR PLOT GRAPH

• The contour graph takes all the input data in two-dimensional


regular grids and z data is evaluated at every point

• We use ax.contour3D function to plot a contour graph

• Contour plots are an excellent way to visualize optimization plots


Example:
def function(x,y):
Output:
return np.sin(np.sqrt(x**2+y**2))
x=np.linespace(-10,10,40)
y=np.linespace(-10,10,40)
X,Y=np.meshgrid(x,y)
Z=function(X,Y)
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(10,8))
ax=plt.axes(projection=‘3d’)
ax.plot_surface(X,Y,Z,cmap=‘cool’,alpha=0.8)
ax.set_title(‘3D Contour Plot of
function(x,y)=\sin(sqrt(x^2+y^2))’,fontsize=14)
ax.set_xlabel(‘x’,fontsize=12)
ax.set_ylabel(‘y’,fontsize=12)
ax.set_zlabel(‘z’,fontsize=12)
Plt.show()
WIREFRAMES PLOT GRAPH

• For plotting wireframes graph we need to use the


plot_wireframe() function from matplotlib library

• It basically takes a grid of values and projects it onto the


specified three-dimensional surface
Example:
Output:
from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def f(x,y):
return np.sin(np.sqrt(x**2+y**2))
x=np.linespace(-1,5,10)
y=np.linespace(-1,5,10)
X,Y=np.meshgrid(x,y)
Z=f(X,Y)
Fig=plt.figure()
Ax=plt.axes(projection=‘3d’)
ax.plot_wireframe(X,Y,Z,color=‘green’)
Ax.set_title(‘wireframe geeks for geeks’);
SURFACE PLOT GRAPH

• Surface graph and wireframes graph work on gridded


data

• They take the grid value and plot it on a three-


dimensional surface

• We can use the plot_surface function to plot the surface


plot
Ouput:
Example:
from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x=np.outer(np.linespace(-2,2,10),np.ones(10))
y=x.copy().T
z=np.cos(x**2+y**3)
fig=plt.figure()
ax=plt.axes(projections=‘3d’)
ax=plot_surface(x,y,z,cmap=‘viridis’,\edgecolor=‘green’)
ax.set_title(‘surface plot geeks for geeks’)
plt.show()
GEOGRAPHIC DATA WITH BASE MAP

➢Geographic data is one of the common type of visualization in data science

➢Matplotlib is main tool for this type of visualization is basemap


toolkit,which is under mpl_toolkits namespace
INSTALLATION OF BASEMAP:
➢If you’re using conda you can type this and the package will be downloaded
$ conda install basemap
Example:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.basemap import Basemap
plt.figure(figure=(8,8))
m=Basemap(projection=‘ortho’,resolution=None,lat_0=50,lon_0=-100)
m=bluemarble(scale=0.5);

Output:
MAP PROJECTIONS

• Map projections are representations of a sphere(earth)in


two-dimensions
• A Mathematical transformation is required in order to
convert Latitude and Longitude
• A Coordinate system is usually defined by map
projections
CYLINDRICAL PROJECTIONS

➢The simplest form of map projections are cylindrical


projections,in which longitude and latitude are mapped

➢This projections is used in world maps and regions


bordering the equator
Example:
fig=plt.figure(figure=(8,6),edgecolor=‘w’)
basemap(projection=‘cyl’,resolution=None,llcrnrlat=-90,urcrnrlat=90,llcrnrlon=-
180,urcrnrlon=180,)
draw_map(m)

Output:
PSEUDO-CYLINDRICAL PROJECTIONS

• Pseudo-cylindrical projections relax the requirement that meridians


remain vertical

• This can give better properties near the poles of projections

• Mollweide projection (projection=‘moll’)is one common example


Example:
fig =plt.figure(figure(figsize=(8,6),edgecolor=‘w’)
m=Basemap(projection=‘moll’,resolution=None,lat_0=0,lon_0=0)
draw_map(m)

Output:
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS

➢Perspective projections are constructed using a particular


choice of perspective point,similar to earth from particular
point

➢One common eg is orthographic (projection=‘ortho’)

➢It shows one side of globe which it can show only half side at a
time
Example:

fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,8))
m=Basemap(projection=‘ortho’,resolution=None,lat_0=50,lon_0=0)
draw_map(m)

Output:
CONIC PROJECTIONS

• A conic projections projects the map onto a single


cone,which is unrolled

• One common eg is Lambert Conformal Conic


projection(projection=‘lcc’)

• This can lead to very good local properties,but regions far


from focus point may become distorted
Example:
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,8))
m=Basemap(projection=‘lcc’,resolution=None,lon_0=0,lat_0=50,lat_1=45,lat_2=
55,width=1.6E7,height=1.2E7)
draw_map(m)

Output:

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